Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-5f56664f6-287w5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-07T07:41:44.693Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

31 - Tuberculosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2009

By
Rohan Hazra
Edited by
Steven L. Zeichner  and
Jennifer S. Read
Rohan Hazra
Affiliation:
HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
Steven L. Zeichner
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
Jennifer S. Read
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Get access

Summary

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has led to a resurgence in the rates of tuberculosis in the developed world. In the developing world, co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis is extremely common and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected children can be more severe than disease in HIV-uninfected children, and treatment is complicated by drug–drug interactions between antiretrovirals and tuberculosis medications. Nevertheless, effective treatment of tuberculosis in the HIV-infected child is critically important for prolonged survival, even in the absence of antiretroviral therapy.

Epidemiology

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. Humans are the only reservoir for the organism. In the USA the number of cases of tuberculosis has been declining, but the global burden of disease is staggering. World Health Organization (WHO) data for 1997 estimated almost 8 million new cases that year, 16.2 million existing cases, 1.87 million deaths attributable to tuberculosis, and global prevalence of infection of 32% [1]. WHO estimates that the worldwide prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV co-infection is 0.18%, with 8% of new cases of tuberculosis occurring in patients who are HIV seropositive. This rate of HIV seropositivity among incident tuberculosis cases is as high as 65% in some African nations.

In an adult, a case of tuberculosis can result from either reactivation of endogenous latent infection or exogenous primary infection or reinfection [2].

Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care , pp. 674 - 684
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Dye, C., Scheele, S., Dolin, P., Pathania, V., Raviglione, M. C.Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. World Health Organization Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1999;282(7):677–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rie, A., Warren, R., Richardson, M.et al.Exogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent tuberculosis after curative treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999;341(16):1174–1179.Google ScholarPubMed
Ussery, X., Valway, S., McKenna, M., Cauthen, G., McCray, E., Onorato, I.Epidemiology of tuberculosis among children in the United States: 1985 to 1994. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1996;15:697–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starke, J. R., Smith, M. H. D. Tuberculosis. In Feigin, R. D., Cherry, J. D., eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th edn. W. B. Saunders Co.; 1998:1196–1239.Google Scholar
Selwyn, P., Hartel, D., Lewis, V.et al.A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989;320:545–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daley, C., Small, P., Schecter, G.et al.An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992;326:231–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, M. M., Badi, N., Ryder, R. W.et al.A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zaire. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991;143(3):501–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, C., Horsburgh, C. R., Hom, D., Lahart, C., Simberkoff, M., Ellner, J.Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection after tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995;151(1):129–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2000;49 (relative risk-6).
Pomputius, W. F., 3rd, Rost, J., Dennehy, P. H., Carter, E. J.Standardization of gastric aspirate technique improves yield in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1997;16(2):222–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havlir, D. V., Barnes, P. F.Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999;340(5):367–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: nucleic acid amplification tests for tuberculosis. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2000;49 (No. 26).
Neu, N., Saiman, L., Gabriel, San P.et al.Diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis in the modern era. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999;18(2):122–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Acadedmy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In Pickering, L. K., ed. Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th edn. Elk Grove Village, interleukin: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2000.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: fatal and severe liver injuries associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection, and revisions in American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations – United States, 2001. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2001;50 (No. 34).
Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: recommendations 1998. Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1998;53(7):536–548.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: principles of therapy and revised recommendations. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 1998;47 (relative risk-20).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for the use of rifabutin or rifampin for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients taking protease inhibitors or nonnucleoside reverse trancriptase inhibitors. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2000;49 (No. 9).
Jenny-Avital, E R.Protease inhibitors and rifabutin: isn't the jury still out?Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001;32(2):322–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control Surveillance, Planning, Financing. World Health Organization; 2002.
Rodrigues, L. C., Diwan, V. K., Wheeler, J. G.Protective effect of Bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccine against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1993;22:1154–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colditz, G. A., Brewer, T. F., Berkey, C. S.et al.Efficacy of Bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1994;271:698–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, K. L., Ruff, A. J., Louis, M. A.et al.Bacillus Calmette–Guerin complications in children born to human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected women with a review of the literature. Pediatrics 1995;95(3):414–418.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Tuberculosis
    • By Rohan Hazra, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
  • Edited by Steven L. Zeichner, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, Jennifer S. Read
  • Book: Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care
  • Online publication: 23 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544781.033
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Tuberculosis
    • By Rohan Hazra, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
  • Edited by Steven L. Zeichner, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, Jennifer S. Read
  • Book: Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care
  • Online publication: 23 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544781.033
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Tuberculosis
    • By Rohan Hazra, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
  • Edited by Steven L. Zeichner, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, Jennifer S. Read
  • Book: Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care
  • Online publication: 23 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544781.033
Available formats
×