The menstrual and urogenital changes associated with perimenopause can be very distressing. Seventy-five percent of postmenopausal women experience atrophic genital changes. Vasomotor symptoms are often the most disruptive perimenopausal symptoms that a woman experiences. These can occur even before she sees any change in her menstrual pattern. There is significant variation in an individual woman's response to these, and the symptoms can be distracting, cause insomnia, and lead to unpleasant social situations. Menstrual patterns are altered in many ways, including menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, oligomenorrhea, intermenstrual bleeding, polymenorrhea, postcoital bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding. In one small survey, 93% of women reported one of these changes in the five years prior to menopause. Etiologies of abnormal menstrual bleeding include endocrine abnormalities, pregnancy related, infectious (genital and systemic), neoplasms (benign and malignant) of pelvic organs, uterine abnormalities, coagulation disorders, liver disease, medication (iatrogenic), and trauma. Women with life-threatening bleeding need immediate treatment.