This chapter strikingly demonstrates the importance of medieval literary representations of the environment for more contemporary concerns. Amy Mulligan analyzes the medieval figure of the Sovereignty Goddess in literature written in the Irish language and shows its centrality in the environmental education of male rulers. Further relevance of the medieval for the contemporary ecological regime is revealed in treating medieval literature as one that provides a systematic understanding, often surprisingly scientific, such as Gerald of Wales’s accounts, “of Ireland’s birds and fishes” that are “invaluable in describing species, some of which are now extinct” and can act as guide to understand the nature of “ecological imperialism” in Ireland. Mulligan concludes that “All these medieval practitioners of Irish nature-writing develop a mode of thinking about the environment as a creative and generative space, one which is highly anthropocentric but which, through adoration, wonder, even recognition of something divine in the trees, soil, water, and animals” makes continued human habitability on this planet a historical possibility.