Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-05T16:25:55.702Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Fault Identification from Seismology

from Part II - Methods and Techniques for Fault Identification and Dating

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2021

By
Nicolai Gestermann  and
Thomas Plenefisch
Edited by
Holger Steffen ,
Odleiv Olesen  and
Raimo Sutinen
Holger Steffen
Affiliation:
Lantmäteriet, Sweden
Odleiv Olesen
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Norway
Raimo Sutinen
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Finland
Get access

Summary

Regions affected by glacial isostatic adjustment experience stress changes. The stress will be released either by slow aseismic movements along faults or by sudden stress release in form of earthquakes. Location and source mechanism of those earthquakes can play a major role in understanding past and ongoing geodynamic processes in a glacial isostatic adjustment-affected region. On the one hand, alignments of earthquake hypocentres may act as an indicator for active faults that might not be known from geology before. On the other hand, calculation and interpretation of earthquake focal mechanisms, represent a key to stress and stress changes. We present an overview of seismological methods and tools to retrieve fault geometry and motion.

Keywords

EarthquakeSeismometerSignal ProcessingEpicentreHypocentreEarthquake Focal MechanismMoment TensorFault GeometryFault Style
Type
Chapter
Information
Glacially-Triggered Faulting , pp. 100 - 117
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aki, K. and Richards, P. G. (1980). Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Barth, L. and Plenefisch, T. (2020). Focal mechanisms for small to intermediate earthquakes in the northern part of the Alps and their seismotectonic interpretation. EGU, Vienna, doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12066.Google Scholar
Bormann, P. and Dewey, J. W. (2014). IS 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes. In P. Bormann, ed., New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice (NMSOP-2). Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, pp. 1–44, doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3.Google Scholar
Brandes, C., Plenefisch, T., Tanner, D. C., Gestermann, N. and Steffen, H. (2019). Evaluation of deep crustal earthquakes in northern Germany – Possible tectonic causes. Terra Nova, 31, 83–93, doi.org/10.1111/ter.12372.Google Scholar
Dahm, T. and Krüger, F. (2014). IS 3.9: Moment tensor inversion and moment tensor interpretation. In P. Bormann, ed., New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2). Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, pp. 1–37, doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.9.Google Scholar
Di Stefano, R., Aldersons, F., Kissling, E. et al. (2006). Automatic seismic phase picking and consistent observation error assessment: application to the Italian seismicity. Geophysical Journal International, 165(1), 121–134, doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02799.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donner, S., Igel, H., Hadziioannou, C. and the Romy group (2018). Retrieval of the seismic moment tensor from joint measurements of translational and rotational ground motions: sparse networks and single stations. In D’Amico, S., ed., Moment Tensor Solutions. Springer, Cham, pp. 263–280, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, P. M. (2005). Is there a future for passive seismic? First Break, 23(6), 111–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efron, B. (1980). The Jackknife, the Bootstrap, and Other Resampling Plans. Stanford University, Department of Statistics, Technical Report, NSF 163, 135 pp.Google Scholar
Geiger, L. (1910). Herdbestimmung bei Erdbeben aus den Ankunftszeiten. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, June 1910, 331–349; trans. (1912) Probability method for the determination of earthquake epicentres from the arrival time only. Bulletin of St. Louis University, 8(1), 56–71, eudml.org/doc/58769.Google Scholar
Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. F. (1956). Magnitude and energy of earthquakes. Annali di Geofisica, 9, 1–15.Google Scholar
Harjes, H.-P. (1990). Design and siting of a new regional array in Central Europe. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 80(6), 1801–1817.Google Scholar
Havskov, J. and Ottemöller, L. (2010). Routine Data Processing in Earthquake Seismology. Springer, Dordrecht, doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8697-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, M. and Herrmann, R. (1989). A student’s guide to and review of moment tensor. Seismological Research Letters, 60(2), 37–57, doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.60.2.37.Google Scholar
Joswig, M. (1992). System architecture of seismic networks and its implications to network automatization. Cahiers Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, 5, 75–84.Google Scholar
Keiding, M., Kreemer, C., Lindholm, C. et al. (2015). A comparison of strain rates and seismicity for Fennoscandia: depth dependency of deformation from glacial isostatic adjustment. Geophysical Journal International, 202, 1021–1028, doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv207.Google Scholar
Kilb, D. and Rubin, A. M. (2002). Implications of diverse fault orientations imaged in relocated aftershocks of the Mount Lewis, ML 5.7, California, earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(B11), 2294, doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraft, T., Mignan, A. and Giardini, D. (2013). Optimization of a large-scale microseismic monitoring network in northern Switzerland. Geophysical Journal International, 195(1), 474–490, doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt225.Google Scholar
Li, L., Tan, J., Schwarz, B. et al. (2020). Recent advances and challenges of waveform‐based seismic location methods at multiple scales. Reviews of Geophysics, 58, e2019RG000667, doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lomax, A., Virieux, J., Volant, P. and Berge, C. (2000). Probabilistic earthquake location in 3D and layered models: introduction of a Metropolis–Gibbs method and comparison with linear locations. In Thurber, C. H. and Rabinowitz, N., eds., Advances in Seismic Event Location. Kluwer, Amsterdam, pp. 101–134, doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9536-0_5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, M.-A., Ross, Z. E., Ramachandran, A. et al. (2019). Reliable real‐time seismic signal/noise discrimination with machine learning. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124(1), 788–800, doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016661.Google Scholar
Omori, F. (1894). On after-shocks of earthquakes. The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan, 7, 111–200.Google Scholar
Provost, F., Hibert, C. and Malet, J.-P. (2017). Automatic classification of endogenous landslide seismicity using the Random Forest supervised classifier. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 113–120, doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070709.Google Scholar
Riggelsen, C. and Ohrnberger, M. (2014). A machine learning approach for improving the detection capabilities at 3C seismic stations. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, 395–411, doi.org/10.1007/s00024–012-0592-3.Google Scholar
Rost, S. and Thomas, C. (2002). Array seismology: methods and applications. Reviews of Geophysics, 40(3), 2-1–2-27, doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmelzbach, C., Donner, S., Igel, H. et al. (2018). Advances in 6C seismology: applications of combined translational and rotational motion measurements in global and exploration seismology. Geophysics, 83(3), doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0492.1.Google Scholar
Schuster, G. T., Yu, J. and Sheng, J. (2004). Interferometric/daylight seismic imaging. Geophysical Journal International, 157(2), 838–852, doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02251.x.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, J. (2001). HYPOSAT – an enhanced routine to locate seismic events. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 158, 277–289, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8250-7_17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweitzer, J., Fyen, J., Mykkeltveit, S. et al. (2012 online): seismic arrays. In Bormann, P., ed., New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2). Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, pp. 1–80, doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch9.Google Scholar
Shearer, P. M. (2009). Introduction to Seismology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sick, B., Walter, M. and Joswig, M. (2014). Visual event screening of continuous seismic data by supersonograms. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, 549–559, doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0618-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snoke, J. A. (2003). FOCMEC: FOCal MEChanism determinations. International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, pp. 1629–1630.Google Scholar
Stein, S. and Wysession, M. (2003). An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Tanner, D. and Brandes, C. (2019). Understanding Faults: Detecting, Dating, and Modeling. Elsevier, Amsterdam, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815985-9.00001-1.Google Scholar
Udías, A. and Buforn, E. (2017). Principles of Seismology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Waldhauser, F. and Ellsworth, W. E. (2000). A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: method and application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(6), 1353–1368, doi.org/10.1785/0120000006.Google Scholar
Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J. (1994). New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84, 974–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×