THE GULF WAR

In August 1990 Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait. The United States presented Iraq with an ultimatum – ‘withdraw or face a military confrontation’. The Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, responded by threatening to stage ‘The Mother of All Battles’. Over the next four months the United States set about building up military strength in neighbouring Saudi Arabia with the intention of driving Saddam's army from Kuwait. Given Iraq's confrontational stance, this meant building a force capable of destroying all of Iraq's military resources.

Considering the scale of the imminent confrontation, and its distance from the American continent, the United States needed the backing of the United Nations and the military and political co-operation of many nations, notably Iraq's neighbours. A critical feature of this alliance was that a set of Arab states would side with the Western powers' attack on a fellow Arab state. As the old saying goes, ‘my enemy's enemy is my friend’, and at that time all the Arab states except Egypt had an enemy in common – Israel. On the other hand, America was Israel's staunchest ally, while Iraq was viewed as an important player in the confrontation with Israel. Thus the political alignment that the US needed to hold in place was continually in danger of collapse. It was crucial for American policy in respect of the forthcoming Gulf War that Israel did not take part in the conflict.