Underlying the competition of the parties during the Radical presidencies, and those of Ibáñez and the second Alessandri, there was the whole issue of economic development, as we now call it. The Chilean population was growing, and Chileans were no longer willing to accept the limited horizons of their parents and grandparents. They needed to find a place in Chile, or face the prospect of emigration – like those thousands who had earlier departed for the guaneras of Bolivia, the railroads of Peru, the pampas of Argentina, or M. de Lesseps's Panama Canal. They were as affected as anyone else by the twentieth-century “revolution of rising expectations,” aspiring to share the lifestyles enjoyed by other peoples -not least as images of the “developed” world reached them through the movies. Hollywood, as was often been remarked, was one of the true revolutionary forces of the twentieth century.