Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Part I Introductory Material
- Part II Kinematics, Dynamics and Rheology
- Part III Waves in Non-Rotating Fluids
- Part IV Waves in Rotating Fluids
- Part V Non-Rotating Flows
- Part VI Flows in Rotating Fluids
- Part VII Silicate Flows
- Part VIII Fundaments
- Appendix A Mathematics
- Appendix B Dimensions and Units
- Appendix C Kinematics
- Appendix D Dynamics
- Appendix E Thermodynamics
- Appendix F Waves
- Appendix G Flows
- References
Appendix E - Thermodynamics
from Part VIII - Fundaments
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 October 2017
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Part I Introductory Material
- Part II Kinematics, Dynamics and Rheology
- Part III Waves in Non-Rotating Fluids
- Part IV Waves in Rotating Fluids
- Part V Non-Rotating Flows
- Part VI Flows in Rotating Fluids
- Part VII Silicate Flows
- Part VIII Fundaments
- Appendix A Mathematics
- Appendix B Dimensions and Units
- Appendix C Kinematics
- Appendix D Dynamics
- Appendix E Thermodynamics
- Appendix F Waves
- Appendix G Flows
- References
Summary
Thermodynamics is concerned with the amounts of energy stored in – and transferred to and from – a thermodynamic system (i.e., a specified portion of the Universe). The behavior of energy is codified in three laws:
• The zeroth law defines the concept of temperature. Temperature is an intensive thermodynamic state variable.1
• The first law quantifies conservation of energy; it is entirely bookkeeping – keeping track of the types and amounts of energy stored in a system and transferred into or from it.
• The second law restricts the possible changes of forms of energy. In a nutshell, changes of energy from organized to disorganized are unconstrained, but transfers of energy from disorganized to organized are severely limited2 and are quantified by the thermodynamic efficiency; see Appendix E.11. An unavoidable consequence of the second law is the degradation of the kinetic energy of a flowing fluid to heat due to the action of viscous forces.
A thermodynamic system consists of any clearly defined portion of the universe. A system is assumed to be composed of a vast number3 of massive particles (i.e., particles having a rest mass). These particles may be atoms, electrons, ions, molecules and/or larger aggregations of matter, provided that the system consists of a vast number of them. (It is simplest to think of the particles as atoms.) A system may be categorized as closed or open; transfers of energy and matter into or out of a closed system are not permitted, while these transfers are permitted if the system is open.
The following fundaments of thermodynamics include:
• E.1: a discussion of storage and transfers of energy;
• E.2: an introduction to the mole, which is a way to count atoms or molecules;
• E.3: an introduction to the first law of thermodynamics;
• E.4: a discussion and categorization of thermodynamic potentials, variables and parameters;
• E.5: the equations of state for density and entropy, including an alternate form for the first law and the equation of state for sea water;
• E.6: an introduction to ideal mixtures;
• E.7: development of the energy equation;
• E.8: a brief introduction to the thermodynamic behavior of ideal gases;
• E.9: a summary of the thermodynamics of the atmosphere;
• E.10: a discussion of phase equilibrium; and
• E.11: quantification of thermodynamic efficiency.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Geophysical Waves and FlowsTheory and Applications in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Geosphere, pp. 445 - 476Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2017