Aadnøy, B. S. and Looyeh, R. (2010). Petroleum Rock Mechanics: Drilling Operations and Well Design, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Abercrombie, R. W. and Ekström, G. (2001). Earthquake slip on oceanic transform faults. Nature 410:74–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abou-Sayed, A. S. (1977). Fracture toughness, K_Ic, of triaxially-loaded Indiana limestone. Proc. US Symp. Rock Mech. 18:2A3/1–2A3/8.Google Scholar

Ackermann, R. V., Schlische, R. W. and Withjack, M. O. (2001). The geometric and statistical evolution of normal fault systems: an experimental study of the effects of mechanical layer thickness on scaling laws. J. Struct. Geol. 23:1803–1819.Google Scholar

Acocella, V., Gudmundsson, A. and Funiciello, R. (2000). Interaction and linkage of extension fractures and normal faults: examples from the rift zone of Iceland. J. Struct. Geol. 22:1233–1246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aharonov, E. and Katsman, R. (2009). Interaction between pressure solution and clays in stylolite development: insights from modeling. Am. J. Sci. 309:607–632.Google Scholar

Ahlgren, S. G. (2001). The nucleation and evolution of Riedel shear zones as deformation bands in porous sandstone. J. Struct. Geol. 23:1203–1214.Google Scholar

Aki, K. and Richards, P. G. (1980). Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods, Vol. I, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, California.Google Scholar

Albert, R. A., Phillips, R. J., Dombard, A. J. and Brown, C. D. (2002). A test of the validity of yield strength envelopes with an elastoviscoplastic finite element method. Geophys. J. Int. 140:399–409.Google Scholar

Al-Chalabi, M. and Huang, C. L. (1974). Stress distribution within circular cylinders in compression. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 11:45–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aliha, M. R. M., Ayatollahi, M. R., Smith, D. J. and Pavier, M. J. (2010). Geometry and size effects on fracture trajectory in a limestone rock under mixed mode loading. Eng. Fracture Mech. 77:2200–2212.Google Scholar

Allmendinger, R. W. (1998). Inverse and forward numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folds. Tectonics 17:640–656.Google Scholar

Altman, S. J., Aminzadeh, B., Balhoff, M. T., et al. (2014). Chemical and hydrodynamic mechanisms for long-term geological carbon storage. J. Phys. Chem. 118:15,103–15,113.Google Scholar

Ameen, M. S. (1995). Fractography and fracture characterization in the Permo-Triassic sandstones and the Lower Palaeozoic Basement, West Cumbria, UK. In Fractography: Fracture Topography as a Tool in Fracture Mechanics and Stress Analysis (ed. Ameen, M. S.), pp. 97–147, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 92.Google Scholar

Anders, M. H. and Schlische, R. W. (1994). Overlapping faults, intrabasin highs, and the growth of normal faults. J. Geol. 102:165–179.Google Scholar

Anderson, E. M. (1938). The dynamics of sheet intrusion. Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh 58:242–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, E. M. (1951). The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation, with Applications to Britain, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar

Anderson, O. L. and Grew, P. C. (1977). Stress corrosion theory of crack propagation with applications to geophysics. Rev. Geophys. 15:77–104.Google Scholar

Anderson, R. E. (1973). Large-magnitude late Tertiary strike-slip faulting north of Lake Mead, Nevada. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 794, 18 pp.Google Scholar

Anderson, T. L. (1995). Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (2nd edn), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar

Anderson, T. L. (2017). Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (4th edn), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 688 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrade, J. E., Avila, C. F., Hall, S. A., Lenoir, N. and Viggiani, G. (2011). Multiscale modeling and characterization of granular matter: from grain kinematics to continuum mechanics. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 59:237–250.Google Scholar

Andrews-Hanna, J. C., Zuber, M. T. and Hauck, S. A., II (2008). Strike-slip faults on Mars: Observations and implications for global tectonics and geodynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 113:E08002; doi:10.1029/2007JE002980.Google Scholar

Angelier, J. (1989). From orientation to magnitudes in paleostress determinations using fault slip data. J. Struct. Geol. 11:37–50.Google Scholar

Angelier, J. (1994). Fault slip analysis and paleostress reconstruction. In Continental Deformation (ed. Hancock, P. L.), pp. 53–100, Pergamon, New York.Google Scholar

Angelier, J., Colletta, B. and Anderson, R. E. (1985). Neogene paleostress changes in the Basin and Range: a case study at Hoover Dam, Nevada-Arizona. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 96:347–361.Google Scholar

Antonellini, M. and Aydin, A. (1994). Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones: geometry and spatial distribution. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 78:355–377.Google Scholar

Antonellini, M. and Pollard, D. D. (1995). Distinct element modeling of deformation bands in sandstone. J. Struct. Geol. 17:1165–1182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Antonellini, M., Aydin, A. and Pollard, D. D. (1994). Microstructure of deformation bands in porous sandstones at Arches National Park, Utah. J. Struct. Geol. 16:941–959.Google Scholar

Aplin, A. C. and Macquaker, J. H. S. (2011). Mudstone diversity: origin and implications for source, seal, and reservoir properties in petroleum systems. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 95:2031–2059.Google Scholar

Argon, A. S., Andrews, R. D., Godrick, J. A. and Whitney, W. (1968). Plastic deformation bands in glassy polystyrene. J. Appl. Physics 39:1899–1906.Google Scholar

Arthur, J., Dunstan, T., Al-Ani, Q. and Assadi, A. (1977). Plastic deformation and failure in granular media. Géotechnique 27:53–74.Google Scholar

Ashby, M. F. (2016). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design (5th edn), Butterworth-Heinemann, 660 pp.Google Scholar

Ashby, M. F. and Sammis, C. G. (1990). The damage mechanics of brittle solids in compression. Pure Appl. Geophys. 133:489–521.Google Scholar

Atkinson, B. K. (1984). Subcritical crack growth in geologic materials. J. Geophys. Res. 89:4077–4114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkinson, B. K. (1987). Introduction to fracture mechanics and its geophysical applications. In Fracture Mechanics of Rock (ed. Atkinson, B. K.), pp. 1–26, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar

Atkinson, B. K. and Meredith, P. G. (1987a). The theory of subcritical crack growth with applications to minerals and rocks. In Fracture Mechanics of Rock (ed. Atkinson, B. K.), pp. 111–166, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar

Atkinson, B. K. and Meredith, P. G. (1987b). Experimental fracture mechanics data for rocks and minerals. In Fracture Mechanics of Rock (ed. Atkinson, B. K.), pp. 477–525, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar

Atkinson, G. M., Eaton, D. W., Ghofrani, H., et al. (2016). Hydraulic fracturing and seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Seismol. Res. Lett. 87:631–647.Google Scholar

Attewell, P. B. and Woodman, J. P. (1971). Stability of discontinuous rock masses under polyaxial stress systems. In 13th Symp. on Rock Mech., Stability of Rock Slopes, pp. 665–683, Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New York.Google Scholar

Attewell, P. B. and Farmer, I. W. (1973). Fatigue behaviour of rocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 10:1–9.Google Scholar

Atwater, T. (1970). Implications of plate tectonics for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81:3513–3536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Awdal, A., Healy, D. and Alsop, G. I. (2014). Geometrical analysis of deformation band lozenges and their scaling relationships to fault lenses. J. Struct. Geol. 66:11–23.Google Scholar

Axen, G. J. (1992). Pore pressure, stress increase, and fault weakening in low-angle normal faults. J. Geophys. Res. 97:8979–8991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aydin, A. (1978). Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone. Pure Appl. Geophys. 116:913–930.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. (1988). Discontinuities along thrust faults and the cleavage duplexes. In Geometries and Mechanisms of Thrusting, with Special Reference to the Appalachians (eds. Mitra, G. and Wojtal, S.), Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 222:223–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aydin, A. (2000). Fractures, faults, and hydrocarbon entrapment, migration and flow. Marine Petrol. Geol. 17:797–814.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. (2014). Failure modes of shales and their implications for natural and man-made fracture assemblages. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 98:2391–2409.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. and Ahmadov, R. (2009). Bed-parallel compaction bands in aeolian sandstone: their identification, characterization and implications. Tectonophysics 479:277–284.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. and Berryman, J. G. (2010). Analysis of the growth of strike-slip faults using effective medium theory. J. Struct. Geol. 32:1629–1642.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. and DeGraff, J. M. (1988). Evolution of polygonal fracture patterns in lava flows. Science 239:471–476.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. and Johnson, A. (1978). Development of faults as zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sandstone. Pure Appl. Geophys. 116:931–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aydin, A. and Johnson, A. (1983). Analysis of faulting in porous sandstones. J. Struct. Geol. 5:19–31.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. and Nur, A. (1982). Evolution of pull-apart basins and their scale independence. Tectonics 1:11–21.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. and Nur, A. (1985). The types and role of stepovers in strike-slip tectonics. In Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation (eds. Biddle, K. T. and Christie-Blick, N.), pp. 35–44, Soc. Econ. Paleon. Miner., Spec. Publ. 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aydin, A. and Page, B. M. (1984). Diverse Pliocene–Quaternary tectonics in a transform environment, San Francisco Bay region, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95:1303–1317.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aydin, A. and Reches, Z. (1982). Number and orientation of fault sets in the field and in experiments. Geology 10:107–112.Google Scholar

Aydin, A. and Schultz, R. A. (1990). Effect of mechanical interaction on the development of strike-slip faults with echelon patterns. J. Struct. Geol. 12:123–129.Google Scholar

Aydin, A., Schultz, R. A. and Campagna, D. (1990). Fault-normal dilation in pull-apart basins: implications for the relationship between strike-slip faults and volcanic activity. Annales Tectonicae 4:45–52.Google Scholar

Aydin, A., Borja, R. I. and Eichhubl, P. (2006). Geological and mathematical framework for failure modes in granular rock. J. Struct. Geol. 28:83–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bahat, D. (1979). Theoretical considerations on mechanical parameters of joint surfaces based on studies on ceramics. Geol. Mag. 116:81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bahat, D. (1991). Tectonofractography, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bahat, D. and Engelder, T. (1984). Surface morphology on cross-fold joints of the Appalachian plateau, New York and Pennsylvania. Tectonophysics 104:299–313.Google Scholar

Bahat, D., Bankwitz, P. and Bankwitz, E. (2003). Preuplift joints in granites: evidence for subcritical and postcritical fracture growth. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115:148–165.Google Scholar

Bai, T. and Gross, M. R. (1999). Theoretical analysis of cross-joint geometries and their classification. J. Geophys. Res. 104:1163–1177.Google Scholar

Bai, T. and Pollard, D. D. (1997). Experimental study of joint surface morphology and fracture propagation rate (abstract). Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 78:F711.Google Scholar

Bai, T. and Pollard, D. D. (2000a). Fracture spacing in layered rocks: a new explanation based on the stress transition. J. Struct. Geol. 22:43–57.Google Scholar

Bai, T. and Pollard, D. D. (2000b). Closely spaced fractures in layered rocks: initiation mechanism and propagation kinematics. J. Struct. Geol. 22:1409–1425.Google Scholar

Bai, T., Maerten, L., Gross, M. R. and Aydin, A. (2002). Orthogonal cross joints: do they imply a regional stress rotation? J. Struct. Geol. 24:77–88.Google Scholar

Baig, A. M., Urbancic, T. and Viegas, G. (2012). Do hydraulic fractures induce events large enough to be felt on surface? Can. Soc. Explor. Geophys. Recorder, October 2012: 40–46.Google Scholar

Bailey, W. R., Walsh, J. J. and Manzocchi, T. (2005). Fault populations, strain distribution and basement fault reactivation in the East Pennines Coalfield, UK. J. Struct. Geol. 27:913–928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ballas, G., Soliva, R., Sizun, J.-P., et al. (2012). The importance of the degree of cataclasis in shear bands for fluid flow in porous sandstone, Provence, France. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 96:2167–2186.Google Scholar

Ballas, G., Soliva, R., Sizun, J.-P., et al. (2013). Shear-enhanced compaction bands formed at shallow burial conditions; implications for fluid flow (Provence, France). J. Struct. Geol. 47:3–15.Google Scholar

Ballas, G., Soliva, R., Benedicto, A. and Sizun, J.-P. (2014). Control of tectonic setting and large-scale faults on the basin-scale distribution of deformation bands in porous sandstone (Provence, France). Marine Petrol. Geol. 55:142–159.Google Scholar

Ballas, G., Fossen, H. and Soliva, R. (2015). Factors controlling permeability of cataclastic deformation bands and faults in porous sandstone reservoirs. J. Struct. Geol. 76:1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banks, C. J. and Warburton, J. (1986). ‘Passive-roof’ duplex geometry in the frontal structures of the Kirthar and Sulaiman mountain belts, Pakistan. J. Struct. Geol. 8:229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barenblatt, G. I. (1962). The mathematical theory of equilibrium cracks in brittle fracture. Adv. Appl. Mech. 7:55–129.Google Scholar

Barka, A. A. and Kadinsky-Cade, K. (1988). Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7:663–684.Google Scholar

Barnett, J. A. M., Mortimer, J., Rippon, J. H., Walsh, J. J. and Watterson, J. (1987). Displacement geometry in the volume containing a single normal fault. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 71:925–937.Google Scholar

Barree, R. D., Gilbert, J. V. and Conway, M. W. (2009). Stress and rock property profiling for unconventional reservoir stimulation. Paper SPE 118703 presented at the 2009 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, 19–21 January 2009.Google Scholar

Barrell, D. J. A., Litchfield, N. J., Townsend, D. B., et al. (2011). Strike-slip ground-surface rupture (Greendale Fault) associated with the 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake, Canterbury, New Zealand. Quart. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol., 44:283–291; doi:10.1144/1470-9236/11-034.Google Scholar

Bartlett, W. L., Friedman, M. and Logan, J. M. (1981). Experimental folding and faulting of rocks under confining pressure, Part IX. Wrench faults in limestone layers. Tectonophysics 79:255–277.Google Scholar

Barton, C. A. and Zoback, M. D. (1994). Stress perturbations associated with active faults penetrated by boreholes: possible evidence for near-complete stress drop and a new technique for stress magnitude measurement. J. Geophys. Res. 99:9373–9390.Google Scholar

Barton, C. A., Zoback, M. D. and Moos, D. (1995). Fluid flow along potentially active faults in crystalline rock. Geology 23:683–686.Google Scholar

Barton, C. C. (1983). Systematic jointing in the Cardium Sandstone along the Bow River, Alberta, Canada. PhD thesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar

Barton, N. R. (1976). The shear strength of rock and rock joints. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abs. 13:255–279.Google Scholar

Barton, N. R. (1990). Scale effects or sampling bias? In Scale Effects in Rock Masses (ed. Cunha, A. P.), pp. 31–55. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar

Barton, N. R. (2013). Shear strength criteria for rock, rock joints, rockfill and rock masses: problems and some solutions. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 5:249–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barton, N. R. and Bandis, S. C. (1990). Review of predictive capabilities of JRC-JCS model in engineering practice. In Proc. Int. Symp. Rock Joints (eds. Barton, N. and Stephansson, O.), pp. 603–610, Loen, Norway.Google Scholar

Barton, N. R. and Choubey, V. (1977). The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mech. 10:1–54.Google Scholar

Barton, N. R., Lien, R. and Lunde, J. (1974). Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mech. 6:189–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baud, P., Klein, E. and Wong, T.-f. (2004). Compaction localization in porous sandstones: spatial evolution of damage and acoustic emission activity. J. Struct. Geol. 26:603–624.Google Scholar

Baud, P., Vajdova, V. and Wong, T.-f. (2006). Shear-enhanced compaction and strain localization: inelastic deformation and constitutive modeling of four porous sandstones. J. Geophys. Res. 111, B12401; doi:10.1029/2005JB004101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baudon, C. and Cartwright, J. A. (2008). 3D seismic characterization of an array of linked normal faults in the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean. J. Struct. Geol. 30:746–760.Google Scholar

Baxevanis, T., Papamichos, E., Flornes, O. and Larsen, I. (2006). Compaction bands and induced permeability reduction in Tuffeau de Maastricht calcarenite. Acta Geotechnica 1:123–135.Google Scholar

Bayly, B. (1992). Mechanics in Structural Geology, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar

Bazant, Z. P. (1976). Instability, ductility and size effect in strain-softening concrete. J. Engng. Mech. 102:331–344.Google Scholar

Bazant, Z. P. and Hubler, M. H. (2014). Theory of cyclic creep of concrete based on Paris law for fatigue growth of subcritical microcracks. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 63:187–200.Google Scholar

Beach, A. (1975). The geometry of en echelon vein arrays. Tectonophysics 28:245–263.Google Scholar

Becker, S. P., Eichhubl, P., Laubach, S. E., et al. (2010). A 48 m.y. history of fracture opening, temperature, and fluid pressure: Cretaceous Travis Peak Formation, East Texas basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 122:1081–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beeler, N. M. and Lockner, D. A. (2003). Why earthquakes correlate weakly with the solid earth tides: effects of periodic stress on the rate and probability of earthquake occurrence. J. Geophys. Res. 108:2391; doi:10.1029/2001JB001518.Google Scholar

Beeler, N. M., Tullis, T. E. and Weeks, J. D. (1996). Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults. J. Geophys. Res. 101:8697–8715.Google Scholar

Beeler, N. M., Simpson, R. W., Hickman, S. H. and Lockner, D. A. (2000). Pore fluid pressure, apparent friction, and Coulomb failure. J. Geophys. Res. 105:25,533–25,542.Google Scholar

Beer, F. P., Johnston, E. R. Jr. and DeWolf, J. T. (2004). Mechanics of Materials (in SI Units) (3rd edn), McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar

Begley, J. A. and Landes, J. D. (1972). The J-integral as a fracture criterion. In Fracture Toughness, pp. 1–20, Am. Soc. Testing Mat., ASTM STP 514.Google Scholar

Begley, J. A. and Landes, J. D. (1976). Serendipity and the J-integral. Int. J. Fracture 12:764–766.Google Scholar

Behn, M. D., Lin, J. and Zuber, M. T. (2002a). Mechanisms of normal fault development at mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 107; doi:10.1029/2001JB000503.Google Scholar

Behn, M. D., Lin, J. and Zuber, M. T. (2002b). Evidence for weak transform faults. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29:2207; doi:10.1029/2002GL015612.Google Scholar

Belfield, W. C. (1998). Incorporating spatial distribution into stochastic modelling of fractures: multifractals and Lévy-stable statistics. J. Struct. Geol. 20:473–486.Google Scholar

Bell, F. G. (1993). Engineering Geology, Blackwell, London.Google Scholar

Benedicto, A. and Schultz, R. A. (2010). Stylolites in limestone: magnitude of contractional strain accommodated and scaling relationships. J. Struct. Geol. 32:1250–1256.Google Scholar

Benedicto, A., Schultz, R. and Soliva, R. (2003). Layer thickness and the shape of faults. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30:2076, doi:10.1029/2003GL018237.Google Scholar

Bense, V. F., Gleeson, T., Loveless, S. E., Bour, O. and Scibek, J. (2013). Fault zone hydrology. Earth-Sci. Rev. 127:171–192.Google Scholar

Ben-Zion, Y. (2001). On quantification of the earthquake source. Seismol. Res. Lett. 72:151–152.Google Scholar

Bergen, K., and Shaw, J. H. (2010). Displacement profiles and displacement-length scaling relationships of thrust faults constrained by seismic reflection data. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 122:1209–1219; doi:10.1130/B26373.1.Google Scholar

Bergsaker, A. S., Røyne, A., Ougier-Simonin, A. and Renard, F. (2016). The effect of fluid composition, salinity, and acidity on subcritical crack growth in calcite crystals. J. Geophys. Res. 121:1631–1651; doi:10.1002/2015JB012723.Google Scholar

Bernal, A., Hardy, S. and Gawthorpe, R. L. (2018). Three-dimensional growth of flexural slip fault-bend and fault-propagation folds and their geomorphic expression. Geosciences 8: 110; doi:10.3390/geosciences8040110.Google Scholar

Bertrand, L., Géraud, Y., Le Garzic, E., et al. (2015). A multiscale analysis of a fracture pattern in granite: a case study of the Tamariu granite, Catalunya, Spain. J. Struct. Geol. 78:52–66.Google Scholar

Bessenger, B. A., Liu, Z., Cook, N. G. W. and Myer, L. R. (1997). A new fracturing mechanism for granular media. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24:2605–2608.Google Scholar

Bésuelle, P. (2001a). Compacting and dilating shear bands in porous rock: theoretical and experimental conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 106:13,435–13,442.Google Scholar

Bésuelle, P. (2001b). Evolution of strain localisation with stress in a sandstone: brittle and semi-brittle regimes. Phys. Chem. Earth A26:101–106.Google Scholar

Bésuelle, P. and Rudnicki, J. W. (2004). Localization: shear bands and compaction bands. In Mechanics of Fluid-Saturated Rocks (eds. Guéguen, Y. and Boutéca, M.), pp. 219–321, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Biddle, K. T. and Christie-Blick, N. (1985). Glossary—Strike-slip deformation, basin formation, and sedimentation. In Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation (eds. Biddle, K. T. and Christie-Blick, N.), pp. 375–386, Soc. Econ. Paleon. Miner., Spec. Publ. 37.Google Scholar

Biegel, R. L., Sammis, C. G. and Dieterich, J. H. (1989). The frictional properties of a simulated gouge having a fractal particle distribution. J. Struct. Geol. 11:827–846.Google Scholar

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1968). The effect of specimen size on compressive strength of coal. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 5:325–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1974). Estimating the strength of rock materials. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 74:312–320.Google Scholar

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1978). Determining rock mass deformability—experience from case histories. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 15:237–247.Google Scholar

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1989). Engineering Rock Mass Classifications: A Complete Manual for Engineers and Geologists in Mining, Civil, and Petroleum Engineering, Wiley, New York.Google Scholar

Bieniawski, Z. T. and Van Heerden, W. L. (1975). The significance of in-situ tests on large rock specimens. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 12:101–113.Google Scholar

Biggs, J., Bastow, I. D., Keir, D. and Lewi, E. (2011). Pulses of deformation reveal frequently recurring shallow magmatic activity beneath the Main Ethiopian Rift. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 12:Q0AB10; doi:10.1029/2011GC003662.Google Scholar

Bilby, B. A., Cotterell, A. H. and Swindon, K. H. (1963). The spread of plastic yield from a notch. Proc. Royal Soc. London A, 272:304–314.Google Scholar

Bilham, R. and King, G. (1989). The morphology of strike-slip faults: examples from the San Andreas Fault, California. J. Geophys. Res., 94:10,204–10,216.Google Scholar

Billi, A., Salvini, F. and Storti, F. (2003). The damage zone-fault core transition in carbonate rocks: implications for fault growth, structure and permeability. J. Struct. Geol. 25:1779–1794.Google Scholar

Billings, M. P. (1972). Structural Geology (3rd edn), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar

Bilotti, F. and Suppe, J. (1999). The global distribution of wrinkle ridges on Venus. Icarus 139:137–159.Google Scholar

Bishop, D. G. (1968). The geometric relationships of structural features associated with major strike-slip faults in New Zealand. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 11:405–417.Google Scholar

Boettcher, M. S. and Marone, C. (2004). Effects of normal stress variations on the strength and stability of creeping faults. J. Geophys. Res. 109:3406; doi:10.1029/2003JB002824.Google Scholar

Bolton, M. (1986). The strength and dilatancy of sands. Géotechnique 36:65–78.Google Scholar

Bonnet, E., Bour, O., Odling, N. E., et al. (2001). Scaling of fracture systems in geological media. Rev. Geophys. 39:347–383.Google Scholar

Bons, P. D., Elburg, M. A. and Gomez-Rivas, E. (2012). A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures. J. Struct. Geol. 43:33–62.Google Scholar

Borgia, A., Burr, J., Montero, W., Morales, L. D. and Alvarado, G. A. (1990). Fault propagation folds induced by gravitational failure and slumping of the central Costa Rica volcanic range: implications for large terrestrial and Martian volcanic edifices. J. Geophys. Res. 95:14,357–14,382.Google Scholar

Borgos, H. G., Cowie, P. A. and Dawers, N. H. (2000). Practicalities of extrapolating one-dimensional fault and fracture size–frequency distributions to higher-dimensional samples. J. Geophys. Res. 105:28,377–28,391.Google Scholar

Borja, R. I. (2002). Bifurcation of elastoplastic solids to shear band mode at finite strain. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 191:5287–5314.Google Scholar

Borja, R. I. (2004). Computational modeling of deformation bands in granular media. II. Numerical simulations. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 193:2699–2718.Google Scholar

Borja, R. I. and Aydin, A. (2004). Computational modeling of deformation bands in granular media. I. Geological and mathematical framework. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 193:2667–2698.Google Scholar

Bosworth, W. (1985). Geometry of propagating continental rifts. Nature 316:625–627.Google Scholar

Bott, M. H. P. (1959). The mechanics of oblique slip faulting. Geol. Mag. 96:109–117.Google Scholar

Bowden, P. B. and Raha, S. (1970). The formation of micro shear bands in polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate. Philosoph. Mag. 22:463–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyer, S. E. and Elliott, D. (1982). Thrust systems. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 66:1196–1230.Google Scholar

Boyer, S. E. and Mitra, G. (1988). Relations between deformation of crystalline basement and sedimentary cover at the basement/cover transition zone of the Appalachian Blue Ridge province. In Geometries and Mechanisms of Thrusting, with Special Reference to the Appalachians (eds. Mitra, G. and Wojtal, S.), Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 222:119–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brace, W. F. (1960). An extension of the Griffith theory of fracture to rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 65:3477–3480.Google Scholar

Brace, W. F. (1961). Dependence of the fracture strength of rocks on grain size. Penn. State Univ. Min. Ind. Bull. 76:99–103.Google Scholar

Brace, W. F. and Bombolakis, E. G. (1963). A note on brittle crack growth in compression. J. Geophys. Res. 68:3709–3713.Google Scholar

Brace, W. F. and Byerlee, J. D. (1966). Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes. Science 153:990–992.Google Scholar

Brace, W. F. and Kohlstedt, D. L. (1980). Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 85:6248–6252.Google Scholar

Brace, W. F., Paulding, B. W. and Scholz, C. H. (1966). Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 71:3939–3953.Google Scholar

Brady, B. T. (1971a). An exact solution to the radially end-constrained circular cylinder under triaxial loading. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 8:165–178.Google Scholar

Brady, B. T. (1971b). The effect of confining pressure on the elastic stress distribution in a radially end-constrained circular cylinder. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 8:153–164.Google Scholar

Brady, B. H. G. and Brown, E. T. (1993). Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining, Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar

Brandes, C. and Tanner, D. C. (2012). Three-dimensional geometry and fabric of shear deformation-bands in unconsolidated Pleistocene sediments. Tectonophysics 518–521:84–92.Google Scholar

Brantut, N., Baud, P., Heap, H. J. and Meredith, P. G. (2012). Micromechanics of brittle creep in rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 117, B08412; doi:10.1029/2012JB009299.Google Scholar

Brantut, N., Heap, H. J., Meredith, P. G. and Baud, P. (2013). Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: a review. J. Struct. Geol. 52:17–43.Google Scholar

Breckels, I. M. and van Eekelen, H. A. M. (1982). Relationship between horizontal stress and depth in sedimentary basins. J. Petrol. Tech. 34:2191–2199.Google Scholar

Bridgman, P. W. (1936). Shearing phenomena at high pressure of possible importance to geology. J. Geol. 44:653–669.Google Scholar

Broberg, K. B. (1999). Cracks and Fracture, Academic, San Diego.Google Scholar

Broch, E. and Franklin, J. A. (1972). The point-load strength test. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 9:669–697.Google Scholar

Brodsky, E. E., Roeloffs, E., Woodcock, D., Gall, I. and Manga, M. (2003). A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 2390; doi:1029/2002/JB002321.Google Scholar

Broek, D. (1986). Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics (4th edn), Martinus Nijhoff, Boston.Google Scholar

Brown, C. D. and Phillips, R. J. (1999). Flexural rift flank uplift at the Rio Grande rift, New Mexico. Tectonics 18:1275–1291.Google Scholar

Brown, E. and Hoek, E. (1978). Trends in relationships between measured in situ stress and depth. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abs. 15:211–215.Google Scholar

Brown, E. and Hoek, E. (1988). Determination of shear failure envelope in rock masses. J. Geotech. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs. 114:371–376.Google Scholar

Bruhn, R. L. and Schultz, R. A. (1996). Geometry and slip distribution in normal fault systems: implications for mechanics and fault-related hazards. J. Geophys. Res. 101:3401–3412.Google Scholar

Bruhn, R. L., Yonkee, W. A. and Parry, W. T. (1990). Structural and fluid-chemical properties of seismogenic normal faults. Tectonophysics 175:130–157.Google Scholar

Brzesowsky, R. H., Hangx, S. J. T., Brantut, N. and Spiers, C. J. (2014). Compaction creep of sands due to time-dependent grain failure: effects of chemical environment, applied stress, and grain size. J. Geophys. Res. 119:7521–7541.Google Scholar

Bucher, W. H. (1920). The mechanical interpretation of joints. J. Geol. 28:707–730.Google Scholar

Budkewitsch, P. and Robin, P.-Y. (1994). Modelling the evolution of columnar joints. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 59:219–239.Google Scholar

Buiter, S. J. H., Babeyko, A. Y., Ellis, S., et al. (2006). The numerical sandbox: comparison of model results for a shortening and an extension experiment. In Analogue and Numerical Modeling of Crustal-Scale Processes (eds. Buiter, S. J. H. and Schreurs, G.), pp. 29–64, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 253.Google Scholar

Bunger, A. P. (2008). A rigorous tool for evaluating the importance of viscous dissipation in sill formation: it’s in the tip. In Dynamics of Crustal Magma Transfer, Storage and Differentiation (eds. Annen, C. and Zellmer, G. F.), pp. 71–81, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 304.Google Scholar

Burdekin, F. M. and Stone, D. E. W. (1966). The crack opening displacement approach to fracture mechanics in yielding materials. J. Strain Anal. 1:145–153.Google Scholar

Burchfiel, B. C. and Stewart, J. H. (1966). “Pull-apart” origin of the central segment of Death Valley, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 77:439–442.Google Scholar

Bürgmann, R. and Pollard, D. D. (1992). Influence of the state of stress on the brittle-ductile transition in granitic rock: evidence from fault steps in the Sierra Nevada, California. Geology 20:645–648.Google Scholar

Bürgmann, R. and Pollard, D. D. (1994). Strain accommodation about strike-slip fault discontinuities in granitic rock under brittle-to-ductile conditions. J. Struct. Geol. 16:1655–1674.Google Scholar

Bürgmann, R., Pollard, D. D. and Martel, S. J. (1994). Slip distributions on faults: effects of stress gradients, inelastic deformation, heterogeneous host-rock stiffness, and fault interaction. J. Struct. Geol. 16:1675–1690.Google Scholar

Burnley, P. C., Green, H. W., II and Prior, D. (1991). Faulting associated with the olivine to spinel transformation in Mg₂GeO₄ and its implications for deep-focus earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 96:425–443.Google Scholar

Busetti, S., Mish, K., Hennings, P. and Reches, Z. (2012). Damage and plastic deformation of reservoir rocks: part 2. Propagation of a hydraulic fracture. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 96:1711–1732.Google Scholar

Butler, R. W. H. (1982). The terminology of structures in thrust belts. J. Struct. Geol. 4:239–245.Google Scholar

Byerlee, J. D. (1970). The mechanics of stick-slip. Tectonophysics 9:475–486.Google Scholar

Byerlee, J. D. (1978). Friction of rocks. Pure Appl. Geophys. 116:615–626.Google Scholar

Byerlee, J. D. and Brace, W. F. (1968). Stick-slip, stable sliding, and earthquakes: effect of rock type, pressure, strain rate, and stiffness. J. Geophys. Res. 73:6031–6037.Google Scholar

Caine, J. S., Evans, J. P. and Forster, C. B. (1996). Fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Geology 24:1025–1028.Google Scholar

Calais, E., d’Oreye, N., Albaric, J., et al. (2008). Aseismic strain accommodation by slow slip and dyking in a youthful continental rift, East Africa. Nature 456; doi:10.1038/nature07478.Google Scholar

Callister, W. D., Jr. (2000). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (5th edn), Wiley, New York.Google Scholar

Campagna, D. J. and Aydin, A. (1991). Tertiary uplift and shortening in the Basin and Range; the Echo Hills, southeastern Nevada. Geology 19:485–488.Google Scholar

Campagna, D. J. and Levandowski, D. W. (1991). The recognition of strike-slip fault systems using imagery, gravity, and topographic data sets. Photog. Engng. Rem. Sens. 57:1195–1201.Google Scholar

Candela, T. and Renard, F. (2012). Segment linkage process at the origin of slip surface roughness: evidence from the Dixie Valley fault. J. Struct. Geol. 45:87–100.Google Scholar

Carbotte, S. and Macdonald, K. (1994). Comparison of seafloor tectonic fabric at intermediate, fast, and super fast spreading ridges: influence of spreading rate, plate motions, and ridge segmentation on fault patterns. J. Geophys. Res. 99:13,609–13,631.Google Scholar

Carr, M. H. (1974). Tectonism and volcanism of the Tharsis region of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 79:3943–3949.Google Scholar

Carter, B. J., Scott Duncan, E. J. and Lajtai, E. Z. (1991). Fitting strength criteria to intact rock. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 9:73–81.Google Scholar

Carter, K. E. and Winter, C. L. (1995). Fractal nature and scaling of normal faults in the Española Basin, Rio Grande rift, New Mexico: implications for fault growth and brittle strain. J. Struct. Geol. 17:863–873.Google Scholar

Cartwright, J. A. and Lonergan, L. (1996). Volumetric contraction during the compaction of mudrocks: a mechanism for the development of regional-scale polygonal fault systems. Basin Res. 8:183–193.Google Scholar

Cartwright, J. A. and Mansfield, J. S. (1998). Lateral tip geometry and displacement gradients on normal faults in the Canyonlands National Park, Utah. J. Struct. Geol. 20:3–19.Google Scholar

Cartwright, J. A., Trudgill, B. D. and Mansfield, C. S. (1995). Fault growth by segment linkage: an explanation for scatter in maximum displacement and trace length data from the Canyonlands Grabens of SE Utah. J. Struct. Geol. 17:1319–1326.Google Scholar

Cartwright, J. A., Mansfield, C. and Trudgill, B. (1996). The growth of normal faults by segment linkage. In Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation, Validation and Modelling (eds. Buchanan, P. G. and Nieuwland, D. A.), pp. 163–177, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 99.Google Scholar

Cartwright, J. A., Bolton, A. J. and James, D. M. D. (2003). The genesis of polygonal fault systems: a review. In Subsurface Sediment Mobilization (eds. Van Rensbergen, P. et al.), pp. 223–243, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 216; doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.216.01.15.Google Scholar

Cartwright, J. A., Huuse, M. and Aplin, A. (2007). Seal bypass systems. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 91:1141–1166.Google Scholar

Casagrande, A. (1936). The determination of the pre-consolidation load and its practical significance. Proc. 1st Int. Soil Mech. and Found. Eng. Conf., June 22–26, 1936, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 60–64.Google Scholar

Cashman, S., and Cashman, K. (2000). Cataclasis and deformation-band formation in unconsolidated marine terrace sand, Humboldt County, California. Geology 28:111–114.Google Scholar

Castaing, C., Halawani, M. A., Gervais, F., et al. (1996). Scaling relationships in intraplate fracture systems related to Red Sea rifting. Tectonophysics 261:291–314.Google Scholar

Cates, M. E., Wittmer, J. P., Bouchaud, J.-P. and Claudin, P. (1998). Jamming, force chains, and fragile matter. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81:1841–1844.Google Scholar

Chadwick, W. W., Jr. and Embley, R. W. (1998). Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge. J. Geophys. Res. 103:9807–9825.Google Scholar

Challa, V. and Issen, K. A. (2004). Conditions for compaction band formation in porous rock using a two yield surface model. J. Eng. Mech. 130:1089–1097.Google Scholar

Chambon, G., Schmittbuhl, J., Corfdir, A., et al. (2006). The thickness of faults: from laboratory experiments to field scale observations. Tectonophysics 426:77–94.Google Scholar

Champion, J. A., Tate, A., Mueller, K. J. and Guccione, M. (2001). Geometry, numerical modeling and revised slip rate for the Reelfoot blind thrust and trishear fault-propagation fold, New Madrid seismic zone. Eng. Geol. 62:31–49.Google Scholar

Chang, M. F. (1991). Interpretation of overconsolidation ratio from in situ tests in Recent clay deposits in Singapore and Malaysia. Can. Geotech. J. 28:210–225.Google Scholar

Chapman, C. R. and McKinnon, W. B. (1986). Cratering of planetary satellites. In Satellites, University of Arizona Press, pp. 492–580.Google Scholar

Charles, R. J. (1958). Dynamic fatigue of glass. J. Appl. Phys. 29:1657–1662.Google Scholar

Chell, G. G. (1977). The application of post-yield fracture mechanics to penny-shaped and semi-circular cracks. Engng. Fract. Mech. 9:55–63.Google Scholar

Chemenda, A. I. (2009). The formation of tabular compaction-band arrays: theoretical and numerical analysis. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 57:851–868.Google Scholar

Chemenda, A. I. (2011). Origin of compaction bands: anti-cracking or constitutive instability? Tectonophysics 499:156–164.Google Scholar

Chemenda, A., Deverchere, J. and Calais, E. (2002). Three-dimensional laboratory modeling of rifting: application to the Baikal rift, Russia. Tectonophysics 356:253–273.Google Scholar

Chemenda, A. I., Nguyen, S.-H., Petit, J.-P. and Ambre, J. (2011). Mode I cracking versus dilatancy banding: experimental constraints on the mechanisms of extension fracturing. J. Geophys. Res. 116:B04401; doi:10.1029/2010JB008104.Google Scholar

Chemenda, A. I., Ballas, G. and Soliva, R. (2014). Impact of a multilayer structure on initiation and evolution of strain localization in porous rocks: field observations and numerical modeling. Tectonophysics 631:29–36.Google Scholar

Chemenda, A. I., Cavalié, O., Vergnolle, M., Bouissou, S. and Delouis, B. (2016). Numerical modeling of formation of a 3-D strike-slip fault system. Comptus Rendus Geoscience 348:61–69.Google Scholar

Chen, X., Eichhubl, P. and Olson, J. E. (2017). Effect of water on critical and subcritical fracture properties of Woodford shale. J. Geophys. Res. 122:2736–2750; doi:10.1002/2016JB013708.Google Scholar

Chester, F. M., Evans, J. P. and Biegel, R. L. (1993). Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the San Andreas Fault. J. Geophys. Res. 98:771–786.Google Scholar

Chester, J. S., Logan, J. M. and Spang, J. H. (1991). Influence of layering and boundary conditions on fault-bend and fault-propagation folding. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 103:1059–1072.Google Scholar

Cheung, C. S. N., Baud, P. and Wong, T.-f. (2012). Effect of grain size distribution on the development of compaction localization in porous sandstone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39; doi:10.1029/2012GL053739.Google Scholar

Childs, C., Nicol, A., Walsh, J. J., and Watterson, J. (1996). Growth of vertically segmented normal faults. J. Struct. Geol. 18:1389–1397.Google Scholar

Childs, C., Walsh, J. J. and Watterson, J. (1997). Complexity in fault zone structure and implications for fault seal prediction. In Hydrocarbon Seals: Importance for Exploration and Production. Norwegian Petroleum Society (eds. Møller-Pedersen, P. and Koestler, A. G.), Special Publication 7 (Elsevier), pp. 61–72.Google Scholar

Childs, C., Holdsworth, R. E., Jackson, C. A.-L., et al. (2017). Introduction to the geometry and growth of normal faults. In The Geometry and Growth of Normal Faults (eds. Childs, C., Holdsworth, R. E., Jackson, C. A.-L., et al.), Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 439; https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.24.Google Scholar

Chinnery, M. A. (1961). The deformation of the ground around surface faults. Seismol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 51:355–372.Google Scholar

Chinnery, M. A. (1963). The stress changes that accompany strike-slip faulting. Seismol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 53:921–932.Google Scholar

Chinnery, M. A. (1965). The vertical displacements associated with transcurrent faulting. J. Geophys. Res. 70:4627–4632.Google Scholar

Chinnery, M. A. and Petrak, J. A. (1967). The dislocation fault model with a variable discontinuity. Tectonophysics 5:513–529.Google Scholar

Choi, J.-H., Edwards, P., Ko, K. and Kim, Y.-S. (2016). Definition and classification of fault damage zones: a review and a new methodological approach. Earth-Sci. Rev. 152:70–87.Google Scholar

Christensen, R. M. (2013). The Theory of Materials Failure, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Christie, M. A. (1996). Upscaling for reservoir simulation. Paper SPE 37324, in J. Petrol. Technol. 48:1004–1010.Google Scholar

Christie-Blick, N. and Biddle, K. T. (1985). Deformation and basin formation along strike-slip faults. In Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation (eds. Biddle, K. T. and Christie-Blick, N.), pp. 187–196, Soc. Econ. Paleon. Miner. Spec. Publ. 37.Google Scholar

Churchill, R. V. and Brown, J. W. (1984). Complex Variables and Applications (4th edn), McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar

Cladouhos, T. T. and Marrett, R. (1996). Are fault growth and linkage models consistent with power-law distributions of fault lengths? J. Struct. Geol. 18:281–293.Google Scholar

Clark, D., McPherson, A. and Collins, C. (2011). Australia’s seismogenic neotectonic record: a case for heterogeneous intraplate deformation. Geosci. Australia Record 2011/11, Canberra, 95 pp.Google Scholar

Clark, R. M. and Cox, S. J. D. (1996). A modern regression approach to determining fault displacement–length scaling relationships. J. Struct. Geol. 18:147–152.Google Scholar

Clark, R. M., Cox, S. J. D. and Laslett, G. M. (1999). Generalizations of power-law distributions applicable to sampled fault-trace lengths: model choice, parameter estimation and caveats. Geophys. J. Int. 136:357–372.Google Scholar

Clark, T. A., Gordon, D., Himwich, W. E., et al. (1987). Determination of relative site motions in the western United States using Mark III very long baseline interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. 92:12,741–12,750.Google Scholar

Clayton, L. (1966). Tectonic depressions along the Hope Fault, a transcurrent fault in North Canterbury, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 9:95–104.Google Scholar

Cleary, M. P. (1976). Continuously distributed dislocation model for shear-bands in softening materials. Int. J. Num. Methods Engng. 10:679–702.Google Scholar

Cleary, M. P., Wright, C. A. and Wright, T. B. (1991). Experimental and modeling evidence for major changes in hydraulic fracturing design and field procedures. Paper presented at SPE Gas Technology Symposium, Soc. of Pet. Eng., Houston, Texas, paper SPE 21494.Google Scholar

Clifton, A. E. and Schlische, R. W. (2001). Nucleation, growth, and linkage of faults in oblique rift zones: results from experimental clay models and implications for maximum fault size. Geology 29:455–458.Google Scholar

Cohen, S. C. (1999). Numerical models of crustal deformation in seismic fault zones. Adv. Geophys., 41:133–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colmenares, L. B. and Zoback, M. D. (2002). A statistical evaluation of rock failure criteria constrained by polyaxial test data for five different rocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 39:695–729.Google Scholar

Committee on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow (1996). Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary Understanding and Applications, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Connolly, P. and Cosgrove, J. (1999). Prediction of fracture-induced permeability and fluid flow in the crust using experimental stress data. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 83:757–777.Google Scholar

Cook, J., Frederiksen, R. A., Hasbo, K., et al. (2007). Rocks matter: ground truth in geomechanics. Oilfield Rev., Autumn 2007, 36–55.Google Scholar

Cook, N. G. W. (1992). Jaeger memorial dedication lecture—Natural joints in rock: mechanical, hydraulic and seismic behaviour and properties under normal stress. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 29:198–223.Google Scholar

Cook, T. S. and Erdogan, F. (1972). Stresses in bonded materials with a crack perpendicular to the interface. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 10:677–697.Google Scholar

Cooke, M. L. (1997). Fracture localization along faults with spatially varying friction. J. Geophys. Res. 102:22,425–22,434.Google Scholar

Cooke, M. L. and Kameda, A. (2002). Mechanical fault interaction within the Los Angeles Basin: a two-dimensional analysis using mechanical efficiency. J. Geophys. Res. 107; doi:10.1029/2001JB000542.Google Scholar

Cooke, M. L. and Madden, E. H. (2014). Is the Earth lazy? A review of work minimization in fault evolution. J. Struct. Geol. 66:334–346.Google Scholar

Cooke, M. L. and Pollard, D. D. (1996). Fracture propagation paths under mixed mode loading within rectangular blocks of polymethyl methacrylate. J. Geophys. Res. 101:3387–3400.Google Scholar

Cooke, M. L. and Pollard, D. D. (1997). Bedding-plane slip in initial stages of fault-related folding. J. Struct. Geol. 19:567–581.Google Scholar

Cooke, M. L. and Underwood, C. A. (2001). Fracture termination and step-over at bedding interfaces due to frictional slip and interface opening. J. Struct. Geol. 23:223–238.Google Scholar

Cooke, M. L., Mollema, P. N., Aydin, A. and Pollard, D. D. (2000). Interlayer slip and joint localization in the East Kaibab Monocline, Utah: field evidence and results from numerical modeling. In Forced Folds and Fractures (eds. Cosgrove, J. W. and Ameen, M. S.), pp. 23–49, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 169.Google Scholar

Cosgrove, J. W. (1976). The formation of crenulation cleavage. J. Geol. Soc. London 132:155–178.Google Scholar

Cosgrove, J. W. (1995). The expression of hydraulic fracturing in rocks and sediments. In Fractography: Fracture Topography as a Tool in Fracture Mechanics and Stress Analysis (ed. Ameen, M. S.), pp. 97–147, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 92.Google Scholar

Costin, L. S. (1987). Time-dependent deformation and failure. In Fracture Mechanics of Rock (ed. Atkinson, B. K.), pp. 167–215, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar

Cotterell, B. (1966). Notes on the paths and stability of cracks. Int. J. Fracture Mech. 2:526–533.Google Scholar

Cotterell, B. and Rice, J. R. (1980). Slightly curved or kinked cracks. Int. J. Fracture 16:155–169.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A. (1998a). A healing-reloading feedback control on the growth rate of seismogenic faults. J. Struct. Geol. 20:1075–1087.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A. (1998b). Normal fault growth in three-dimensions in continental and oceanic crust. In Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges (eds. Buck, W. R., Delaney, P. T., Karson, J. A. and Lagabrielle, Y.), pp. 325–348, American Geophysical Union Geophys. Mon. 106.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A. and Roberts, G. P. (2001). Constraining slip rates and spacings for active normal faults. J. Struct. Geol. 23:1901–1915.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A. and Scholz, C. H. (1992a). Displacement–length scaling relationship for faults: data synthesis and analysis. J. Struct. Geol. 14:1149–1156.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A. and Scholz, C. H. (1992b). Physical explanation for the displacement–length relationship of faults using a post-yield fracture mechanics model. J. Struct. Geol. 14:1133–1148.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A. and Scholz, C. H. (1992c). Growth of faults by accumulation of seismic slip. J. Geophys. Res. 97:11,085–11,095.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A. and Shipton, Z. K. (1998). Fault tip displacement gradients and process zone dimensions. J. Struct. Geol. 20:983–997.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A., Scholz, C. H., Edwards, M. and Malinverno, A. (1993a). Fault strain and seismic coupling on mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 98:17,911–17,920.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A., Sornette, D. and Vanneste, C. (1993b). Statistical physical model for the spatio-temporal evolution of faults. J. Geophys. Res. 98:21,809–21,821.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A., Malinverno, A., Ryan, W. B. F. and Edwards, M. H. (1994). Quantitative fault studies on the East Pacific Rise: a comparison of sonar imaging techniques. J. Geophys. Res. 99:15,205–15,218.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A., Sornette, D. and Vanneste, C. (1995). Multifractal scaling properties of a growing fault population. Geophys. J. Int. 122:457–469.Google Scholar

Cowie, P. A., Roberts, G. P. and Mortimer, E. (2007). Strain localization within fault arrays over timescales of 100–10⁷ years. In Tectonic Faults: Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth (eds. Handy, M. R., Hirth, G., and Hovius, N.), pp. 47–77, Dahlem Workshop Report 95, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

Cox, S. J. D. and Meredith, P. G. (1993). Microcrack formation and material softening in rock measured by monitoring acoustic emissions. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 30:11–24.Google Scholar

Cox, S. J. D. and Scholz, C. H. (1988a). Rupture initiation in shear fracture of rocks: an experimental study. J. Geophys. Res. 93:3307–3320.Google Scholar

Cox, S. J. D. and Scholz, C. H. (1988b). On the formation and growth of faults. J. Struct. Geol. 10:413–430.Google Scholar

Crater Analysis Techniques Working Group (1979). Standard techniques for presentation and analysis of crater size-frequency data. Icarus 37:467–474.Google Scholar

Crawford, B. R. (1998). Experimental fault sealing: shear band permeability dependency on cataclastic fault gouge characteristics. In Structural Geology in Reservoir Characterization (eds. Coward, M. P., Daltaban, T. S. and Johnson, H.), pp. 27–47, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 127.Google Scholar

Crider, J. G. (2001). Oblique slip and the geometry of normal-fault linkage: mechanics and a case study from the Basin and Range in Oregon. J. Struct. Geol. 23:1997–2009.Google Scholar

Crider, J. G. and Peacock, D. C. P. (2004). Initiation of brittle faults in the upper crust: a review of field observations. J. Struct. Geol. 26:691–707.Google Scholar

Crider, J. G. and Pollard, D. D. (1998). Fault linkage: three-dimensional mechanical interaction between echelon normal faults. J. Geophys. Res. 103:24,373–24,391.Google Scholar

Crider, J. G., Cooke, M. L., Willemse, E. J. M. and Arrowsmith, J. R. (1996). Linear-elastic crack models of jointing and faulting. In Structural Geology and Personal Computers (ed. De Paor, D. G.), pp. 359–388.Google Scholar

Crouch, S. L. (1970). Experimental determination of volumetric strains in failed rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abs. 7:589–603.Google Scholar

Crouch, S. L. (1976). Analysis of stresses and displacements around underground excavations: an application of the displacement discontinuity method. Geomechanics report to the National Science Foundation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 268 pp.Google Scholar

Crouch, S. L. and Starfield, A. M. (1983). Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar

Crowell, J. C. (1962). Displacement along the San Andreas fault, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 71, 61 pp.Google Scholar

Cruikshank, K. M. and Aydin, A. (1994). Role of fracture localization in arch formation, Arches National Park, Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106:879–891.Google Scholar

Cruikshank, K. M. and Aydin, A. (1995). Unweaving the joints in Entrada Sandstone, Arches National Park, Utah, U.S.A. J. Struct. Geol. 17:409–421.Google Scholar

Cruikshank, K. M., Zhao, G. and Johnson, A. M. (1991a). Analysis of minor fractures associated with joints and faulted joints. J. Struct. Geol. 13: 865–886.Google Scholar

Cruikshank, K. M., Zhao, G. and Johnson, A. M. (1991b). Duplex structures connecting fault segments in Entrada sandstone. J. Struct. Geol. 13:1185–1196.Google Scholar

Currie, J. B., Patnode, H. W. and Trump, R. P. (1962). Development of folds in sedimentary strata. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 73:655–674.Google Scholar

Currie, K. L. and Ferguson, J. (1970). The mechanism of intrusion of lamprophyre dikes indicated by “offsetting” of dikes. Tectonophysics 9:525–535.Google Scholar

Cuss, R. J., Rutter, E. H. and Holloway, R. F. (2003). The application of critical state soil mechanics to the mechanical behaviour of porous sandstones. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 40:847–862.Google Scholar

Dahlen, F. A. (1990). Critical taper model of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 18:55–89.Google Scholar

Dahlen, F. A., Suppe, J. and Davis, D. (1984). Mechanics of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges: cohesive Coulomb theory. J. Geophys. Res. 89:10,087–10,101.Google Scholar

Dahlstrom, C. D. A. (1970). Structural geology in the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bull. Can. Petrol. Geol. 18:332–406.Google Scholar

d’ Alessio, M. A. and Martel, S. J. (2004). Fault terminations and barriers to fault growth. J. Struct. Geol. 26:1885–1896.Google Scholar

Das, A., Nguyen, G. D. and Einav, I. (2011). Compaction bands due to grain crushing in porous rocks: a theoretical approach based on breakage mechanics. J. Geophys. Res. 116:B08203; doi:10.1029/2011JB008265.Google Scholar

Das, B. M. (1983). Advanced Soil Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar

Davatzes, N. C. and Aydin, A. (2003). Overprinting faulting mechanisms in high porosity sandstones of SE Utah. J. Struct. Geol. 25:1795–1813.Google Scholar

Davatzes, N. C., Aydin, A. and Eichhubl, P. (2003). Overprinting faulting mechanisms during the development of multiple fault sets, Chimney Rock fault array, Utah. Tectonophysics 363:1–18.Google Scholar

Davatzes, N. C., Eichubl, P. and Aydin, A. (2005). Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 117:135–148.Google Scholar

David, C., Menendez, B., Zhu, W. and Wong, T.-f. (2001). Mechanical compaction, microstructures and permeability evolution in sandstones. Phys. Chem. Earth (A) 26:45–51.Google Scholar

Davies, R. K. and Pollard, D. D. (1986). Relations between left-lateral strike-slip faults and right-lateral monoclinal kink bands in granodiorite, Mt. Abbot Quadrangle, Sierra Nevada, California. Pure Appl. Geophys. 124:177–201.Google Scholar

Davies, R. K., Crawford, M., Dula, W. F., Jr., Cole, M. J. and Dorn, G. A. (1997). Outcrop interpretation of seismic-scale normal faults in southern Oregon: description of structural styles and evaluation of subsurface interpretation methods. Leading Edge 16:1135–1141.Google Scholar

Davis, D. M. and Engelder, T. (1985). The role of salt in fold-and-thrust belts. In Collision Tectonics: Deformation of Continental Lithosphere (eds. Carter, N. L. and Uyeda, S.), Tectonophysics 119:67–88.Google Scholar

Davis, D., Suppe, J. and Dahlen, F. A. (1983). Mechanics of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges. J. Geophys. Res. 88:1153–1172.Google Scholar

Davis, G. A. and Burchfiel, B. C. (1973). Garlock fault: an intracontinental transform structure, southern California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 84:1407–1422.Google Scholar

Davis, G. H. (1997). Field guide to geologic structures in the Bryce Canyon region, Utah. In Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Hedberg Research Conference on “Reservoir-Scale Deformation – Characterization and Prediction” (W. G. Higgs and C. F. Kluth, convenors), June 22–28, 1997, 119 pp.Google Scholar

Davis, G. H. (1998). Fault-fin landscape. Geol. Mag. 135:283–286.Google Scholar

Davis, G. H. (1999). Structural geology of the Colorado Plateau region of southern Utah, with special emphasis on deformation bands. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 342, 157 pp.Google Scholar

Davis, G. H., Bump, A. P., García, P. E. and Ahlgren, S. G. (2000). Conjugate Riedel deformation band shear zones. J. Struct. Geol. 22:169–190.Google Scholar

Davis, G. H. and Reynolds, S. J. (1996). Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions (2nd edn), Wiley, New York.Google Scholar

Davis, K., Burbank, D. W., Fisher, D., Wallace, S. and Nobes, D. (2005). Thrust-fault growth and segment linkage in the active Ostler fault zone, New Zealand. J. Struct. Geol. 27:1528–1546.Google Scholar

Davis, R. O. and Selvadurai, A. P. S. (1996). Elasticity and Geomechanics. Cambridge University Press, New York, 201 pp.Google Scholar

Davis, R. O. and Selvadurai, A. P. S. (2002). Plasticity and Geomechanics. Cambridge University Press, New York, 287 pp.Google Scholar

Davison, I. (1994). Linked fault systems; extensional, strike-slip and contractional. In Continental Deformation (ed. Hancock, P. L.), pp. 121–142, Pergamon, New York.Google Scholar

Dawers, N. H. and Anders, M. H. (1995). Displacement-length scaling and fault linkage. J. Struct. Geol. 17:607–614.Google Scholar

Dawers, N. H., Anders, M. H. and Scholz, C. H. (1993). Growth of normal faults: displacement–length scaling. Geology 21:1107–1110.Google Scholar

DeGraff, J. M. and Aydin, A. (1987). Surface morphology of columnar joints and its significance to mechanics and direction of joint growth. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 99:605–617.Google Scholar

DeGraff, J. M. and Aydin, A. (1993). Effect of thermal regime on growth increment and spacing of contraction joints in basaltic lava. J. Geophys. Res. 98:6411–6430.Google Scholar

Deere, D. U. (1963). Technical description of cores for engineering purposes. Rock Mech. Eng. Geol. 1:16–22.Google Scholar

Deere, D. U. and Miller, R. P. (1966). Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock. Tech. Rept. No. AFWL–TR–65–116, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.Google Scholar

de Joussineau, G. and Aydin, A. (2009). Segmentation along strike-slip faults revisited. Pure Appl. Geophys. 166:1575–1594.Google Scholar

de Joussineau, G., Bazalgette, L., Petit, J.-P., and Lopez, M. (2005). Morphology, intersections, and syn/late-diagenetic origin of vein networks in pelites of the Lodève Permian Basin, Southern France. J. Struct. Geol. 27:67–87.Google Scholar

Delaney, P. T. (1982). Rapid intrusion of magma into wet rock: groundwater flow due to pore-pressure increases. J. Geophys. Res. 87:7739–7756.Google Scholar

Delaney, P. T. and Pollard, D. D. (1981). Deformation of host rocks and flow of magma during growth of minette dikes and breccia-bearing intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1202, 61 pp.Google Scholar

Delaney, P. T., Pollard, D. D., Ziony, J. I. and McKee, E. H. (1986). Field relations between dikes and joints: emplacement processes and paleostress analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 91:4920–4938.Google Scholar

DeMets, C., Gordon, R. G. and Argus, D. F. (2010). Geologically current plate motions. Geophys. J. Int. 181:1–80(erratum: Geophys. J. Int. 187:538).Google Scholar

Deng, S. and Aydin, A. (2012). Distribution of compaction bands in 3D in an aeolian sandstone: the role of cross-bed orientation. Tectonophysics 574–575:204–218.Google Scholar

Deng, S. and Aydin, A. (2015). The strength anisotropy of localized compaction: a model for the role of the nature and orientation of cross-beds on the orientation and distribution of compaction bands in 3-D. J. Geophys. Res. 120:1523–1542; doi:10.1002/2014JB011689.Google Scholar

Deng, S., Zuo, L., Aydin, A., Dvorkin, J. and Mukerji, T. (2015). Permeability characterization of natural compaction bands using core flooding experiments and three-dimensional image-based analysis: comparing and contrasting the results from two different methods. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 99:27–49.Google Scholar

Denkhaus, H. G. (2003). Brittleness and drillability. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 103:523–524.Google Scholar

Dershowitz, W. S. (1984). Rock joint systems. Unpublished. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Inst. Tech., 987 pp.Google Scholar

Dershowitz, W. S. and Herda, H. H. (1992). Interpretation of fracture spacing and intensity. In Proc. 33rd US Symp. Rock Mech. (eds. Tillerson, N. and Wawersik, W.), pp. 757–766, Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar

Desai, C. S. and Siriwardane, H. J. (1984). Constitutive Laws for Engineering Materials with Emphasis on Geologic Materials. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar

Desroches, J. and Bratton, T. (2000). Formation characterization: well logs. In Reservoir Stimulation (eds. Economides, M. J. and Nolte, K. G.), pp. 4.1–4.26, Wiley, New York.Google Scholar

Dewey, J. F., Holdsworth, R. E. and Trachan, R. A. (1998). Transpression and transtension zones. In Continental Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics (eds. Holdsworth, R.E., Strachan, R. E. and Dewey, J. F.), pp. 1–14, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 135.Google Scholar

Dholakia, S. K., Aydin, A., Pollard, D. D. and Zoback, M. D. (1998). Fault-controlled hydrocarbon pathways in the Monterey Formation, California. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 82:1551–1574.Google Scholar

Dibblee, T. W. Jr. (1977). Strike-slip tectonics of the San Andreas fault and its role in Cenozoic basin evolvement. In Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sedimentation and Tectonics in California, San Joaquin Geol. Soc. short course, pp. 26–38.Google Scholar

Dieterich, J. H. (1972). Time-dependent friction in rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 77:3690–3697.Google Scholar

Dieterich, J. H. (1978). Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip. Pure Appl. Geophys. 116:790–806.Google Scholar

Dieterich, J. H. and Linker, M. F. (1992). Fault stability under conditions of variable normal stress. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19:1691–1694.Google Scholar

Dieterich, J. H., Richards-Dinger, K. B. and Kroll, K. A. (2015). Modeling injection-induced seismicity with the physics-based earthquake simulator RSQSim. Seismol. Res. Lett. 86; doi 10.1785/0220150057.Google Scholar

DiGiovanni, A. A., Fredrich, J. T., Holcomb, D. J. and Olsson, W. A. (2007). Microscale damage evolution in compacting sandstone. In: The Relationship Between Damage and Localization (eds. Lewis, H. and Couples, G. D.), pp. 89–103, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 289.Google Scholar

Dimitrova, L. L., Holt, W. E., Haines, A. J. and Schultz, R. A. (2006). Towards understanding the history and mechanisms of Martian faulting: the contribution of gravitational potential energy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33:L08202; doi: 10.1029/2005GL025307Google Scholar

Dmowska, R. and Rice, J. R. (1986). Fracture theory and its seismological applications. In Continuum Theories in Solid Earth Physics (ed. Teisseyre, R.), pp. 187–255, PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw.Google Scholar

Dokka, R. K. and Travis, C. J. (1990). Late Cenozoic strike-slip faulting in the Mojave Desert, California. Tectonics 9:311–340.Google Scholar

Dong, P. and Pan, J. (1991). Elastic-plastic analysis of cracks in pressure-sensitive materials. Int. J. Solids Structures 28:1113–1127.Google Scholar

Douglas, K. J. (2002). The shear strength of rock masses. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar

Dowling, N. E. (1999). Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue (2nd edn), Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Google Scholar

Dowling, N. E. and Thangjitham, S. (2000). An overview and discussion of basic methodology for fatigue. In Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 31st Volume (eds. Halford, G. R. and Gallagher, J. P.), pp. 3–36, Amer. Soc. Test. Mat. Spec. Publ. 1389, West Conshohocken, Penn.Google Scholar

Downey, M. W. (1984). Evaluating seals for hydrocarbon accumulations. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 68:1752–1763.Google Scholar

Du, Y. and Aydin, A. (1991). Interaction of multiple cracks and formation of echelon crack arrays. Int. J. Num. Anal. Methods Geomech. 15:205–218.Google Scholar

Du, Y. and Aydin, A. (1993). The maximum distortional strain energy density criterion for shear fracture propagation with applications to the growth paths of en échelon faults. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20:1091–1094.Google Scholar

Du, Y. and Aydin, A. (1995). Shear fracture patterns and connectivity at geometric complexities along strike-slip faults. J. Geophys. Res. 100:18,093–18,102.Google Scholar

Du Bernard, X., Labame, P., Darcel, C., Davy, P. and Bour, O. (2002a). Cataclastic slip band distribution in normal fault damage zones, Nubian sandstones, Suez rift. J. Geophys. Res. 107:2141; doi: 10.129/2001JB000493.Google Scholar

Du Bernard, X., Eichhubl, P. and Aydin, A. (2002b). Dilation bands: a new form of localized failure in granular media. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29: 2176; doi: 10.1029/2002GL015966.Google Scholar

Dugdale, D. S. (1960). Yielding in steel sheets containing slits. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 8:100–104.Google Scholar

Dunand, D. C., Schuh, C. and Goldsby, D. L. (2001). Pressure-induced transformation plasticity of H₂O ice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86:668.Google Scholar

Dunn, D. E., LaFountain, L. J. and Jackson, R. E. (1973). Porosity dependence and mechanism of brittle fracture in sandstones. J. Geophys. Res. 78:2403–2417.Google Scholar

Dunne, W. M. and Ferrill, D. A. (1988). Blind thrust systems. Geology 16:33–36.Google Scholar

Dunne, W. M. and Hancock, P. L. (1994). Paleostress analysis of small-scale brittle structures. In Continental Deformation (ed. Hancock, P. L.), pp. 101–120, Pergamon, New York.Google Scholar

Durney, D. W. (1974). The influence of stress concentrations on the lateral propagation of pressure solution zones and surfaces. Geol. Soc. Austrail. Tecton. Struct. Newslett. 3:19.Google Scholar

Durney, D. W. and Kisch, H. (1994). A field classification and intensity scale for first generation cleavages. J. Aust. Geol. Geophys. 15:257–295.Google Scholar

Dyer, R. (1988). Using joint interactions to estimate paleostress ratios. J. Struct. Geol. 10:685–699.Google Scholar

Ebinger, C. J. (1989). Geometric and kinematic development of border faults and accommodation zones, Kivu-Rusizi rift, Africa. Tectonics 8:117–133.Google Scholar

Edwards, M., Fornari, D., Malinverno, A. and Ryan, W. (1991). The regional tectonic fabric of the East Pacific Rise from 12°50’N to 15°10’N. J. Geophys. Res. 96:7995–8017.Google Scholar

Eftis, J. and Liebowitz, H. (1972). On the modified Westergaard equations for certain plane crack problems. Int. J. Fracture Mech. 8:383–392.Google Scholar

Eichhubl, P. (2004). Growth of ductile opening-mode fractures in geomaterials. In The Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest of Joints and Other Fractures: Interpretations Based on Field Observations (eds. Cosgrove, J. W. and Engelder, T.), pp. 11–24. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 231.Google Scholar

Eichhubl, P. and Boles, J. R. (2000). Focused fluid flow along faults in the Monterey Formation, coastal California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 112:1667–1679.Google Scholar

Eichhubl, P., Davatzes, N. C. and Becker, S. P. (2009). Structural and diagenetic control of fluid migration along the Moab fault, Utah. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 93:653–681.Google Scholar

Eichhubl, P., Hooker, J. N. and Laubach, S. E. (2010). Pure and shear-enhanced compaction bands in Aztec sandstone. J. Struct. Geol. 32:1873–1886.Google Scholar

Eisenstadt, G. and DePaor, D. G. (1987). Alternative model of thrust-fault propagation. Geology 15:630–633.Google Scholar

Elfgren, L. (editor) (1989). Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures. Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar

Elliott, D. (1976). The energy balance and deformation mechanism of thrust sheets. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London A, 283: 289–312.Google Scholar

Elliott, S. J., Eichhubl, P. and Landry, C. J. (2014). Effects of coupled structural and diagenetic processes on deformation localization and fluid flow properties in sandstone reservoirs of the southwestern United States (abstract). Eos (Trans. AGU), MR23A–4336.Google Scholar

Ellis, S., Schreurs, G. and Panien, M. (2004). Comparisons between analogue and numerical models of thrust wedge development. J. Struct. Geol. 26:1659–1675.Google Scholar

Ellsworth, W. L. (2013). Injection-induced earthquakes. Science, 341, no. 6142; doi:10.1126/science.1225942.Google Scholar

Elmo, D., Rogers, S., Stead, D. and Eberhardt, E. (2014). Discrete Fracture Network approach to characterise rock mass fragmentation and implications for geomechanical upscaling. Mining Technol. 123:149–161.Google Scholar

Elyasi, A. and Goshtasbi, K. (2016). Using different failure criteria in wellbore stability analysis. Geomech. Energy Environ. 2:15–21.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (1974). Cataclasis and the generation of fault gouge. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85:1515–1522.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (1985). Loading paths to joint propagation during a tectonic cycle: an example from the Appalachian Plateau, USA. J. Struct. Geol. 7:459–476.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (1987). Joints and shear fractures in rock. In Fracture Mechanics of Rock (ed. Atkinson, B. K.), pp. 27–69, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (1989). The analysis of pinnate joints in the Mount Desert Island Granite: Implications for post-intrusion kinematics in the coastal volcanic belt, Maine. Geology 17:564–567.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (1993). Stress Regimes in the Lithosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (1994). Deviatoric stressitis: A virus infecting the Earth science community. Eos (Trans. Am. Geophys. Un.) 75:209–212.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (1999). Transitional-tensile fracture propagation: A status report. J. Struct. Geol. 21:1049–1055.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. (2007). Propagation velocity of joints: a debate over stable vs. unstable growth of cracks in the Earth. In Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics V (eds. Quinn, G. D., Varner, J. R. and Wightman, M.), pp. 500–525, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH.Google Scholar

Engelder, T. and Fischer, M. P. (1996). Loading configurations and driving mechanisms for joints based on the Griffith energy-balance concept. Tectonophysics 256:253–277.Google Scholar