Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T21:04:24.519Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 62 - Shoulder Dystocia

from Section 6 - Late Prenatal – Obstetric Problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2017

David James
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Philip Steer
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Carl Weiner
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Bernard Gonik
Affiliation:
Wayne State University, Detroit
Stephen Robson
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle
Get access

Summary

Shoulder dystocia is defined as a vaginal cephalic delivery that requires additional obstetric maneuvers to deliver the fetus after gentle traction has failed. It occurs when either the anterior shoulder impacts behind the maternal symphysis or, less commonly, the posterior shoulder impacts over the sacral promontory. Evidence-based algorithms for the management of shoulder dystocia recommend resolution maneuvers designed to improve the relative dimensions of the maternal pelvis (McRoberts’ position and all-fours position), reduce the diameter of the fetal shoulders (suprapubic pressure and delivery of the posterior arm) and/or move the fetal shoulders into a wider pelvic diameter (suprapubic pressure and internal rotational maneuvers).

Type
Chapter
Information
High-Risk Pregnancy
Management Options
, pp. 1775 - 1787
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
First published in: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder Dystocia, 2nd edn. Green-top Guideline No. 42. London: RCOG, 2012. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg42/ (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical management guidelines for obstetricians and gynaecologists: shoulder dystocia. ACOG Practice Bulletins 2002 40: 593–7.Google Scholar
Gherman, RB, Chauhan, S, Ouzounian, JG, et al. Shoulder dystocia: the unpreventable obstetric emergency with empiric management guidelines. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 657–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, A, Chauhan, SP. Shoulder dystocia: definitions and incidence. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 184–8.Google Scholar
Mollberg, M, Wennergren, M, Bager, B, Ladfors, L, Hagberg, H. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a prospective study on risk factors related to manual assistance during the second stage of labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007; 86: 198204.Google Scholar
Beall, MH, Spong, CY, Ross, MG. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic maneuvers to reduce head-to-body delivery time in patients at risk for shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 31–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crofts, JF, Lenguerrand, E, Bentham, GL, et al. Prevention of brachial plexus injury: 12 years of shoulder dystocia training: an interrupted time-series study. BJOG 2016; 123: 111–18.Google Scholar
Maternal and Child Health Research Consortium. Confidential Enquiry Into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI) 5th Annual Report: Focus Group Shoulder Dystocia. London: MCHRC, 1998, pp. 73–9.Google Scholar
Leung, TY, Stuart, O, Sahota, DS, et al. Head-to-body delivery interval and risk of fetal acidosis and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in shoulder dystocia: a retrospective review. BJOG 2011; 118: 474–9.Google Scholar
Evans-Jones, G, Kay, SP, Weindling, AM, et al. Congenital brachial palsy: incidence, causes, and outcome in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88: F185–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gherman, RB. Shoulder dystocia: an evidence-based evaluation of the obstetric nightmare. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 45: 345–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ouzounian, JG, Korst, LM, Miller, DA, Lee, RH. Brachial plexus palsy and shoulder dystocia: obstetrical risk factors remain elusive. Am J Perinatol 2013; 30: 303–8.Google Scholar
NHS Litigation Authority. Ten Years of Maternity Claims: An Analysis of NHS Litigation Authority Data. London: NHS, 2012. http://www.nhsla.com/Pages/Publications.aspx?library=safety%7clearningfromclaims%7cmaternityclaimsdataproject (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
Angelini, DJ, Greenwald, L. Closed claims analysis of 65 medical malpractice cases involving nurse-midwives. J Midwifery Womens Health 2005; 50: 454–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acker, DB, Sachs, BP, Friedman, EA. Risk factors for shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 762–8.Google Scholar
Øverland, EA, Spydslaug, A, Nielsen, CS, Eskild, A. Risk of shoulder dystocia in second delivery: does a history of shoulder dystocia matter? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200: 506.e1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, SH, Sokol, RJ. Shoulder dystocia: risk factors, predictability, and preventability. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 189–93.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, TS, Gilbert, WM, Herrchen, B. Shoulder dystocia and associated risk factors with macrosomic infants born in California. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 476–80.Google Scholar
Langer, O, Berkus, MD, Huff, RW, Samueloff, A. Shoulder dystocia: should the fetus weighing greater than or equal to 4000 grams be delivered by cesarean section? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 831–7.Google Scholar
Modanlou, HD, Komatsu, G, Dorchester, W, Freeman, RK, Bosu, SK. Large-for-gestational-age neonates: anthropometric reasons for shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 417–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Robinson, H, Tkatch, S, Mayes, DC, Bott, N, Okun, N. Is maternal obesity a predictor of shoulder dystocia? Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 24–7.Google Scholar
Backe, B, Magnussen, EB, Johansen, OJ, Sellaeg, G, Russwurm, H. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a birth injury not explained by the known risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 1027–32.Google Scholar
Øverland, EA, Vatten, LJ, Eskild, A. Pregnancy week at delivery and the risk of shoulder dystocia: a population study of 2,014,956 deliveries. BJOG 2014; 121: 3441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, SJ, Shime, J, Farine, D. Shoulder dystocia: predictors and outcome. A five-year review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 334–6.Google Scholar
Ouzounian, JG, Gherman, RB. Shoulder dystocia: are historic risk factors reliable predictors? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 1933–5.Google Scholar
Dyachenko, A, Ciampi, A, Fahey, J, et al. Prediction of risk for shoulder dystocia with neonatal injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1544–9.Google Scholar
Rouse, DJ, Owen, J, Goldenberg, RL, Cliver, SP. The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound. JAMA 1996; 276: 1480–6.Google Scholar
Conway, DL, Langer, O. Elective delivery of infants with macrosomia in diabetic women: reduced shoulder dystocia versus increased cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 922–5.Google Scholar
Maso, G, Piccoli, M, Parolin, S, Restaino, S, Alberico, S. Diabetes in pregnancy: timing and mode of delivery. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14: 506.Google Scholar
Supreme Court. Montgomery (Appellant) v Lanarkshire Health Board (Respondent) (Scotland). Judgment date 11 Mar 2015. Case ID: UKSC 2013/0136. https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2013-0136.html (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
Crowther, CA, Hiller, JE, Moss, JR, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2477–86.Google Scholar
Horvath, K, Koch, K, Jeitler, K, et al. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: c1395.Google Scholar
Boulvain, M, Senat, MV, Perrotin, F,et al. Induction of labour versus expectant management for large-for-date fetuses: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 2600–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siassakos, D, Bristowe, K, Draycott, TJ, et al. Clinical efficiency in a simulated emergency and relationship to team behaviours: a multisite cross-sectional study. BJOG 2011; 118: 596607.Google Scholar
Gonik, B, Allen, R, Sorab, J. Objective evaluation of the shoulder dystocia phenomenon: effect of maternal pelvic orientation on force reduction. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 44–8.Google Scholar
Rubin, A. Management of shoulder dystocia. JAMA 1964; 189: 835–7.Google Scholar
Leung, TY, Stuart, O, Suen, SS, et al. Comparison of perinatal outcomes of shoulder dystocia alleviated by different type and sequence of manoeuvres: a retrospective review. BJOG 2011; 118: 985–90.Google Scholar
Sagi-Dain, L, Sagi, S. The role of episiotomy in prevention and management of shoulder dystocia: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2015; 70: 354–62.Google Scholar
Barnum, CG. Dystocia due to the shoulders. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1945; 50: 439–42.Google Scholar
Woods, CE, Westbury, NY. A principle of physics as applicable to shoulder delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1943; 45: 796804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, TL, Sokol, RJ, Williams, T, Thompson, K. Shoulder dystocia: a fetal-physician risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 1408–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruner, JP, Drummond, SB, Meenan, AL, Gaskin, IM. All-fours maneuver for reducing shoulder dystocia during labor. J Reprod Med 1998; 43: 439–43.Google Scholar
O’Leary, JA. Cephalic replacement for shoulder dystocia: present status and future role of the Zavanelli maneuver. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 847–50.Google Scholar
Metaizeau, J, Gayet, C, Plenat, F. Les lesions obstetricales du plexus brachial. Chir Pediatr 1979; 20: 159163.Google Scholar
Crofts, JF, Bartlett, C, Ellis, D, et al. Training for shoulder dystocia: a trial of simulation using low-fidelity and high-fidelity mannequins. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1477–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satin, AJ. Perfecting practice. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 746–7.Google Scholar
Crofts, JF, Ellis, D, Draycott, TJ, et al. Change in knowledge of midwives and obstetricians following obstetric emergency training: a randomised controlled trial of local hospital, simulation centre and teamwork training. BJOG 2007; 114: 1534–41.Google Scholar
Sørensen, JL, Løkkegaard, E, Johansen, M, et al. The implementation and evaluation of a mandatory multi-professional obstetric skills training program. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009; 88: 1107–17.Google Scholar
Russell, L, Nyhof-Young, J, Abosh, B, Robinson, S. An exploratory analysis of an interprofessional learning environment in two hospital clinical teaching units. J Interprof Care 2006; 20: 2939.Google Scholar
Crofts, JF, Attilakos, G, Read, M, Sibanda, T, Draycott, TJ. Shoulder dystocia training using a new birth training mannequin. BJOG 2005; 112: 997–9.Google Scholar
Deering, S, Poggi, S, Macedonia, C, Gherman, R, Satin, AJ. Improving resident competency in the management of shoulder dystocia with simulation training. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 1224–8.Google Scholar
Inglis, SR, Feier, N, Chetiyaar, JB, et al. Effects of shoulder dystocia training on the incidence of brachial plexus injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 322.e1–6.Google Scholar
Draycott, TJ, Crofts, JF, Ash, JP, et al. Improving neonatal outcome through practical shoulder dystocia training. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1420.Google Scholar
Grobman, WA, Miller, D, Burke, C, et al. Outcomes associated with introduction of a shoulder dystocia protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 513–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, JM, Kandamany, N, Ni Shuibhne, N, et al. Neonatal brachial plexus injury: comparison of incidence and antecedents between 2 decades. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 324.e1–6.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, IZ, Shah, M, Lean, K, et al. Management of shoulder dystocia: trends in incidence and maternal and neonatal morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 1059–68.Google Scholar
Crofts, JF, Fox, R, Ellis, D, et al. Observations from 450 shoulder dystocia simulations: lessons for skills training. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 906–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jan, H, Guimicheva, B, Gosh, S, et al. Evaluation of healthcare professionals’ understanding of eponymous maneuvers and mnemonics in emergency obstetric care provision. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 125; 120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siassakos, D, Crofts, JF, Winter, C, Weiner, CP, Draycott, TJ. The active components of effective training in obstetric emergencies. BJOG 2009; 116: 1028–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, EM, Forouzan, I, Morgan, MA. A retrospective analysis of Erb’s palsy cases and their relation to birth weight and trauma at delivery. J Matern Fetal Med 1997; 6: 15.Google ScholarPubMed
Ouzounian, JG, Korst, LM, Phelan, JP. Permanent Erb palsy: a traction-related injury? Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 139–41.Google Scholar
Sandmire, HF, DeMott, RK. Erb’s palsy without shoulder dystocia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 78: 253–6.Google Scholar
Lerner, HM, Salamon, E. Permanent brachial plexus injury following vaginal delivery without physician traction or shoulder dystocia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (3): e7–8.Google Scholar
Sandmire, HF, DeMott, RK. Erb’s palsy: concepts of causation. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 941–2.Google Scholar
Draycott, T, Sanders, C, Crofts, J, Lloyd, J. A template for reviewing the strength of evidence for obstetric brachial plexus injury in clinical negligence claims. Clin Risk 2008; 14: 96100.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×