Marr, KA. Delayed opportunistic infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: a surmountable challenge. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:265–70.Google ScholarPubMed

Hiemenz, JW. Management of infections complicating allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Semin Hematol. 2009;46:289–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freifeld, AG, Bow, EJ, Sepkowitz, KA, Boeckh, MJ, Ito, JI, Mullen, CA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e56–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martinho, GH, Romanelli, RM, Teixeira, GM, Macedo, AV, Chaia, JM, Nobre, V. Infectious complications associated with the use of central venous catheters in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:642–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Averbuch, D, Cordonnier, C, Livermore, DM, Mikulska, M, Orasch, C, Viscoli, C, et al.; ECIL4, a joint venture of EBMT, EORTC, ICHS, ESGICH/ESCMID and ELN. Targeted therapy against multi-resistant bacteria in leukemic and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: guidelines of the 4th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-4, 2011). Haematologica. 2013;98:1836–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Viscoli, C, Bruzzi, P, Castagnola, E, Boni, L, Calandra, T, Gaya, H, et al. Factors associated with bacteraemia in febrile, granulocytopenic cancer patients. The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group (IATCG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A:430–7Google Scholar

Viscoli, C; EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Group. Management of infection in cancer patients. studies of the EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Group (IATG). Eur J Cancer. 2002;38(Suppl 4):S82–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zinner, SH. Changing epidemiology of infections in patients with neutropenia and cancer: emphasis on Gram-positive and resistant bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:490–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wisplinghoff, H, Seifert, H, Wenzel, RP, Edmond, MB. Current trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with hematological malignancies and solid neoplasms in hospitals in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1103–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oliveira, AL, de Souza, M, Carvalho-Dias, VM, Ruiz, MA, Silla, L, Tanaka, PY, et al. Epidemiology of bacteremia and factors associated with multi-drug-resistant Gramnegative bacteremia in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007;39:775–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weinstock, DM, Conlon, M, Iovino, C, Aubrey, T, Gudiol, C, Riedel, E, et al. Colonization, bloodstream infection, and mortality caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus early after allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007;13:615–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gudiol, C, Tubau, F, Calatayud, L, Garcia-Vidal, C, Cisnal, M, Sánchez-Ortega, I, et al. Bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in cancer patients: risk factors, antibiotic therapy and outcomes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:657–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arnan, M, Gudiol, C, Calatayud, L, Liñares, J, Dominguez, MÁ, Batlle, M, et al. Risk factors for, and clinical relevance of, faecal extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) carriage in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:355–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gudiol, C, Calatayud, L, Garcia-Vidal, C, Lora-Tamayo, J, Cisnal, M, Duarte, R, et al. Bacteraemia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) in cancer patients: clinical features, risk factors, molecular epidemiology and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:333–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Trecarichi, EM, Tumbarello, M, Spanu, T, Caira, M, Fianchi, L, Chiusolo, P, et al. Incidence and clinical impact of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and fluoroquinolone resistance in bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli in patients with hematological malignancies. J Infect. 2009;58:299–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Trecarichi, EM, Tumbarello, M, Caira, M, Candoni, A, Cattaneo, C, Pastore, D, et al. Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection in adult patients with hematologic malignancies. Haematologica. 2011; 96:e1–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Satlin, MJ, Jenkins, SG, Walsh, TJ. The global challenge of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1274–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Busca, A, Cavecchia, I, Locatelli, F, D’Ardia, S, De Rosa, FG, Marmont, F, et al. Blood stream infections after allo- stem cell transplantation: a single-center experience with the use of levofloxacin prophylaxis. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012;14:40–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mikulska, M, Del Bono, V, Bruzzi, P, Raiola, AM, Gualandi, F, Van Lint, MT, et al. Mortality after bloodstream infections in allo-haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Infection. 2012;40:271–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mendes, ET, Dulley, F, Basso, M, Batista, MV, Coracin, F, Guimarães, T, et al. Healthcare-associated infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: risk factors and impact on outcome. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16:e424–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hong, J, Moon, SM, Ahn, HK, Sym, SJ, Park, YS, Park, J, et al. Comparison of characteristics of bacterial bloodstream infection between adult patients with allo- and auto- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:994–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Srinivasan, A, Wang, C, Srivastava, DK, Burnette, K, Shenep, JL, Leung, W, et al. Timeline, epidemiology, and risk factors for bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in children and adolescents after allo- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:94–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, SH, Kee, SY, Lee, DG, Choi, SM, Park, SH, Kwon, JC, et al. Infectious complications following allo- stem cell transplantation: reduced-intensity vs. myeloablative conditioning regimens. Transpl Infect Dis. 2013;15:49–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sarashina, T, Yoshida, M, Iguchi, A, Okubo, H, Toriumi, N, Suzuki, D, et al. Risk factor analysis of bloodstream infection in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013;35:76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bock, AM, Cao, Q, Ferrieri, P, Young, JA, Weisdorf, DJ. Bacteremia in blood or marrow transplantation patients: clinical risk factors for infection and emerging antibiotic resistance. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:102–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Piñana, JL, Montesinos, P, Martino, R, Vazquez, L, Rovira, M, López, J, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of bacteremia following auto- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 720 adult patients. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:299–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seo, SK, Xiao, K, Huang, YT, Jongwutiwes, U, Chung, D, Maloy, M, et al. Impact of peri-transplant vancomycin and fluoroquinolone administration on rates of bacteremia in allo- hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients: A 12-year single institution study. J Infect. 2014 Jun 12. pii: S0163-4453(14)00163–7.Google Scholar

Gudiol, C, Bodro, M, Simonetti, A, Tubau, F, González-Barca, E, Cisnal, M, et al. Changing aetiology, clinical features, antimicrobial resistance, and outcomes of bloodstream infection in neutropenic cancer patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:474–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Munoz-Price, LS, Poirel, L, Bonomo, RA, Schwaber, MJ, Daikos, GL, Cormican, M, et al. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:785–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tzouvelekis, LS, Markogiannakis, A, Psichogiou, M, Tassios, PT, Daikos, GL. Carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae: an evolving crisis of global dimensions. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:682–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cantón, R, Akóva, M, Carmeli, Y, Giske, CG, Glupczynski, Y, Gniadkowski, M, et al. Rapid evolution and spread of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:413–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Giani, T, D’Andrea, MM, Pecile, P, Borgianni, L, Nicoletti, P, Tonelli, F, et al. Emergence in Italy of Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258 producing KPC-3 Carbapenemase. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:3793–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fontana, C, Favaro, M, Sarmati, L, Natoli, S, Altieri, A, Bossa, MC, et al. Emergence of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3:40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaibani, P, Ambretti, S, Berlingeri, A, Gelsomino, F, Bielli, A, Landini, MP, et al. Rapid increase of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in a large Italian hospital: surveillance period 1 March - 30 September 2010. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(8).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giani, T, Pini, B, Arena, F, Conte, V, Bracco, S, Migliavacca, R; AMCLI-CRE Survey Participants, Pantosti, A, Pagani, L, Luzzaro, F, Rossolini, GM. Epidemic diffusion of KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy: results of the first countrywide survey, 15 May to 30 June 2011. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(22).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tumbarello, M, Viale, P, Viscoli, C, Trecarichi, EM, Tumietto, F, Marchese, A, et al. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:943–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zarkotou, O, Pournaras, S, Tselioti, P, Dragoumanos, V, Pitiriga, V, Ranellou, K, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with bloodstream infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and impact of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1798–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clancy, CJ, Chen, L, Shields, RK, Zhao, Y, Cheng, S, Chavda, KD, et al. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2619–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gupta, N, Limbago, BM, Patel, JB, Kallen, AJ. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: epidemiology and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:60–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zuckerman, T, Benyamini, N, Sprecher, H, Fineman, R, Finkelstein, R, Rowe, JM, et al. SCT in patients with carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a single center experience with oral gentamicin for the eradication of carrier state. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46:1226–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Satlin, MJ, Calfee, DP, Chen, L, Fauntleroy, KA, Wilson, SJ, Jenkins, SG, et al. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae as causes of bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:799–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Girmenia, C, Rossolini, GM, Piciocchi, A, Bertaina, A , Pisapia, G, Pastore, D, et al., for the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Infections by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in stem cell transplant recipients: a nationwide retrospective survey from Italy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50:282–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tomblyn, M, Chiller, T, Einsele, H, Gress, R, Sepkowitz, K, Storek, J, et al.; Center for International Blood and Marrow Research; National Marrow Donor Program; European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group; American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation; Canadian Blood and Marrow Transplant Group; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15:1143–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Engelhard, D, Akova, M, Boeckh, MJ, Freifeld, A, Sepkowitz, K, Viscoli, C, et al.; Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research; National Marrow Donor ProGram; European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group; American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation; Canadian Blood and Marrow Transplant Group; Infectious Disease Society of America; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bacterial infection prevention after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;44:467–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Girmenia, C, Viscoli, C, Piciocchi, A, Cudillo, L, Botti, S, Errico, A, et al. Management of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in stem cell transplant recipients: an Italian multidisciplinary consensus statement. Haematologica. 2015;100:e373–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meunier, F, Lukan, C. The First European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia – ECIL1: a current perspective. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:2112–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kimura, S, Akahoshi, Y, Nakano, H, Ugai, T, Wada, H, Yamasaki, R, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Infect. 2014;69:13–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guthrie, KA, Yong, M, Frieze, D, Corey, L, Fredricks, DN. The impact of a change in antibacterial prophylaxis from ceftazidime to levofloxacin in allo- hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45:675–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou, E, Kostis, E, Migkou, M, Christoulas, D, Terpos, E, Gavriatopoulou, M, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of neutropenic fever in patients undergoing auto- stem-cell transplantation: results of a single institution, randomized phase 2 trial. Am J Hematol. 2010;85:863–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gafter-Gvili, A, Paul, M, Fraser, A, Leibovici, L. Effect of quinolone prophylaxis in afebrile neutropenic patients on microbial resistance: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59:5–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bow, EJ. Fluoroquinolones, antimicrobial resistance and neutropenic cancer patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24(6):545–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed