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31 - Tuberculosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2009

By
Rohan Hazra
Edited by
Steven L. Zeichner  and
Jennifer S. Read
Rohan Hazra
Affiliation:
HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
Steven L. Zeichner
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
Jennifer S. Read
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Summary

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has led to a resurgence in the rates of tuberculosis in the developed world. In the developing world, co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis is extremely common and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected children can be more severe than disease in HIV-uninfected children, and treatment is complicated by drug–drug interactions between antiretrovirals and tuberculosis medications. Nevertheless, effective treatment of tuberculosis in the HIV-infected child is critically important for prolonged survival, even in the absence of antiretroviral therapy.

Epidemiology

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. Humans are the only reservoir for the organism. In the USA the number of cases of tuberculosis has been declining, but the global burden of disease is staggering. World Health Organization (WHO) data for 1997 estimated almost 8 million new cases that year, 16.2 million existing cases, 1.87 million deaths attributable to tuberculosis, and global prevalence of infection of 32% [1]. WHO estimates that the worldwide prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV co-infection is 0.18%, with 8% of new cases of tuberculosis occurring in patients who are HIV seropositive. This rate of HIV seropositivity among incident tuberculosis cases is as high as 65% in some African nations.

In an adult, a case of tuberculosis can result from either reactivation of endogenous latent infection or exogenous primary infection or reinfection [2].

Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care , pp. 674 - 684
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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References

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  • Tuberculosis
    • By Rohan Hazra, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
  • Edited by Steven L. Zeichner, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, Jennifer S. Read
  • Book: Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care
  • Online publication: 23 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544781.033
Available formats
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Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Tuberculosis
    • By Rohan Hazra, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
  • Edited by Steven L. Zeichner, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, Jennifer S. Read
  • Book: Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care
  • Online publication: 23 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544781.033
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Tuberculosis
    • By Rohan Hazra, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
  • Edited by Steven L. Zeichner, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, Jennifer S. Read
  • Book: Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care
  • Online publication: 23 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544781.033
Available formats
×