Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T20:33:06.613Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Introduction

Freed Persons in the Roman World: Status, Diversity, and Representation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Sinclair W. Bell
Affiliation:
Northern Illinois University
Dorian Borbonus
Affiliation:
University of Dayton, Ohio
Rose MacLean
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Barbara
Get access

Summary

This introductory chapter places the volume within its wider academic context through discussion of its method, background, and content. First, the chapter frames the debates that gave rise to the collection and sets out the central research questions that the chapters address. Second, it summarizes the current state of the literature, including a discussion of how similar lines of inquiry have developed in different disciplines (archaeology, legal history, epigraphy, and ancient history). Third, it discusses the contents and significant conclusions of the volume by summarizing the chapters and then by highlighting the major commonalities between them. Fourth, it outlines the volume’s unique contributions to the debate and sketches avenues for future research.

Type
Chapter
Information
Freed Persons in the Roman World
Status, Diversity, and Representation
, pp. 1 - 29
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amiri, B. 2016. Esclaves et affranchis des Germanies: Mémoire en fragments: étude des inscriptions monumentales. Stuttgart.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backe-Dahmen, A. 2007. “Kinderdarstellungen in der stadtrömischen Grabkunst der Freigelassenen in iulisch-claudischer Zeit.” In Creating Identities. Die Funktion von Grabmalen und öffentlichen Denkmälern in Gruppenbildungsprozessen. Internationale Fachtagung vom 30. Oktober–2. November 2003, ed. Neumann, W., 3545. Kassel.Google Scholar
Benton, J. 2020. The Bread Makers: The Social and Professional Lives of Bakers in the Western Roman World. Cham.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binsfeld, A., and Ghetta, M., eds. 2019. Ubi servi erant? Die Ikonographie von Sklaven und Freigelassenen in der römischen Kunst, Forschungen zur antiken Sklaverei 43. Stuttgart.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, S. E. 2016. Trade and Taboo: Disreputable Professions in the Roman Mediterranean. Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borbonus, D. 2014. Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borg, B. E. 2019. Roman Tombs and the Art of Commemoration: Contextual Approaches to Funerary Customs in the Second Century CE. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boschung, D. 1987. Antike Grabaltäre aus den Nekropolen Roms. Bern.Google Scholar
Bradley, J. W. 2018. The Hypogeum of the Aurelii: A New Interpretation as the Collegiate Tomb of Professional scribae. Oxford.Google Scholar
Broekaert, W. 2016. “Freedmen and Agency in Roman Business.” In Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Roman World, ed. Wilson, A. and Flohr, M., 222–53. Oxford.Google Scholar
Brown, V. 2009. “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery.” AHR 114.5: 1231–49doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.5.1231.Google Scholar
Champlin, E. 1991. Final Judgments: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills, 200 B.C.–A.D. 250. Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, A. A. 2001. The Melancholy of Race: Psychoanalysis, Assimilation, and Hidden Grief. Oxford.Google Scholar
Coles, A. 2017. “Between Patronage and Prejudice: Freedman Magistrates in the Late Republic and Empire.” TAPA 147.1:179208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courrier, C., and Magalhães de Oliveira, J. C., eds. 2022. Ancient History From Below: Subaltern Experiences and Actions in Context. London.Google Scholar
D’Ambra, E., and Métraux, G. P. R.. 2006. “Introduction.” In The Art of Citizens, Soldiers and Freedmen in the Roman World, ed. D’Ambra, E. and Métraux, G. P. R., viiixviii. Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dal Lago, E., and Katsari, C., eds. 2008. Slave Systems: Ancient and Modern. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daoust, A. B. 2019. “Philonicus Demetriusque: Craft Specialization in the Funerary Relief of Two Freedmen.” Mouseion (Canada) 16: 227–48.Google Scholar
D’Arms, J. H. 1984. Review of Libertus: Recherches sur les rapports patron–affranchi à la fin de la république romaine by G. Fabre. CP 79.2: 170–74.Google Scholar
Dench, E. 2005. Romulus’ Asylum: Roman Identities From the Age of Alexander to the Age of Hadrian. Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derbew, S. F. 2022. Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dexheimer, D. 2001. “Portrait Figures on Funerary Altars of Roman liberti in Northern Italy: Romanization or the Assimilation of Attributes Characterizing Higher Social Strata?” In Burial, Society, and Context in the Roman World, ed. Pearce, J., Millett, M., and Struck, M., 7884. Oxford.Google Scholar
Duthoy, R. 1978. “Les *Augustales.” Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2.16.2: 1254–309.Google Scholar
Fabre, G. 1981. Libertus: Recherches sur les rapports patron–affranchi à la fin de la république romaine. Rome.Google Scholar
Fields, B. J., and Fields, K. E.. 2014. Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life, repr. New York.Google Scholar
Foreman, G. P. et al. 2021. “Writing About Slavery/Teaching About Slavery: This Might Help.” Community-sourced document. Accessed June 27, 2023, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A4TEdDgYslX-hlKezLodMIM71My3KTN0zxRv0IQTOQs/mobilebasic?urp=gmail_link.Google Scholar
Futo Kennedy, R. 2020. “Race and the Athenian Metic: Modeling an Approach to Race in Antiquity.” Accessed June 27, 2023, https://rfkclassics.blogspot.com/2020/12/race-and-athenian-metic-modeling.html.Google Scholar
Galvão-Sobrinho, C. 2012. “Feasting the Dead Together: Household Burials and the Social Strategies of Slaves and Freed Persons in the Early Principate.” In Free at Last! The Impact of Freed Slaves on the Roman Empire, ed. Bell, S. and Ramsby, T., 130–76. London.Google Scholar
Gardner, J. F. 1993. Being a Roman Citizen. New York.Google Scholar
Gardner, J. F. 1997. “Legal Stumbling-Blocks for Lower-Class Families in Rome.” In The Roman Family in Italy: Status, Sentiment, Space, ed. Rawson, B. and Weaver, R. P. C., 3553. Canberra.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, M. 2006. “Social Identity and the Dignity of Work in Freedmen’s Reliefs.” In The Art of Citizens, Soldiers and Freedmen in the Roman World, ed. D’Ambra, E. and Métraux, G. P. R., 1929. Oxford.Google Scholar
George, M. 2007. Review of The Freedman in Roman Art and Art History by Petersen, L. H.. JRS 97: 346–47.Google Scholar
Gordon-Reed, A. 2020. “Rebellious History.” New York Review of Books 67: 48.Google Scholar
Haley, S. P. 2009. “Be Not Afraid of the Dark: Critical Race Theory and Classical Studies.” In Prejudice and Christian Beginnings: Investigating Race, Gender and Ethnicity in Early Christian Studies, ed. Nasrallah, L. and Schüssler Fiorenza, E., 2750. Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Hall, S., ed. 2013. Representation, 2nd ed. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Harper, K. 2011. Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrill, J. A. 2011. Review of The Freedman in the Roman World by Mouritsen, H.. AHB Online Reviews 1: 9194. https://ancienthistorybulletin.org/online-reviews-vol-1/.Google Scholar
Hernández Guerra, L. 2013. Los libertos de la Hispania romana: situación jurídica, promoción social y modos de vida. Salamanca.Google Scholar
Hirt, M. 2018. “In Search of Junian Latins.” Historia 67.3: 288312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölscher, T. 2018. Visual Power in Ancient Greece and Rome: Between Art and Social Reality. Oakland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huemoeller, K. P. D. 2019. Review of Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values by R. MacLean and Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy by Richlin, A.. JRS 109: 380–82.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. 2004. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaac, B. 2009. “Racism: A Rationalization of Prejudice in Greece and Rome.” In The Origins of Racism in the West, ed. Eliav-Feldon, M., Isaac, B., and Ziegler, J., 3256. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Joshel, S. R. 1992. Work, Identity, and Legal Status at Rome: A Study of the Occupational Inscriptions. Norman, OK.Google Scholar
Joshel, S. R. 2010. Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Joshel, S. R. 2011. “Slavery in Roman Literary Culture.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume I: The Ancient Mediterranean World, ed. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P., 214–40. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Joshel, S. R., and Petersen, L. H.. 2014. The Material Life of Roman Slaves. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamen, D. 2023. Greek Slavery. Trends in Classics – Key Perspectives on Classical Research 4. Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellum, B. 2011. Review of The Freedman in Roman Art and Art History by L. H. Petersen. CAA Reviews (April 2, 2020). doi: 10.3202/caa.reviews.2011.48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleijwegt, M. 2012. “Deciphering Freedwomen in the Roman Empire.” In Free at Last! The Impact of Freed Slaves on the Roman Empire, ed. Bell, S. and Ramsby, T., 110–29. London.Google Scholar
Kleiner, D. E. E. 1987. Roman Imperial Funerary Altars with Portraits. Rome.Google Scholar
Knapp, R. 2011. Invisible Romans. Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kropp, A. 2008. Defixiones. Ein aktuelles Corpus lateinischer Fluchtafeln. Speyer.Google Scholar
La Rocca, E. 2010. “Art and Representation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies, ed. Barchiesi, A. and Scheidel, W., 309–48. Oxford.Google Scholar
Lazzaro, L. 1993. Esclaves et affranchis en Belgique et Germanies romaines d’après les sources épigraphiques. Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López Barja de Quiroga, P. 1998. “Junian Latins: Status and Numbers.” Athenaeum 86: 133–63.Google Scholar
López Barja de Quiroga, P. 2010. “Empire Sociology: Italian Freedmen, From Success to Oblivion.” Historia 59.3: 321–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, K. 2019. “Zu den Gruppenporträts auf stadtrömischen Kastengrabreliefs der späten Republik.” In Porträts als Massenphänomen, ed. Boschung, D. and Queyrel, F., 229–56. Munich.Google Scholar
MacLean, R. 2018. Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, R. 2021. “Manumission, Citizenship, and Inheritance: Epigraphic Evidence from the Danube.” In Roman and Local Citizenship in the Long Second Century CE, ed. Lavan, M. and Ando, C., 140–64. Oxford.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. 1982. “The Epigraphic Habit in the Roman Empire.” AJP 103.3: 233–46.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2008. “Comparative Advantages: Roman Slavery and Imperialism.” Archaeological Dialogues 15.2: 135–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoskey, D. E. 2012. Race. Antiquity and Its Legacy. Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoskey, D. E. ed. 2022. A Cultural History of Race, Vol. 1: Antiquity. London.Google Scholar
McInerney, J. 2019. “Interpreting Funerary Inscriptions from the City of Rome.” JAH 7.1: 156206.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. 2004. Legitimacy and Law in the Roman World: Tabulae in Roman Belief and Practice. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mihailescu-Bîrliba, L. 2006. Les affranchis dans les provinces romaines de l’Illyricum. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Morley, N. 2012. Review of The Freedman in the Roman World by H. Mouritsen. CR 62.2: 591–93.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2004. Freedmen and Freeborn in the Necropolis of Imperial Ostia.” ZPE 150: 281304.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2005. “Freedmen and Decurions: Epitaphs and Social History in Imperial Italy.” JRS 95: 3863.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2011a. The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2011b. “The Families of Roman Slaves and Freedmen.” In A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds, ed. Rawson, B., 130–44. Malden, MA.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2013. “Slavery and Manumission in the Roman Elite: A Study of the Columbaria of the Volusii and the Statilii.” In Roman Slavery and Roman Material Culture, ed. George, M., 4368. Toronto.Google Scholar
Murray, J. 2022. “Race and Sexuality: Racecraft in the Odyssey.” In A Cultural History of Race, Vol. 1: Antiquity, ed. McCoskey, D. E., 137–56. London.Google Scholar
Omi, M. and Winant, H.. 2014. Racial Formation in the United States, 3rd ed. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owens, W. M. 2020. The Representation of Slavery in the Greek Novel: Resistance and Appropriation. London.Google Scholar
Padilla Peralta, D. 2022. “Anti-Race and Anti-Racism: The Whiteness of the Classical Imagination.” In A Cultural History of Race, Vol. 1: Antiquity, ed. McCoskey, D. E., 157–71. London.Google Scholar
Pandey, N. 2020. “The Roman Roots of Racial Capitalism.” The Berlin Journal 34: 1620.Google Scholar
Pavis d’Escurac, H. 1981. “Affranchis et citoyenneté: Les effets juridiques de l’affranchissement sous le Haut-Empire.” Ktema 6: 181–92.Google Scholar
Perry, M. J. 2014. Gender, Manumission, and the Roman Freedwoman. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Petersen, L. H. 2006. The Freedman in Roman Art and Art History. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rawson, B. 1966. “Family Life Among the Lower Classes at Rome in the First Two Centuries of the Empire.” CP 61.2: 7183.Google Scholar
Roth, U. 2010. “Peculium, Freedom, Citizenship: Golden Triangle or Vicious Circle? An Act in Two Parts.” In By the Sweat of Your Brow: Roman Slavery in Its Socio-economic Setting, ed. Roth, U., 81120. London.Google Scholar
Roth, U. 2021. “Speaking Out? Child Sexual Abuse and the Enslaved Voice in the Cena Trimalchionis.” In Slavery and Sexuality in Classical Antiquity, ed. Marshall, C. W. and Kamen, D., 211–38. Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Scalco, L. 2016. “Donne di casa: Ritratti di liberte e patroni sui monumenti funerari romani.” Anales de Arqueología Cordobesa 27: 215–38.Google Scholar
Sinn, F. 1987. Stadtrömische Marmorurnen. Mainz.Google Scholar
Sirks, A. J. B. 1983. “The lex Junia and the Effects of Informal Manumission and Iteration.” Revue internationale des droits de l’antiquité 30: 211–92.Google Scholar
Stewart, P. 2008. The Social History of Roman Art. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stirling, L. 2008. Review of The Freedman in Roman Art and Art History by Petersen, L. H.. Phoenix 62: 420–22.Google Scholar
Summers, D. 1996. “Representation.” In Critical Terms for Art History, ed. Nelson, R. S. and Shiff, R., 316. Chicago.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. R. 1961. “Freedmen and Freeborn in the Epitaphs of Imperial Rome.” AJP 82: 113–32.Google Scholar
Tran, N. 2006. Les membres des associations romaines: Le rang social des collegiati en Italie et en Gaules sous le Haut-Empire. Rome.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tran, N. 2013. “The Work Statuses of Slaves and Freedmen in the Great Ports of the Roman World (First Century BCE-Second Century CE).” trans. E. Rundell. Annales (HSS) 68.4: 9991025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treggiari, S. 1975. “Family Life Among the Staff of the Volusii.” TAPA 105: 393401.Google Scholar
Treggiari, S. 1983. Review of Libertus: Recherches sur les rapports patron–affranchi à la fin de la république romaine by Fabre, G.. CW 76.3: 184.Google Scholar
Vlassopoulos, K. 2018. “Marxism and Ancient History.” In How to Do Things with History: New Approaches to Ancient Greece, ed. Allen, D., Christesen, P., and Millett, P., 209–36. Oxford.Google Scholar
Vlassopoulos, K. 2021. Historicising Ancient Slavery. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
von den Hoff, R. 2019. Einführung in die klassische Archäologie. Munich.Google Scholar
Weaver, P. R. C. 1972. Familia Caesaris: A Social Study of the Emperor’s Freedmen and Slaves. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, P. R. C. 1986. “The Status of Children in Mixed Marriages.” In The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives, ed. Rawson, B., 145–69. Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Weaver, P. R. C. 1991. “Children of Freedmen (and Freedwomen).” In Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome, ed. Rawson, B., 166–90. Canberra.Google Scholar
Weaver, P. R. C. 1997. “Children of Junian Latins.” In The Roman Family in Italy: Status, Sentiment, Space, ed. Rawson, B. and Weaver, P., 5572. Oxford, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. 2008. “Less Beloved: Roman Archaeology, Slavery and the Failure to Compare.” Archaeological Dialogues 15.2: 103–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrede, H. 1981. Consecratio in formam deorum: vergöttlichte Privatpersonen in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Mainz.Google Scholar
Zanker, P. 1975. “Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener.” JdI 90: 267315.Google Scholar
Zelnick-Abramovitz, R. 2005. Not Wholly Free: The Concept of Manumission and the Status of Manumitted Slaves in the Ancient Greek World. Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×