Abromeit, Heidrun. 1982. “Die Funktion des Bundesrates und der Streit um seine Politisierung.” Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 13: 467–71Google Scholar

Abrucio, Fernando, and Costa, Valeriano. 1998. Reforma do Estado e o Contexto Federativo Brasileiro. São Paulo: Fundação Konrad Adenauer StiftungGoogle Scholar

Ades, Alberto, and Glaeser, Edward. 1995. “Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(1): 195–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aghion, Philippe, and Tirole, Jean. 1997. “Formal and Real Authority in Organizations” Journal of Political Economy 105(1): 1–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aghion, Philippe, and Bolton, Patrick. 1990. “Government Domestic Debt and the Risk of Default: A Political-Economic Model of the Strategic Role of Debt.” University of Western Ontario Papers in Political Economy 9Google Scholar

Ahmad, Junaid. 2003. “Creating Incentives for Fiscal Discipline in the New South Africa.” In Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints, ed. by Rodden, Jonathan, Eskeland, Gunnar, and Litvack, Jennie. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 325–52Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, and Drazen, Allan. 1991. “Why Are Stabilizations Delayed?” American Economic Review 81(5): 1170–88Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, and Roubini, Nouriel. 1997. Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy. Cambrdige, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Afonso, José Roberto, and Luiz de Mello. 2000. “Brazil: An Evolving Federation.” Paper presented at the IMF /FAD Seminar on Decentralization, November 20–21, Washington, DC

Alt, James, and Lowry, Robert. 1994. “Divided Government, Fiscal Institutions, and Budget Deficits: Evidence from the States.” American Political Science Review 88(4): 811–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alter, Alison. 2002. “Minimizing the Risks of Delegation: Multiple Referral in the German Bundesrat.” American Journal of Political Science 46(2): 299–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ames, Barry. 1987. Political Survival: Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar

Ames, Barry. 1995. “Electoral Rules, Constituency Pressures, and Pork Barrel: Bases of Voting in the Brazilian Congress.” Journal of Politics 57(2): 324–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ames, Barry. 2001. The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ansolabehere, Stephen, Gerber, Alan, and Snyder, James. 2002. “Equal Votes, Equal Money: Court-Ordered Redistricting and the Distribution of Public Expenditures in the American States.” American Political Science Review 96(4): 767–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arellano, Manuel, and Bond, Stephen. 1991. “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations.” Review of Economic Studies 58(2): 277–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aristotle, . 1981. The Politics. Transl. by T. A. Sinclair. London: Penguin ClassicsGoogle Scholar

Arretche, Marta, and Jonathan Rodden. 2004. “Legislative Bargaining and Distributive Politics in Brazil: An Empirical Approach.” Unpublished paper, MIT. http://web.mit.edu/jrodden/www/materials/rodden.arretche.aug.041.pdf

Bakvis, Herman. 1994. “Political Parties, Party Government, and Intrastate Federalism in Canada.” In Parties and Federalism in Australia and Canada, ed. by Sharman, Campbell. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 1–22Google Scholar

Balassone, Fabrizio, Daniele Franco, and Stefania Zotteri. 2002. “Fiscal Rules for Sub-National Governments: What Lessons from EMU Countries?” Paper presented at the World Bank/IMF conference “Rules-Based Macroeconomic Policies in Emerging Market Economies,” Oaxaca, Mexico, February 14–16, 2002

Banco Central do Brasil. 2001. Boletim das Finanças Estaduais e Municipais. September

Baron, David, and Ferejohn, John. 1987. “Bargaining and Agenda Formation in Legislatures.” American Economic Review 77(2): 303–9Google Scholar

Barro, Robert. 1979. “On the Determination of the Public Debt.” Journal of Political Economy 87(5, pt. 1): 940–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayoumi, Tamim, and Eichengreen, Barry. 1994. “Restraining Yourself: Fiscal Rules and Stabilization.” IMF Research Department Working Paper 94/82Google Scholar

Bayoumi, Tamim, Goldstein, Morris, and Woglom, Geoffrey. 1995. “Do Credit Markets Discipline Sovereign Borrowers? Evidence from U.S. States.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 27(4): 1046–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bednar, Jenna. 2001. “Shirking and Stability in Federal Systems.” Unpublished paper, University of Michigan

Beramendi, Pablo. 2004. “Decentralization and Redistribution: North American Responses to the Great Depression.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 2–5, Chicago, IL

Besley, Timothy, and Case, Ann. 1995. “Incumbent Behavior: Vote Seeking, Tax Setting, and Yardstick Competition.” American Economic Review 85(1): 25–45Google Scholar

Besley, Timothy, and Coate, Stephen. 2003. “Centralized Versus Decentralized Provision of Local Public Goods: A Political Economy Approach.” Journal of Public Economics 87(12): 2611–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bevilaqua, Afonso. 2002. “State Government Bailouts in Brazil.” Inter-American Development Bank, Research Network Working Paper R-441

Bird, Richard. 1986. Federal Finance in Comparative Perspective. Toronto: Canadian Tax FoundationGoogle Scholar

Bird, Richard, and Almos Tassonyi. 2003. “Constraining Subnational Fiscal Behavior in Canada: Different Approaches, Similar Results?” In Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints, ed. by Rodden, Jonathan, Eskeland, Gunnar, and Litvack, Jennie. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 85–132Google Scholar

Blaas, Hans, and Petr Dostál. 1989. “The Netherlands: Changing Administrative Structures.” In Territory and Administration in Europe, ed. by Bennett, Robert. London and New York: Printer, pp. 230–42Google Scholar

Black, E. R. 1979. “Federal Strains within a Canadian Party.” In Party Politics in Canada, ed. by Thorburn, Hugh. Scarborough: Prentice Hall CanadaGoogle Scholar

Boadway, Robin, and Frank Flatters. 1994. “Fiscal Federalism: Is the System in Crisis?” In The Future of Fiscal Federalism, ed. by Banting, Keith, Brown, Douglas, and Courchene, Thomas. Kingston, ON, Canada: School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, pp. 25–74Google Scholar

Bohn, Henning, and Inman, Robert. 1996. “Balanced-Budget Rules and Public Deficits: Evidence from the U.S. States.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 45: 13–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bolton, Patrick, and Roland, Gerard. 1997. “The Breakup of Nations: A Political Economy Analysis.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4): 1057–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bomfim, Antulio, and Shah, Anwar. 1994. “Macroeconomic Management and the Division of Powers in Brazil: Perspectives for the 1990s.” World Development 22(4): 535–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boothe, Paul. 1995. The Growth of Government Spending in Alberta. Toronto: Canadian Tax FoundationGoogle Scholar

Brennan, Geoffrey, and Buchanan, James. 1980. The Power to Tax: Analytical Foundations of a Fiscal Constitution. New York: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Breton, Albert. 1991. “The Existence and Stability of Interjurisdictional Competition.” In Competition among States and Local Governments: Efficiency and Equity in American Federalism, ed. by Kenyon, Daphne and Kincaid, John. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, pp. 37–57Google Scholar

Breton, Albert. 1996. Competitive Governments: An Economic Theory of Politics and Public Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Breton, Albert, and Scott, Anthony. 1978. The Economic Constitution of Federal States. Toronto: University of Toronto PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruce, Neil, and Waldman, Michael. 1991. “Transfers in Kind: Why They Can Be Efficient and Nonpaternalistic.” American Economic Review 81(5): 1345–51Google Scholar

Buchanan, James. 1975. The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Buchanan, James, ed. 1990. Europe's Constitutional Future. London: Institute of Economic AffairsGoogle Scholar

Buchanan, James. 1995. “Federalism as an Ideal Political Order and an Objective for Constitutional Reform.” Publius 25(2): 19–28Google Scholar

Buchanan, James, and Wagner, Richard. 1977. Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Buck, A. E. 1949. Financing Canadian Government. Chicago: Illinois Public Administration ServiceGoogle Scholar

Bulow, Jeremey, and Rogoff, Kenneth. 1989. “Sovereign Debt: Is to Forgive to Forget?American Economic Review 79(1): 43–50Google Scholar

Bury, Piotr, and Carl-Johan Skovsgaard. 1988. “Local Government Finance.” In Decentralization and Local Government: A Danish-Polish Comparative Study in Political Systems, ed. by Regulski, Jerzy, Georgi, Susanne, Jensen, Henrik Toft, and Needham, Barrie. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, pp. 101–14Google Scholar

Careaga, Maite, and Barry Weingast. 2000. “The Fiscal Pact with the Devil: A Positive Approach to Fiscal Federalism, Revenue Sharing, and Good Governance.” Unpublished paper, Stanford University

Chandler, Alfred. 1962. Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Chandler, William. 1987. “Federalism and Political Parties.” In Federalism and the Role of the State, ed. by Bakvis, Herman and Chandler, William. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 149–70Google Scholar

Cheung, Stella. 1996. “Provincial Credit Rating in Canada: An Ordered Probit Analysis.” Bank of Canada Working Paper96–6Google Scholar

Chhibber, Pradeep, and Kollman, Ken. 2004. The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Cielecka, Anna, and John Gibson. 1995. “Local Government in Poland.” In Local Government in Eastern Europe: Establishing Democracy at the Grassroots, ed. by Coulson, Andrew. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar, pp. 23–41Google Scholar

Coate, Stephen. 1995. “Altruism, the Samaritan's Dilemma, and Government Transfer Policy.” American Economic Review 85(1): 46–57Google Scholar

Courchene, Thomas. 1984. Equalization Payments: Past, Present, and Future. Toronto: Ontario Economic CouncilGoogle Scholar

Courchene, Thomas. 1994. Social Canada in the Millennium: Reform Imperatives and Restructuring Principles. Toronto: C. D. Howe InstituteGoogle Scholar

Courchene, Thomas. 1996. “Preserving and Promoting the Internal Economic Union: Australia and Canada.” In Reforming Fiscal Federalism for Global Competition: A Canada-Australia Comparison, ed. by Boothe, Paul. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, pp. 185–221Google Scholar

Craig, Jon. 1997. “Australia.” In Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice, ed. by Ter-Minassian, Teresa. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, pp. 175–200Google Scholar

Crémer, Jacques, and Palfrey, Thomas. 1999. “Political Confederation.” American Political Science Review 93(1): 69–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cukierman, Alex. 1992. Central Bank Strategy, Credibility, and Independence: Theory and Evidence. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Dahlby, Bev. 1994. “The Distortionary Effect of Rising Taxes.” In Deficit Reduction: What Pain; What Gain?, ed. by Robson, William B. P. and Scarth, William. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute, pp. 44–72Google Scholar

Dahlby, Bev, and Sam Wilson. 1996. “Tax Assignment and Fiscal Externalities in a Federal State.” In Reforming Fiscal Federalism for Global Competition: A Canada-Australia Comparison, ed. by Boothe, Paul. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, pp. 87–101Google Scholar

Figueiredo, Rui J. P. Jr., and Weingast, Barry. 2005. “Self-Enforcing Federalism.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 21(1): 103–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bundesbank, Deutsche. 1997. “Die Entwicklung der Staatsverschuldung seit der Deutschen Vereinigung.” Monthly Report 3 (March). Frankfurt: Deutsche BundesbankGoogle Scholar

Dewatripont, Mathias, and Maskin, Eric. 1995. “Credit and Efficiency in Centralized and Decentralized Economies.” Review of Economic Studies 62(4): 541–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto. Forthcoming. Overawing the States: Federalism, Fiscal Authority and Centralization in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Dillinger, William. 1997. Brazil's State Debt Crisis: Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: World BankGoogle Scholar

Dillinger, William, and Webb, Steven. 1999. “Fiscal Management in Federal Democracies: Argentina and Brazil.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper2121Google Scholar

Dixit, Avinash. 1996. The Making of Economic Policy: A Transaction-Cost Politics Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Dixit, Avinash, and Londregan, John. 1998. “Fiscal Federalism and Redistributive Politics.” Journal of Public Economics 68(2): 153–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dougherty, Keith. 1999. “Public Goods and Private Interests: An Explanation for State Compliance with Federal Requisitions, 1775–1789.” In Public Choice Interpretations of American Economic History, ed. by Heckelman, Jac, Moorhouse, John, and Whaples, Robert. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishing, pp. 11–32Google Scholar

Dyck, Rand. 1991. “Links between Federal and Provincial Parties and Party Systems.” In Representation, Integration, and Political Parties in Canada, ed. by Bakvis, Herman. Oxford and Toronto: Dundurn, pp. 129–78Google Scholar

Dye, Thomas. 1990. American Federalism: Competition among Governments. Lexington, MA: Lexington BooksGoogle Scholar

Eaton, Jonathan, and Gersovitz, Mark. 1981. “Debt with Potential Repudiation: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.” Review of Economic Studies 48(2): 289–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry, and Hagen, Jürgen. 1996. “Fiscal Restrictions and Monetary Union: Rationales, Repercussions, Reforms.” Empirica 23(1): 3–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry, and Wyplosz, Charles. 1998. “The Stability Pact: More than a Minor Nuisance?” Economic Policy: A European Forum 26 (April): 65–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elazar, Daniel J. 1987. Exploring Federalism. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama PressGoogle Scholar

Elazar, Daniel J. 1995. “From Statism to Federalism: A Paradigm Shift.” Publius 25(2): 5–18Google Scholar

Ellis, Joseph. 2001. “The Big Man: History vs. Alexander Hamilton.” New Yorker October 29: 76Google Scholar

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1835. “Historical Discourse at Concord, MA.” Speech, September 18, 1835, on the occasion of the second centennial anniversary of the town of Concord. Miscellanies 1883, reprinted 1903

Endersby, James, and Towle, Michael. 1997. “Effects of Constitutional and Political Controls on State Expenditures,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 27(1): 83–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar

English, William. 1996. “Understanding the Costs of Sovereign Default: American State Debts in the 1840s.” American Economic Review 86(1): 259–75Google Scholar

Fabritius, Georg. 1978. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Landtagswahlen und Bundespolitik. Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton HainGoogle Scholar

Feigert, Frank. 1989. Canada Votes, 1935–1988. Durham, NC: Duke University PressGoogle Scholar

Feld, Lars, and Matsusaka, John. 2003. “Budget Referendums and Government Spending: Evidence from Swiss Cantons.” Journal of Public Economics 87(12): 2703–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Figueiredo, Argelina Cheibub, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. “Presidential Power, Legislative Organization, and Party Behavior in Brazil.” Comparative Politics 32(2): 151–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Filippov, Mikhail, Ordeshook, Peter, and Shvetsova, Olga. 2003. Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Fitch IBCA. 1998. “Subnational Rating Methodology.” Accessed from http://www.fitchibca.com in January 2000

Fitch IBCA. 2000. “Spanish Regions: An Analytical Review.” Accessed from http://www.fitchratings.com in November 2001

Fitch IBCA. 2001a. “International Public Finance Special Report: Examining Canadian Provinces.” Accessed from http://www.fitchratings.com in November 2001

Fitch IBCA 2001b. “Swiss Cantons: Autonomy, Solidity, Disparity.” Accessed from http://www.fitchratings.com in November 2001

Fornisari, Francesca, Webb, Steven, and Zou, Heng-fu. 1998. Decentralized Spending and Central Government Deficits: International Evidence. Washington, DC: World BankGoogle Scholar

Friedrich, Carl. 1968. Constitutional Government and Democracy: Theory and Practice in Europe and America, 4th ed. Waltham, MA: BlaisdellGoogle Scholar

Frisch, Morton J., ed. 1985. Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy ResearchGoogle Scholar

Garman, Christopher, Haggard, Stephan, and Willis, Eliza. 2001. “Fiscal Decentralization: A Political Theory with Latin American Cases.” World Politics 53(2): 205–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, Edward, Ernesto Calvo, and Tulia Falleti. 2004. “Reallocative Federalism: Territorial Overrepresentation and Public Spending in the Western Hemisphere.” In Federalism: Latin America in Comparative Perspective, ed. by Gibson, Edward. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 173–96Google Scholar

Gilbert, Guy, and Alain Guengant. 1989. “France: Shifts in Local Authority Finance.” In Territory and Administration in Europe, ed. by Bennett, Robert. London and New York: Printer, pp. 242–55Google Scholar

Gomez, Eduardo. 2000. “The Origins of Brazil's Macroeconomic Crisis: State Debt, Careerism and Delayed Economic Reform.” Unpublished paper, University of Chicago

Gramlich, Edward. 1991. “The 1991 State and Local Fiscal Crisis.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 10(2): 249–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grewal, Bhajan. 2000. “Australian Loan Council: Arrangements and Experience with Bailouts.” Inter-American Development Bank, Research Network Working Paper R-397Google Scholar

Grodzins, Morton. 1966. The American System: A New View of Government in the United States. Chicago: Rand McNallyGoogle Scholar

Haddow, Rodney. 1995. “Federalism and Training Policy in Canada: Institutional Barriers to Economic Adjustment.” In New Trends in Canadian Federalism, ed. by Rocher, François and Smith, Miriam. Peterborough, ON, Canada: BroadviewGoogle Scholar

Hamilton, Alexander, Jay, John, and Madison, James. 1961. [1787–88]. The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States. New York: Random HouseCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harloff, Eileen Martin. 1987. The Structure of Local Government in Europe: Surveys of 29 Countries. The Hague: International Union of Local AuthoritiesGoogle Scholar

Harsanyi, John. 1967–68. “Games with Incomplete Information Played by Bayesian Players, I. The Basic Model.” Management Science 14 (3): 159–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hart, Oliver. 1995. Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure. New York: Oxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayek, Friedrich von. 1939. “The Economic Conditions of Interstate Federalism.” New Commonwealth Quarterly 5(2): 131–49. Reprinted in Friedrich von Hayek. 1948. Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 255–72

Hecht, Arye. 1988. “The Financing of Local Authorities.” In Local Government in Israel, ed. by Elazar, Daniel and Kalchheim, Chaim. Lanham, MD: University Press of AmericaGoogle Scholar

Hefeker, Carsten. 2001. “The Agony of Central Power: Fiscal Federalism in the German Reich.” European Review of Economic History 5: 119–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heins, A. James. 1963. Constitutional Restrictions Against State Debt. Madison: University of Wisconsin PressGoogle Scholar

Helmsing, A. H. J. 1991. “Rural Local Government Finance: Past Trends and Future Options.” In Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s, ed. by Helmsing, A. H. J., Matizwa-Mangiza, N. D., Gasper, D. R., Brand, C. M., and Wekwete, K. H.. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies Press, pp. 97–154Google Scholar

Henderson, Vernon. 2000. “The Effects of Urban Concentration on Economic Growth.” NBER Working Paper7503Google Scholar

Henderson, Vernon. Dataset accessed from http://econ.pstc.brown.edu/faculty/henderson in June 2000

Hibbs, Douglas. 1987. The Political Economy of Industrial Democracies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hines, James, and Thaler, Richard. 1995. “The Flypaper Effect.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(4): 217–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, and Rosen, Harvey. 1993. “Municipal Construction Spending: An Empirical Examination.” Economics and Politics 5(1): 61–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, Rosen, Harvey, and Tilly, Schuyler. 1994. “Intertemporal Analysis of State and Local Government Spending: Theory and Tests.” Journal of Urban Economics 35: 159–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Homer, Sidney, and Sylla, Richard. 1996. A History of Interest Rates. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University PressGoogle Scholar

Huber, John, and Inglehart, Ronald. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1(1): 73–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iaryczower, Matías, Sabastián Saiegh, and Mariano Tommasi. 2001. “Coming Together: The Industrial Organization of Federalism.” Unpublished paper, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires. http://www.isnie.org/ISNIE99/Papers/iaryczower.pdf

Inman, Robert. 1988. “Federal Assistance and Local Services in the United States: The Evolution of a New Federalist Fiscal Order.” In Fiscal Federalism: Quantitative Studies, ed. by Rosen, Harvey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 33–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inman, Robert. 1997. Do Balanced Budget Rules Work? The U.S. Experience and Possible Lessons for the EMU. NBER Reprint 2173

Inman, Robert. 2003. “Local Fiscal Discipline in U.S. Federalism.” In Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints, ed. by Rodden, Jonathan, Eskeland, Gunnar, and Litvack, Jennie. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 35–84Google Scholar

Inman, Robert, and Daniel Rubinfeld. 1997. “The Political Economy of Federalism.” In Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook, ed. by Mueller, Dennis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–105Google Scholar

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE). Various years. Diretoria de Pesquisas. Departamento de Contas Nacionais, Contas Regionais do Brasil, microdados

Inter-American Development Bank. 1997. “Fiscal Decision Making in Decentralized Democracies,” In Latin America after a Decade of Reforms: Economic and Social Progress in Latin America Report. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 151–214

James, Harold. 1986. The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924–1936. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Jefferson, Thomas. 1999. Notes on the State of Virginia. Ed. with an introduction and notes by Frank Shuffelton. New York: PenguinGoogle Scholar

Jones, Mark, Sanguinetti, Pablo, and Tommasi, Mariano. 2000. “Politics, Institutions, and Fiscal Performance in a Federal System: An Analysis of the Argentine Provinces.” Journal of Development Economics 61(2): 305–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katzenstein, Peter. 1987. Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-Sovereign State. Philadelphia: Temple University PressGoogle Scholar

Khemani, Stuti. 2003. “Partisan Politics and Intergovernmental Transfers in India.” World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper3016Google Scholar

Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Szakaly, Kristin. 1996. “Constitutional Limitations on Borrowing: An Analysis of State Bonded Indebtedness.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 12(1): 62–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kilper, Heiderose, and Lhotta, Roland. 1996. Föderalismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Opladen, Germany: Leske und BudrichCrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, Preston. 1982. Federalism and Federation. London: Croom Helm; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University PressGoogle Scholar

Kitchen, Harry, and Melville McMillan. 1985. “Local Government and Canadian Federalism.” In Intergovernmental Relations, ed. by Simeon, Richard. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 215–61Google Scholar

Kneebone, Ronald. 1994. “Deficits and Debt in Canada: Some Lessons from Recent History.” Canadian Public Policy 20(2): 152–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kneebone, Ronald, and McKenzie, Kenneth. 1999. Past (In)Discretions: Canadian Federal and Provincial Fiscal Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto PressGoogle Scholar

Kopits, George, Juan Pable Jiménez, and Alvaro Manoel. 2000. “Responsabilidad Fiscal a Nivel Subnacional: Argentina y Brasil.” Unpublished paper, International Monetary Fund

Kornai, János. 1980. Economics of Shortage. Amsterdam: North-HollandGoogle Scholar

Kornai, János, Maskin, Eric, and Roland, Gérard. 2003. “Understanding the Soft Budget Constraint.” Journal of Economic Literature 41(4): 1095–136CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laufer, Heinz. 1994. “The Principles and Organizational Structures of a Federative Constitution.” In The Example of Federalism in the Federal Republic of Germany: A Reader. Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, pp. 24–48

Lee, Frances. 2000. “Senate Representation and Coalition Building in Distributive Politics.” American Political Science Review 91(4): 59–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lehmbruch, Gerhard. 1989. “Institutional Linkages and Policy Networks in the Federal System of West Germany.” Publius 19: 221–35Google Scholar

Levine, Robert. 1978. Pernambuco in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Lockwood, Ben. 2002. “Distributive Politics and the Benefits of Decentralization.” Review of Economic Studies 69(2): 313–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lohmann, Susanne. 1998. “Federalism and Central Bank Independence.” World Politics 50(3): 401–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lohmann, Susanne, Brady, David, and Rivers, Douglas. 1997. “Party Identification, Retrospective Voting, and Moderating Elections in a Federal System: West Germany, 1961–1989.” Comparative Political Studies 30(4): 420–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Love, Joseph. 1980. São Paulo in the Brazilian Federation: 1889–1937. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar

Lowry, Robert, Alt, James, and Ferree, Karen. 1998. “Fiscal Policy Outcomes and Electoral Accountability in American States.” American Political Science Review 92(4): 759–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lucas, Robert, and Stokey, Nancy. 1983. “Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy in an Economy Without Capital.” Journal of Monetary Economics 12(1): 55–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Madison, James. 1961 [1787]. “Federalist 10.” In The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States, by Hamilton, Alexander, Jay, John, and Madison, James. New York: Random House, pp. 53–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott. 1991. “Politicians, Parties and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 24(1): 21–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott. 1992. “Brazilian Party Underdevelopment in Comparative Perspective.” Political Science Quarterly 107(4): 677–707CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott, and David Samuels. 2004. “Federalism, Constraints on the Central Government, and Economic Reform in Democratic Brazil.” In Federalism and Democracy in Latin America, ed. by Gibson, Edward. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 48–70Google Scholar

Matsusaka, John. 1995. “Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative: Evidence from the Last 30 Years.” Journal of Political Economy 103(3): 587–623CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCarten, William. 2003. “The Challenge of Fiscal Discipline in the Indian States.” In Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints, ed. by Rodden, Jonathan, Eskeland, Gunnar, and Litvack, Jennie. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 249–86Google Scholar

McGrane, Reginald. 1935. Foreign Bondholders and American State Debts. New York: MacmillanGoogle Scholar

McKinnon, Ronald. 1997. “Monetary Regimes, Government Borrowing Constraints, and Market-Preserving Federalism: Implications for EMU.” In The Nation State in a Global/Information Era: Policy Challenges, ed. by Courchene, Thomas. Kingston, ON, Canada: John Deutsch Institute, pp. 101–42Google Scholar

McRoberts, Kenneth. 1985. “Unilateralism, Bilateralism, and Multilateralism: Approaches to Canadian Federalism.” In Intergovernmental Relations, ed. by Simeon, Richard. Toronto: University of Toronto, pp. 86–87Google Scholar

Medeiros, Antônio C. de. 1986. Politics and Intergovernmental Relations in Brazil, 1964–1982. New York: GarlandGoogle Scholar

Merkl, Peter. 1963. The Origin of the West German Republic. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Migué, Jean-Luc. 1997. “Public Choice in a Federal System.” Public Choice 90(1): 235–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Millar, Jonathan. 1997. “The Effects of Budget Rules on Fiscal Performance and Macroeconomic Stabilization.” Bank of Canada, Working Paper97–15Google Scholar

Miller, John. 1959. Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar

Ministèrio da Fazenda, Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional, Coordinação-Geral das Relações e Análise Financeira de Estados e Municipios. Various years. Unpublished data on budgets of Brazilian states

Moesen, Wim, and Cauwenberge, Philippe. 2000. “The Status of the Budget Constraint, Federalism and the Relative Size of Government: A Bureaucracy Approach.” Public Choice 104(3–4): 207–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montinola, Gabriella, Qian, Yingyi, and Weingast, Barry. 1994. “Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China.” World Politics 48(1): 50–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moody's Investors Service. 2001. “Credit Ratings and Their Value for UK Local Authorities.” Accessed from http://www.moodys.com in November 2001

Mora, Monica, and Ricardo Varsano. 2000. “Fiscal Decentralization and Subnational Fiscal Autonomy in Brazil: Some Facts in the Nineties.” Unpublished paper, IPES, Rio de Janeiro

Morrow, James. 1994. Game Theory for Political Scientists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Musgrave, Richard. 1959. The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy. New York: McGraw-HillGoogle Scholar

Nascimento, Edson, and Ilvo Debus. 2001. “Entendendo a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal.” Accessed from http://federativo.bndes.gov.br in March 2003

Newton, Michael, with Donaghy, Peter. 1997. Institutions of Modern Spain: A Political and Economic Guide. New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nordhaus, William. 1975. “The Political Business Cycle.” Review of Economic Studies 42(2): 169–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar

North, Douglas. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nurminen, Eero. 1989. “Finland: Present and Futures in Local Government.” In Territory and Administration in Europe, ed. by Bennett, Robert. London: Francis Pinter PublishersGoogle Scholar

Oates, Wallace. 1972. Fiscal Federalism. New York: Harcourt Brace JovanovichGoogle Scholar

Oates, Wallace. 1991. “On the Nature and Measurement of Fiscal Illusion: A Survey.” In Studies in Fiscal Federalism, ed. by Oates, Wallace. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, pp. 431–48Google Scholar

Oates, Wallace. 1999. “An Essay on Fiscal Federalism.” Journal of Economic Literature 37(3): 1120–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oates, Wallace, and R. Schwab. 1991. “Economic Competition Among Jurisdictions: Efficiency Enhancing or Distortion Inducing?” In Studies in Fiscal Federalism, ed. by Oates, Wallace. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, pp. 325–46Google Scholar

Oliveira, Joao do Carmo. 1998. “Financial Crises of Subnational Governments in Brazil.” Unpublished paper, World Bank

Ordeshook, Peter. 1996. “Russia's Party System: Is Russian Federalism Viable?” California Institute of Technology, Social Science Working Paper962Google Scholar

Ordeshook, Peter, and Shvetsova, Olga. 1997. “Federalism and Constitutional Design.” Journal of Democracy 8(1): 27–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1997. OECD Economic Surveys: Australia. Paris: OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1998. OECD Economic Surveys: Canada. Paris: OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1998. OECD Economic Surveys: Germany. Paris: OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1999. Taxing Powers of State and Local Governments. OECD Tax Policy Studies No. 1. Paris: OECD

Ostrom, Vincent. 1987. The Political Theory of a Compound Republic. Lincoln: University of Nebraska PressGoogle Scholar

Padilla, Perfecto. 1993. “Increasing the Financial Capacity of Local Governments.” In Strengthening Local Government Administration and Accelerating Local Development, ed. by Padilla, Perfecto. Manilla: University of the Philippines, pp. 64–88Google Scholar

Palda, Filip, ed. 1994. Provincial Trade Wars: Why the Blockade Must End. Vancouver: Fraser InstituteGoogle Scholar

Panizza, Ugo. 1999. “On the Determinants of Fiscal Centralization: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Public Economics 74(1): 97–139CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parikh, Sunita, and Weingast, Barry. 1997. “A Comparative Theory of Federalism: The Case of India.” Virginia Law Review 83(7): 1593–615CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peltzman, Sam. 1992. “Voters as Fiscal Conservatives.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(2): 327–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perry, David. 1997. Financing the Canadian Federation, 1867–1995. Toronto: Canadian Tax FoundationGoogle Scholar

Perry, Harvey. 1955. Taxes, Tariffs, and Subsidies: A History of Canadian Fiscal Development. Toronto: University of Toronto PressGoogle Scholar

Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 1996a. “Federal Fiscal Constitutions: Risk Sharing and Redistribution.” Journal of Political Economy 104(5): 979–1009CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 1996b. “Federal Fiscal Constitutions: Risk Sharing and Moral Hazard.” Econometrica 64(3): 623–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini. 1998. “The Size and Scope of Government: Comparative Politics with Rational Politicans.” NBER Working Paper 68–8

Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2000. Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Pommerehne, Werner. 1978. “Institutional Approaches to Public Expenditure: Empirical Evidence from Swiss Municipalities.” Journal of Public Economics 9(2): 255–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pommerehne, Werner. 1990. “The Empirical Relevance of Comparative Institutional Analysis.” European Economic Review 34(2–3): 458–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pommerehne, Werner, and Weck-Hannemann, Hannelore. 1996. “Tax Rates, Tax Administration and Income Tax Evasion in Switzerland.” Public Choice 88(1–2): 161–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poterba, James. 1994. “State Responses to Fiscal Crises: The Effects of Budgetary Institutions and Politics.” Journal of Political Economy 102(4): 799–821CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poterba, James. 1996. “Budget Institutions and Fiscal Policy in the U.S. States.” American Economic Review 86(2): 395–400Google Scholar

Poterba, James, and Kim Rueben. 1999. “State Fiscal Institutions and the U.S. Municipal Bond Market.” In Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance, ed. by Poterba, James and Hagen, Jürgen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 181–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, and Teune, Henry. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-InterscienceGoogle Scholar

Qian, Yingyi, and Roland, Gerald. 1998. “Federalism and the Soft Budget Constraint.” American Economic Review 88(5): 1143–62Google Scholar

Qian, Yingyi, and Weingast, Barry. 1997. “Federalism as a Commitment to Preserving Market Incentives.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 11(4): 83–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ratchford, Benjamin. 1941. American State Debts. Durham, NC: Duke University PressGoogle Scholar

Rattsø, Jørn. 2002. “Spending Growth with Vertical Fiscal Imbalance: Decentralized Government Spending in Norway: 1880–1990.” Economics and Politics 14(3): 351–73Google Scholar

Rattsø, Jørn. 2004. “Fiscal Adjustment under Centralized Federalism: Empirical Evaluation of the Response to Budgetary Shocks.” FinanzArchiv 60(2): 240–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Renzsch, Wolfgang. 1991. Finanzverfassung und Finanzausgleich. Bonn: DietzGoogle Scholar

Renzsch, Wolfgang. 1995. “Konfliktlösung im Parlamentarischen Bundesstaat,” In Der Kooperative Staat: Krisenbewältigung durch Verhandlung? ed. by Voigt, Rüdiger. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 167ffGoogle Scholar

Rigolon, F., and F. Giambiagi. 1998. “Renegociação das Dívidas Estaduais: Um Novo Regime Fiscal ou a Repetição de uma Antiga História? Accessed from http://federativo.bndes.gov.br in June 2003

Riker, William. 1964. Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance. Boston: Little, BrownGoogle Scholar

Riker, William, and Schaps, Ronald. 1957. “Disharmony in Federal Government.” Behavioral Science 2: 276–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rock, David. 1985. Argentina, 1516–1982: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaGoogle Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan. 2003a. “Reviving Leviathan: Fiscal Federalism and the Growth of Government.” International Organization 57(Fall): 695–729CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan. 2003b. “Breaking the Golden Rule: Fiscal Behavior with Rational Bailout Expectations in the German States.” Unpublished paper, MIT

Rodden, Jonathan. 2004. “Comparative Federalism and Decentralization: On Meaning and Measurement.” Comparative Politics 36(4): 481–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan. Forthcoming. “The Political Economy of Federalism.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, ed. by Weingast, Barry and Wittman, Donald. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan, and Wibbels, Erik. 2002. “Beyond the Fiction of Federalism: Macroeconomic Management in Multi-tiered Systems.” World Politics 55(4): 494–531CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan, Eskeland, Gunnar, and Litvack, Jennie, eds. 2003. Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan, and Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1997. “Does Federalism Preserve Markets?” Virginia Law Review 83(7): 1521–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogoff, Kenneth. 1990. “Equilibrium Political Budget Cycles.” American Economic Review 80(1): 21–36Google Scholar

Rogoff, Kenneth, and Sibert, Anne. 1988. “Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles.” Review of Economic Studies 55(1): 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roubini, Nouriel, and Sachs, Jeffrey. 1989. “Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in the Industrial Democracies.” European Economic Review 33(5): 903–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1985. The Government of Poland. Transl. by Willmoore Kendall. Indianapolis: HackettGoogle Scholar

Rydon, Joan. 1988. “The Federal Structure of Australian Political Parties.” Publius 18(1): 159–71Google Scholar

Saiegh, Sabastián, and Tommasi, Mariano. 1999. “Why Is Argentina's Fiscal Federalism So Inefficient? Entering the Labyrinth.” Journal of Applied Economics 2(1): 169–209Google Scholar

Samuels, David. 1999. “Incentives to Cultivate a Party Vote in Candidate-Centric Electoral Systems: Evidence from Brazil.” Comparative Political Studies 32(4): 487–518CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Samuels, David. 2000. “The Gubernatorial Coattails Effect: Federalism and Congressional Elections in Brazil.” Journal of Politics 62(1): 240–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Samuels, David, and Snyder, Richard. 2001. “The Value of a Vote: Malapportionment in Comparative Perspective,” British Journal of Political Science 31: 651–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sbragia, Alberta. 1996. Debt Wish Entrepreneurial Cities, U.S. Federalism, and Economic Development. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scharpf, Fritz. 1988. “The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration.” Public Administration 66(3): 239–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scharpf, Fritz, Reissert, Bernd, and Schnabel, Fritz. 1976. Politikverflechtung: Theorie und Empirie des Kooperativen Föderalismus in der Bundesrepublik. Kronberg: ScriptorGoogle Scholar

Schmidt, Manfred. 1992. Regieren in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Opladen: Leske und BudrichCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Segodi, R. 1991. “Financing District Developmenmt in Botswana,” In Subnational Planning and Eastern Africa: Approaches, Finances, and Education, ed. by in Helmsing, A. H. J. and Wekwete, K. H.. Aldershot, England: Gower Publishing, pp. 239–45Google Scholar

Seitz, Helmut. 1998. “Subnational Government Bailouts in Germany.” Unpublished paper, Center for European Integration Studies, Bonn, Germany

Seitz, Helmut. 2000. “Fiscal Policy, Deficits and Politics of Subnational Governments: The Case of the German Laender.” Public Choice 102(3–4): 183–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shah, Anwar. 1991. “The New Fiscal Federalism in Brazil.” World Bank, PRE Working Paper557Google Scholar

Shankar, Raja, and Shah, Anwar. 2001. “Bridging the Economic Divide within Nations: A Scorecard on the Performance of Regional Development Policies in Reducing Income Disparites.” World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper2717Google Scholar

Sharman, Campbell. 1994. “Discipline and Disharmony: Party and the Operation of the Australian Federal System.” In Parties and Federalism in Australia and Canada, ed. by Sharman, Campbell. Canberra: ANU Press, pp. 23–44Google Scholar

Sharman, Campbell, and Sayers, Anthony. 1998. “Swings and Roundabouts? Patterns of Voting for the Australian Labor Party at State and Commonwealth Lower House Elections, 1901–96.” Journal of Political Science 33(3): 329–44Google Scholar

Simeon, Richard. 1994. “The Political Context for Renegotiating Fiscal Federalism.” In The Future of Fiscal Federalism, ed. by Banting, Keith, Brown, Douglas, and Courchene, Thomas. Kingston, ON, Canada: School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, pp. 135–48Google Scholar

Sokoloff, Kenneth, and Eric Zolt. 2004. “Taxation and Inequality: Some Evidence from the Americas.” Unpublished paper, University of California, Los Angeles

Souza, Celina. 1996. “Redemocratization and Decentralization in Brazil: The Strength of the Member States,” Development and Change 27(3): 529–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Souza, Celina. 1997. Constitutional Engineering in Brazil: The Politics of Federalism and Decentralization. New York: St. Martins PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spahn, Paul Bernd. 1997. “Switzerland.” In Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice, ed. by Ter-Minassian, Teresa. Washington, DC: International Monetary FundGoogle Scholar

Spahn, Paul Bernd, and Wolfgang Föttinger. 1997. “Germany.” In Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice, ed. by Ter-Minassian, Teresa. Washington, DC: International Monetary FundGoogle Scholar

Standard & Poor's. 2000. “Local Government Ratings Worldwide.” Accessed from http://www.standardpoors.com in March 2000

Standard & Poor's. 2002. Local and Regional Governments 2000. New York: McGraw-Hill

Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. Land-level fiscal data accessed from http://www.statistik-bund.de in 1999

Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. 2002. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland

Stein, Ernesto. 1998. “Fiscal Decentralization and Government Size in Latin America.” In Democracy, Decentralization and Deficits in Latin America, ed. by Fukasaku, Kiichiro and Hausmann, Ricardo. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and OECDGoogle Scholar

Stepan, Alfred. 1999. “Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model,” Journal of Democracy 10(4): 19–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Struthers, J. 1983. No Fault of Their Own: Unemployment and the Canadian Welfare State 1914–1941. Toronto: University of Toronto PressGoogle Scholar

Sylla, Richard, Arthur Grinath III, and John Wallis. 2004. “Sovereign Debt and Repudiation: The Emerging-Market Debt Crisis in the U.S. States, 1839–1843.” Unpublished paper, University of Maryland

Syrett, Harold, ed. 1962. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. New York: Columbia University PressGoogle Scholar

Ter-Minassian, Teresa, ed., 1997b. Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice. Washington, DC: International Monetary FundGoogle Scholar

Ter-Minassian, Teresa. 1997a. “Brazil.” In Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice, ed. by Ter-Minassian, Teresa. Washington, DC: International Monetary FundGoogle Scholar

Ter-Minassian, Teresa, and Jon Craig. 1997. “Control of Subnational Borrowing.” In Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice, ed. by Ter-Minassian, Teresa. Washington, DC: International Monetary FundGoogle Scholar

Tiebout, Charles. 1956. “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy 64(5): 416–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1966. Democracy in America. Transl. by George Lawrence, ed. by Mayer, J. P.. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar

Tommasi, Mariano, and Sabastin Saiegh. 2000. “An Incomplete-Contracts Approach to Intergovernmental Transfer Systems in Latin America.” In Decentralization and Accountability of the Public Sector, ed. by Burki, Javed and Perry, Guillermo. Washington, DC: World BankGoogle Scholar

Triesman, Daniel. 1999a. After the Deluge: Regional Crises and Political Consolidation in Russia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Triesman, Daniel. 1999b. “Political Decentralization and Economic Reform: A Game-Theoretic Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 43(4): 488–517CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Triesman, Daniel. 2000a. “Decentralization and Inflation: Commitment, Collective Action, or Continuity?” American Political Science Review 94(4): 837–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Triesman, Daniel. 2000b. “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study.” Journal of Public Economics 76(3): 399–457CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George. 1995. “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartism.” British Journal of Political Science 25(3): 289–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tufte, Edward. 1978. Political Control of the Economy. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Tullock, Gordon. 1994. The New Federalist. Vancouver: Fraser InstituteGoogle Scholar

Velasco, Andres. 1999. “A Model of Endogenous Fiscal Deficits and Delayed Fiscal Reforms.” In Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance, ed. by Poterba, James and Hagen, Jürgen. Chicago: University of Chicago PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Velasco, Andres. 2000. “Debts and Deficits with Fragmented Fiscal Policymaking.” Journal of Public Economics 76(1): 105–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hagen, Jürgen, and Eichengreen, Barry. 1996. “Federalism, Fiscal Restraints, and European Monetary Union.” American Economic Review 86(2): 134–38Google Scholar

Von Kruedener. 1987. The Franckenstein Paradox in the Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations of Imperial Germany. In Wealth and Taxation in Central Europe: The History and Sociology of Public Finance, ed. by Witt, P. C.. Leamington Spa, England: Berg, pp. 111–24Google Scholar

Wagschal, Uwe. 1996. “Der Einfluss von Parteien und Wahlen auf die Staatsverschuldung.” Swiss Political Science Review 2(4): 305–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wallis, John. 2004. “Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change, 1842–1852.” Paper presented at the Eighth Annual Conference of the International Society for New Institutional Economics, Tucson, AZ, September 30–October 3, 2004

Watts, Ronald. 1999. Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s, 2nd ed. Kingston: McGill-Queen's University PressGoogle Scholar

Weingast, Barry. 1995. “The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 11(1): 1–32Google Scholar

Weingast, Barry, Shepsle, Kenneth, and Johnsen, Christopher. 1981. “The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics.” Journal of Political Economy 89(4): 642–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werlong, Sérgio Ribeiro da Costa, and Armínio Fraga Neto. 1992. “Os Bancos Estaduais eo Descontrole Fiscal: Alguns Aspectos.” Working Paper 203, Graduate School of Economics, Getúlio Vargas Foundation

Wetzel, Deborah, and Anita Papp. 2003. “Strengthening Hard Budget Constraints in Hungary.” In Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints, ed. by Rodden, Jonathan, Eskeland, Gunnar, and Litvack, Jennie. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 393–428Google Scholar

Wibbels, Erik. 2000. “Federalism and the Politics of Macroeconomic Policy and Performance.” American Journal of Political Science 44(4): 687–702CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wibbels, Erik. 2003. “Bailouts, Budget Constraints, and Leviathans: Comparative Federalism and Lessons from the Early U.S.” Comparative Political Studies 36(5): 475–508CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wibbels, Erik. 2005. Federalism and the Market: Intergovernmental Conflict and Economic Reform in the Developing World. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wildasin, David. 1997. “Externalities and Bailouts: Hard and Soft Budget Constraints in Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations.” World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper1843Google Scholar

Williamson, Oliver. 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Williamson, Oliver. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Winer, Stanley. 1980. “Some Evidence on the Effect of the Separation of Spending and Taxing Decisions.” Journal of Political Economy 91(1): 126–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wirth, John. 1977. Minas Gerais in the Brazilian Federation: 1889–1937. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar

World Bank. 1995. “Brazil: State Debt: Crisis and Reform.” World Bank Report 14842-BR

World Bank. 2002a. “Brazil: Issues in Fiscal Federalism.” World Bank Report 22523-BR

World Bank. 2002b. “State and Local Governance in Nigeria.” World Bank Report 24477-UNI