Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:21:39.493Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 21 - Psychometric Measures in Old Age Psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2024

By
Tareq Qassem
Edited by
George Tadros  and
George Crowther
George Tadros
Affiliation:
Aston University, Birmingham
George Crowther
Affiliation:
Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds
Get access

Summary

In this chapter we will discuss the basics of psychometrics and scales commonly used in depression and dementia, specifically in assessing cognitive functions, activities of daily living (ADLs), and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). The scales and tools discussed are only those related to older adults with a focus on those that could be used in hospital settings.

Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Old Age Liaison Psychiatry , pp. 298 - 316
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Fitzpatrick, R., Davey, C., Buxton, M.J., and Jones, D.R. Evaluating patient-based outcome measures for use in clinical trials: A review. Health Technol Assess (Rockv) 1998, 2(14): i–iv, 1–74. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta2140.Google Scholar
Munro, L., and Rodwell, J. Validation of an Australian sign language instrument of outcome measurement for adults in mental health settings. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009, 43(4): 332–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670902721111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, P., Taeuber, R.C., and Scott, J. Operational aspects of Quality-of-Life Assessment. Choosing the right instrument. Pharmacoeconomics 1995, 7(1): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199507010-00005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Testa, M.A., and Simonson, D.C. Assessment of quality-of-life outcomes. N Engl J Med 1996, 334(13): 835–40. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199603283341306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaeschke, R., Singer, J., and Guyatt, G.H. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials 1989, 10(4): 407–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(89)90005-6.Google ScholarPubMed
Streiner, D.L., Norman, G.R., and Cairney, J. Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleiss, J.L. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol Bull 1971, 76(5): 378–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regier, D.A., Narrow, W.E., Clarke, D.E., Kraemer, H.C., Kuramoto, S.J., Kuhl, E.A. et al. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: Test–retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 2013, 170(1): 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calamia, M., Markon, K., and Tranel, D. Scoring higher the second time around: Meta-analyses of practice effects in neuropsychological assessment. Clin Neuropsychol 2012, 26(4): 543–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.680913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gessmann, H.-W., and Sheronov, E.A. Psychological test validity. J Mod Foreign Psychol 2013, 2(4): 20–31.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L.J., and meehl, P.E. Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychol Bull 1955, 52(4): 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazis, L.E., Anderson, J.J., and Meenan, R.F. Effect sizes for interpreting changes in health status. Med Care 1989, 27(3 Suppl.): S178–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-198903001-00015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Šimundić, A.-M. Measures of diagnostic accuracy: Basic definitions. EJIFCC 2009, 19(4): 203–11.Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychological Association. Guidelines for psychological practice with older adults. Am Psychol 2014, 69(1): 34–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsoi, K.K.F., Chan, J.Y.C., Hirai, H.W., Wong, S.Y.S., and Kwok, T.C.Y. Cognitive tests to detect dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2015, 175(9): 1450–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roebuck-Spencer, T.M., Glen, T., Puente, A.E., Denney, R.L., Ruff, R.M., Hostetter, G. et al. Cognitive screening tests versus comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries: A national academy of neuropsychology education paper†. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017, 32(4): 491–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carnero-Pardo, C. Should the Mini-Mental State Examination be retired? Neurol [English Ed 2014, 29(8): 473–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2013.07.003.Google ScholarPubMed
Hsieh, S., Schubert, S., Hoon, C., Mioshi, E., and Hodges, J.R. Validation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013, 36(3–4): 242–50. https://doi.org/10.1159/000351671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsieh, S., McGrory, S., Leslie, F., Dawson, K., Ahmed, S., Butler, C.R. et al. The Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination: A new assessment tool for dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2015, 39(1–2): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1159/000366040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasreddine, Z.S., Phillips, N.A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005, 53(4): 695–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, J.T., Basic, D., Storey, J.E., and Conforti, D.A. The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) and the Folstein MMSE in a multicultural cohort of elderly persons. Int psychogeriatrics 2006, 18(1): 111–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610205003133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, B., Slachevsky, A., Litvan, I., and Pillon, B. The FAB: A frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology 2000, 55(11): 1621–6. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.11.1621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilsson, F.M. Mini mental state examination (MMSE): Probably one of the most cited papers in health science. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007, 116(2): 156–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01037.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., and McHugh, P.R. ‘Mini-mental state’: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975, 12(3): 189–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.Google Scholar
Tombaugh, T.N., McIntyre, N.J. The Mini-Mental State Examination: A comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992, 40(9): 922–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velayudhan, L., Ryu, S.H., Raczek, M., Philpot, M., Lindesay, J., Critchfield, M. et al. Review of brief cognitive tests for patients with suspected dementia. Int Psychogeriatrics 2014, 26(8): 1247–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214000416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathuranath, P.S., Nestor, P.J., Berrios, G.E., Rakowicz, W., and Hodges, J.R. A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2000, 55(11): 1613–20. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qassem, T., Khater, M.S., Emara, T., Rasheedy, D., Tawfik, H.M., Mohammedin, A.S. et al. Normative data for healthy adult performance on the Egyptian–Arabic Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 2015, 22(1): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.XME.0000457267.05731.0f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qassem, T., Khater, M.S., Emara, T., Rasheedy, D., Tawfik, H.M., Mohammedin, A.S. et al. Validation of the Egyptian–Arabic version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) in diagnosing dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2020, 49(2): 179–84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507758.Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, B.R., Ou, Z., Gu, X.H., Wei, C.S., Xu, J., and Shi, J.Q. Validation of the Chinese version of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III for diagnosing dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017, 32(12):e173–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mekala, S., Paplikar, A., Mioshi, E., Kaul, S., Divyaraj, G., Coughlan, G. et al. Dementia diagnosis in seven languages: The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III in India. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2020, 35(5): 528–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pigliautile, M., Chiesi, F., Stablum, F., Rossetti, S., Primi, C., Chiloiro, D. et al. Italian version and normative data of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III. Int Psychogeriatrics 2019, 31(2): 241–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/s104161021800073x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takenoshita, S., Terada, S., Yoshida, H., Yamaguchi, M., Yabe, M., Imai, N. et al. Validation of Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III for detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Japan. BMC Geriatr 2019, 19(1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1120-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peixoto, B., Machado, M., Rocha, P., Macedo, C., Machado, A., Baeta, É. et al. Validation of the Portuguese version of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Adv Clin Exp Med 2018, 27(6): 781–6. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/68975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matías-Guiu, J.A., Fernández-Bobadilla, R., Fernández-Oliveira, A., Valles-Salgado, M., Rognoni, T., Cortés-Martínez, A. et al. Normative data for the Spanish version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2016, 41(5–6): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charernboon, T., Jaisin, K., and Lerthattasilp, T. The Thai version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III. Psychiatry Investig 2016, 13(5): 571–3. https://dx.doi.org/10.4306%2Fpi.2016.13.5.571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waheed, W., Mirza, N., Waheed, M.W., Malik, A., and Panagioti, M. Developing and implementing guidelines on culturally adapting the Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination version III (ACE-III): A qualitative illustration. BMC Psychiatry 2020, 20(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02893-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beishon, L.C., Batterham, A.P., Quinn, T.J., Nelson, C.P., Panerai, R.B., Robinson, T. et al. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) and mini-ACE for the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019, 12(12): CD013282. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013282.pub2.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, T., Gildeh, N., and Holmes, C. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Validity and utility in a memory clinic setting. Can J psychiatry 2007, 52(5): 329–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larner, A.J. Screening utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): In place of – or as well as – the MMSE? Int Psychogeriatrics 2012, 24(3): 391–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211001839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, N., Leach, L., and Murphy, K.J. A re-examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018, 33(2): 379–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, Y., Mirelman, A., Saunders-Pullman, R., Mejia-Santana, H., Caccappolo, E., Raymond, D. et al. Differences in performance on English and Hebrew versions of the MoCA in Parkinson’s patients. Clin Park Relat Disord 2020, 3: 100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2020.10004.Google ScholarPubMed
Nasreddine, Z.S., Rossetti, H., Phillips, N., Chertkow, H., Lacritz, L., Cullum, M. et al. Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a population-based sampleAuthor Response. Neurology 2012, 78(10): 765–6. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000413072.54070.a3.Google Scholar
Hayek, M., Tarabey, L., Abou-Mrad, T., Fadel, P., and Abou-Mrad, F. Normative Data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in a Lebanese Older Adult Population. J Clin Neurosci 2020, 74: 81–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.01.050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopecek, M., Stepankova, H., Lukavsky, J., Ripova, D., Nikolai, T., and Bezdicek, O. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): Normative data for old and very old Czech adults. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2017, 24(1): 23–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2015.1065261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larouche, E., Tremblay, M.P., Potvin, O., Laforest, S., Bergeron, D., Laforce, R. et al. Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in middle-aged and elderly French-Quebec people. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016, 31(7): 819–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomann, A.E., Goettel, N., Monsch, R.J., Berres, M., Jahn, T., Steiner, L.A. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Normative data from a German-speaking cohort and comparison with international normative samples. J Alzheimer’s Dis 2018, 64(2): 643–55. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-180080.Google ScholarPubMed
Konstantopoulos, K., Vogazianos, P., and Doskas, T. Normative Data of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the GreekpPopulation and Parkinsonian dementia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016, 31(3): 246–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conti, S., Bonazzi, S., Laiacona, M., Masina, M., and Coralli, M.V. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)-Italian version: Regression based norms and equivalent scores. Neurol Sci 2015, 36(2): 209–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1921-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santangelo, G., Siciliano, M., Pedone, R., Vitale, C., Falco, F., Bisogno, R. et al. Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in an Italian population sample. Neurol Sci 2015, 36(4): 585–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1995-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narazaki, K., Nofuji, Y., Honda, T., Matsuo, E., Yonemoto, K., Kumagai, S. Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in a Japanese community-dwelling older population. Neuroepidemiology 2013, 40(1): 23–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000339753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freitas, S., Simões, M.R., Alves, L., and Santana, I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Normative study for the Portuguese population. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011, 33(9): 989–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.589374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borland, E., Nägga, K., Nilsson, P.M., Minthon, L., Nilsson, E.D., and Palmqvist, S. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Normative data from a large Swedish population-based cohort. J Alzheimer’s Dis 2017, 59(3): 893–901. https://dx.doi.org/10.3233%2FJAD-170203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milani, S.A., Marsiske, M., Cottler, L.B., Chen, X., and Striley, C.W. Optimal cutoffs for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment vary by race and ethnicity. Alzheimer’s Dement (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2018, 10: 773–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2018.09.003.Google ScholarPubMed
Storey, J.E., Rowland, J.T.J., Conforti, D.A., Dickson, H.G. The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS): A multicultural cognitive assessment scale. Int Psychogeriatrics 2004, 16(1): 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610204000043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goudsmit, M., Van Campen, J., Schilt, T., Hinnen, C., Franzen, S., and Schmand, B. One size does not fit all: Comparative diagnostic accuracy of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale and the mini mental state examination in a memory clinic population with very low education. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2018, 8(2): 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basic, D., Rowland, J.T., Conforti, D.A., Vrantsidis, F., Hill, K., LoGiudice, D. et al. The validity of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) in a multicultural cohort of community-dwelling older persons with early dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009, 23(2): 124–9. 10.1097/wad.0b013e31818ecc98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaaya, M., Phung, T.K.T., El Asmar, K., Atweh, S., Ghusn, H., Khoury, R.M. et al. Validation of the Arabic Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (A-RUDAS) in elderly with mild and moderate dementia. Aging Ment Health 2016, 20(8): 880–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1043620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, C.W., Chu, H., Tsai, C.F., Yang, H.L., Tsai, J.C., Chung, M.H. et al. The reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the Chinese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale. J Clin Nurs 2015, 24(21–22): 3118–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12941CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, T.R., Andersen, B.B., Gottrup, H., Lützhøft, J.H., Høgh, P., and Waldemar, G. Validation of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale for multicultural screening in Danish memory clinics. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013, 36(5–6): 354–62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iype, T., Ajitha, B.K., Antony, P., Ajeeth, N.B., Job, S., and Shaji, K.S. Usefulness of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment scale in South India. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006, 77(4): 513–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.069005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nepal, G.M., Shrestha, A., and Acharya, R. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Nepali version of the Rowland universal dementia assessment scale (RUDAS). J Patient-Reported Outcomes 2019, 3(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-019-0132-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Araujo, N.B., Nielsen, T.R., Engedal, K., Barca, M.L., Coutinho, E.S., and Laks, J. Diagnosing dementia in lower educated older persons: Validation of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS). Brazilian J Psychiatry 2018, 40(3): 264–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Custodio, N., Montesinos, R., Lira, D., Herrera-Perez, E., and Chavez, K., Reynoso-Guzman, W. et al. Validation of the RUDAS for the identification of dementia in illiterate and low-educated older adults in Lima, Peru. Front Neurol 2020, 11: 374. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffneur.2020.00374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayan, G., Afacan, C., Poyraz, B.C., Bilgic, O., Avci, S., Yavuzer, H. et al. Reliability and validity of Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale in Turkish population. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019, 34(1): 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317518802449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, T.R., Segers, K., Vanderaspoilden, V., Bekkhus-Wetterberg, P., Bjørkløf, G.H., Beinhoff, U. et al. Validation of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) in a multicultural sample across five Western European countries: Diagnostic accuracy and normative data. Int Psychogeriatrics 2019, 31(2): 287–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218000832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borson, S., Scanlan, J., Brush, M., Vitaliano, P., and Dokmak, A. The Mini-Cog: A cognitive ‘vital signs’ measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000, 15(11): 1021–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200011)15:11%3C1021::AID-GPS234%3E3.0.CO;2-6.3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borson, S., Scanlan, J.M., Chen, P., and Ganguli, M. The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: Validation in a population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003, 51(10): 1451–4. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51465.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scanlan, J., Borson, S. The Mini-Cog: Receiver operating characteristics with expert and naïve raters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001, 16(2): 216–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200102)16:2%3C216::AID-GPS316%3E3.0.CO;2-B.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appollonio, I., Leone, M., Isella, V., Piamarta, F., Consoli, T., Villa, M.L. et al. The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB): Normative values in an Italian population sample. Neurol Sci 2005, 26(2): 108–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-005-0443-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurtado-Pomares, M., Valera-Gran, D., Sánchez-Pérez, A., Peral-Gómez, P., Navarrete-Muñoz, E.M., and Terol-Cantero, M.C. Adaptation of the Spanish version of the Frontal Assessment Battery for detection of executive dysfunction. Med Clin (Barc) 2021, 156(5): 229–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.04.028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rentsch, D., Dumont, P., Borgacci, S., Carballeira, Y., DeTonnac, N., Archinard, M. et al. Prevalence and treatment of depression in a hospital department of internal medicine. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007, 29(1): 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.08.008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yesavage, J.A., Brink, T.L., Rose, T.L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1983, 17(1): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, M., Kadri, A., and Coffey, J. Depression in older people in the general hospital: A systematic review of screening instruments. Age and Ageing 2012, 41(2): 148–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afr169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adshead, F., Cody, D.D., and Pitt, B. BASDEC: A novel screening instrument for depression in elderly medical inpatients. BMJ 1992, 305(6850): 397. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6850.397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loke, B., Nicklason, F., and Burvill, P. Screening for depression: Clinical validation of geriatricians’ diagnosis, the Brief Assessment Schedule Depression Cards and the 5-item version of the Symptom Check List among non-demented geriatric inpatients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996, 11(5): 461–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199605)11:5%3C461::AID-GPS336%3E3.0.CO;2-F.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zigmond, A.S., and Snaith, R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983, 67(6): 361–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brink, T.L., Yesavage, J.A., Lum, O., Heersema, P.H., Adey, M., and Rose, T.L. Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clin Gerontol 1982, 1(1): 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v01n01_06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheikh, J.I., Yesavage, J.A. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol 1986, 5(1–2): 165–73. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_09.Google Scholar
Cullum, S., Tucker, S., Todd, C., and Brayne, C. Screening for depression in older medical inpatients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006, 21(5): 469–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, W.J., Houston, M.J., Boust, S.J., and Roccaforte, W.H. Use of the Geriatric Depression Scale in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989, 37(9): 856–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb02266.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, A.J.D., Mann, A.H., Jenkins, R., Richard, L., Godlove, C., and Rodwell, G. An attempt to determine the impact of four types of care upon the elderly in London by the study of matched groups. Psychol Med 1982, 12(1): 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700043452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, A., Lawlor, B., and Craig, S. Assessment Scales in Old Age Psychiatry (2nd ed.). London: CRC Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Snaith, R.P. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003, 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjelland, I., Dahl, A.A., Haug, T.T., and Neckelmann, D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 2002, 52(2): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022–3999(01)00296-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djukanovic, I., Carlsson, J., and Årestedt, K. Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a valid measure in a general population 65–80 years old? A psychometric evaluation study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2017, 15(1): 193. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0759-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenn, C., Wood, H., Kucyj, M., Wattis, J., and Cunane, J. Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression rating scale (HADS) in an elderly psychiatric population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1987, 2(3): 189–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.930020309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stott, J., Spector, A., Orrell, M., Scior, K., Sweeney, J., and Charlesworth, G. Limited validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in dementia: Evidence from a confirmatory factor analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017, 32(7): 805–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., and Williams, J.B.W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001, 16(9): 606–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whooley, M.A., Avins, A.L., Miranda, J., and Browner, W.S. Case-finding instruments for depression: Two questions are as good as many. J Gen Intern Med 1997, 12(7): 439–45. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.00076.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bucks, R.S., Ashworth, D.L., Wilcock, G.K., and Siegfried, K. Assessment of activities of daily living in dementia: Development of the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale. Age and Ageing 1996, 25(2): 113–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/25.2.113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, M.B., Mack, J.L., Neundorfer, M.M., Martin, R.J., Smyth, K.A., and Whitehouse, P.J. Assessment of functional ability in Alzheimer disease: A review and a preliminary report on the Cleveland Scale for Activities of Daily Living. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1992, 6(3): 145–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-199206030-00003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, Y., Albert, S.M., Sano, M., Richards, M., Miller, L., Folstein, M. et al. Assessing patient dependence in Alzheimer’s disease. Journals Gerontol 1994, 49(5): M216–M222. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/49.5.M216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bavazzano, A., Magnolfi, S.U., Calvani, D., Valente, C., Boni, F., Baldini, A. et al. Functional evaluation of Alzheimer patients during clinical trials: A review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1998, 26(SUPPL.1): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4943(98)80005-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gélinas, I., Gauthier, L., McIntyre, M., and Gauthier, S. Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer’s disease: the disability assessment for dementia. Am J Occup Ther 1999, 53(5): 471–81. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.53.5.471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desai, A.K., Grossberg, G.T., and Sheth, D.N. Activities of daily living in patients with dementia: Clinical relevance, methods of assessment and effects of treatment. CNS Drugs 2004, 18(13): 853–75. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200418130-00003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kales, H.C., Gitlin, L.N., and Lyketsos, C.G. Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. BMJ 2015, 350: h369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeon, Y.H., Sansoni, J., Low, L.F., Chenoweth, L., Zapart, S., and Marosszeky, N. Recommended measures for the assessment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011, 19(5): 403–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181ef7a0d.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J.L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D.A., and Gornbein, J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994, 44(12): 2308. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.12.2308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, D.J., Sabbagh, M.N., and Cummings, J.L. Comment on administration and scoring of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) in clinical trials. Alzheimer’s Dement 2008, 4(6): 390–4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jalz.2008.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reisberg, B., Borenstein, J., Salob, S.P., Ferris, S.H., and Franssen, E.H., Georgotas, A. Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: Phenomenology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1987, 48(5, Suppl): 9–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Brodaty, H., Draper, B., Saab, D., Low, L.F., Richards, V., Paton, H. et al. Psychosis, depression and behavioural disturbances in Sydney nursing home residents: Prevalence and predictors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001, 16(5): 504–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Deyn, P.P., Katz, I.R., Brodaty, H., Lyons, B., Greenspan, A., and Burns, A. Management of agitation, aggression, and psychosis associated with dementia: a pooled analysis including three randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trials in nursing home residents treated with risperidone. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005, 107(6): 497–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.03.013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteiro, I.M., Boksay, I., Auer, S.R., Torossian, C., Sinaiko, E., and Reisberg, B. Reliability of routine clinical instruments for the assessment of Alzheimer’s disease administered by telephone. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol [Internet] 1998, 11(1): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/089198879801100105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, M.J., Chen, T.F., Yip, P.K., Hua, M.S., and Tang, L.Y. Behavioral and psychologic symptoms in different types of dementia. J Formos Med Assoc 2006, 105(7): 556–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60150-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, M.B., Mack, J.L., Mackell, J.A., Thomas, R., Tariot, P., and Weiner, M. et al. A longitudinal study of behavioral pathology across five levels of dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997, 11(Suppl2): 40–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-199700112-00006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teri, L., Logsdon, R.G., Peskind, E., Raskind, M., Weiner, M.F., Tractenberg, R.E. et al. Treatment of agitation in AD: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neurology 2000, 55(9): 1271–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.9.1271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, M., Koch, K., Hynan, L.S., Carr, S., Byrnes, K., and Weiner, M.F. Impact of an activities-based adult dementia care program. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2005, 1(2): 165–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2Fnedt.1.2.165.61050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tractenberg, R.E., Weiner, M.F., Patterson, M.B., Teri, L., and Thal, L.J. Comorbidity of psychopathological domains in community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer’s disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003, 16(2): 94–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988703016002006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkosz, P.A., Miyahara, S., Lopez, O.L., DeKosky, S.T., and Sweet, R.A. Prediction of psychosis onset in Alzheimer disease: The role of cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, and further evidence for psychosis subtypes. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006, 14(4): 352–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jgp.0000192500.25940.1b.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neundorfer, M.M., McClendon, M.J., Smyth, K.A., Stuckey, J.C., Strauss, M.E., and Patterson, M.B. A longitudinal study of the relationship between levels of depression among persons with Alzheimer’s disease and levels of depression among their family caregivers. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2001, 56(5): 301–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.5.p301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×