Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 November 2024
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Free Internet Access as a Human Right , pp. 337 - 366Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
A4AI. 2017. Affordability Report 2017. Available at https://a4ai.org/research/affordability-report-2017/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2018. Closing the Investment Gap: How Multilateral Development Banks Can Contribute to Digital Inclusion. Available at https://a4ai.org/news/closing-the-investment-gap-the-critical-role-of-development-banks-to-advance-digital-inclusion/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2019. Affordability Report 2019. Available at https://a4ai.org/research/affordability-report/affordability-report-2019/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2020a. Affordability Report 2020. Available at https://a4ai.org/research/affordability-report-2020/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2020b. Meaningful Connectivity. A New Target to Raise the Bar for Internet Access. Available at https://a4ai.org/meaningful-connectivity/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2020c. Lowering Prices for Marginalised Users. Available at https://a4ai.org/research/lowering-prices-for-marginalised-users/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2020d. Eliminating Luxury Taxation on ICT Essentials. Available at https://a4ai.org/research/eliminating-luxury-taxation-on-ict-essentials/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2021a. Affordability Report 2021. Available at https://a4ai.org/research/affordability-report/affordability-report-2021/.Google Scholar
A4AI. 2021b. A Policy Guide: Toward Meaningful Connectivity. Available at https://a4ai.org/meaningful-connectivity/.Google Scholar
Allcott, Hunt, Gentzkow, Matthew. 2017. ‘Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election,’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(2): 211–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany. 2016. ‘The Man Who Nailed Jello to the Wall,’ Foreign Policy. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/29/the-man-who-nailed-jello-to-the-wall-lu-wei-china-internet-czar-learns-how-to-tame-the-web/.Google Scholar
Altay, Sacha, Hacquin, Anne-Sophie, Mercier, Hugo. 2022. ‘Why Do So Few People Share Fake News? It Hurts Their Reputation,’ New Media & Society 24(6): 1303–1324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alyukov, Maxim. 2022. ‘Propaganda, Authoritarianism and Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,’ Nature Human Behaviour 6: 763–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, Elisabeth. 2021. ‘Epistemic Bubbles and Authoritarian Politics’ in Edenberg, Elizabeth, Hannon, Michael (eds.), Political Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 11–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antara. 2021. BTS Development in 3T Areas Prioritises Sustainable Energy: BAKTI. Available at https://en.antaranews.com/news/203305/bts-development-in-3t-areas-prioritizes-sustainable-energy-bakti.Google Scholar
APT. 2023. ATP Report on Best Practice of Connectivity – Village Broadband Internet Project (Net Pracharat) of Thailand. Available at www.apt.int/Publications.Google Scholar
Arguedas, Amy Ross, Robertson, Craig T., Fletcher, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus K.. 2022. ‘Echo Chambers, Filter Bubbles, and Polarisation: A Literature Review,’ Reuters Institute at the University of Oxford. Available at https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-01/Echo_Chambers_Filter_Bubbles_and_Polarisation_A_Literature_Review.pdf.Google Scholar
Article 19. 2017. Germany: The Act to Improve Enforcement of the Law in Social Networks. Available at www.article19.org/resources/germany-act-improve-enforcement-law-social-networks-undermines-free-expression/.Google Scholar
Article 19. 2021. Watching the Watchmen. How to Regulate Content Moderation While Protecting Freedom of Expression. Available at www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Watching-the-watchmen-UPDATE-Jan2023-P04.pdf.Google Scholar
Augner, Christoph, Vlasak, Thomas, Barth, Alfred. 2023. ‘The Relationship between Problematic Internet Use and Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity: A Meta-Analysis,’ Journal of Psychiatric Research 168: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Australian Communications and Media Authority. 2022. The Regional Broadband Scheme. Available at www.acma.gov.au/regional-broadband-scheme.Google Scholar
Australian Government. 2021. Universal Service Guarantee (USG) – 3 September 2021. Available at www.infrastructure.gov.au/department/media/publications/universal-service-guarantee-usg-3-september-2021.Google Scholar
Aytac, Ugur. 2024. ‘Digital Domination: Social Media and Contestatory Democracy,’ Political Studies 72(1): 6–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aytac, Ugur. 2024. ‘Big Tech, Algorithmic Power, and Democratic Control,’ Journal of Politics: 1–37.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack M. 2020. ‘The Fiduciary Model of Privacy,’ Harvard Law Review Forum 134(1): 11–33.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack M. 2021. ‘How to Regulate (and Not to Regulate) Social Media,’ Journal of Free Speech Law 1(1): 71–96.Google Scholar
Bamford, Roxanna, Hutchinson, Georgina, Macon-Cooney, Benedict. 2021. The Progressive Case for Universal Internet Access: How to Close the Digital Divide by 2030 (London: Tony Blair Institute for Global Change).Google Scholar
Barthel, Michael, Mitchell, Amy, Holcomb, Jesse. 2016. ‘Many Americans Believe Fake News Is Sowing Confusion,’ Pew Research Center. Available at www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2016/12/15/many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion/.Google Scholar
Bastick, Zach. 2017. ‘Digital Limits of Government: The Failure of E-Democracy’ in Paulin, Alois A., Leonidas G. Anthopoulos, Christopher G. Reddick (eds.), Beyond Bureaucracy. Towards Sustainable Governance Informatisation (Cham: Springer): 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Johannes M., Obar, Jonathan A.. 2014. ‘Reconciling Political and Economic Goals in the Net Neutrality Debate,’ The Information Society 30(1): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauerly, Brittney Crock, McCord, Russell F., Hulkower, Rachel, Pepin, Dawn. 2019. ‘Broadband Access as a Public Health Issue: The Role of Law in Expanding Broadband Access and Connecting Underserved Communities for Better Health Outcomes,’ Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47(2): 39–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC News. 2017. Cambridge University Press Reverses China Censorship Move. Available at www.bbc.com/news/business-40998129.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2019. General Election 2019: Labour Pledges Free Broadband for All. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50427369.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2020. NSA Surveillance Exposed by Snowden Ruled Unlawful. Available at www.bbc.com/news/technology-54013527.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2022. Google to Pay Record $391m Privacy Settlement. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-63635380.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2023. What Is the Emergency Alert System and When Will We Get Messages? Available at www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/65026368.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, Zach. 2019. ‘Social Media Is Rotting Democracy from Within,’ Vox. Available at www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/22/18177076/social-media-facebook-far-right-authoritarian-populism.Google Scholar
Beitz, Charles. 2009. The Idea of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belli, Luca, De Filippi, Primavera. 2016. ‘General Introduction: Toward a Multistakeholder Approach to Net Neutrality’ in Belli, Luca, De Filippi, Primavera (eds.), Net Neutrality Compendium. Human Rights, Free Competition and the Future of the Internet (Cham: Springer): 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belli, Luca. 2016. ‘End-to-End, Net Neutrality and Human Rights’ in Belli, Luca, De Filippi, Primavera (eds.), Net Neutrality Compendium. Human Rights, Free Competition and the Future of the Internet (Cham: Springer): 13–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benda, Natalie, Veinot, Tiffany, Sieck, Cynthia, Ancker, Jessica. 2020. ‘Broadband Internet Access Is a Social Determinant of Health!’ American Journal of Public Health 110(8): 1123–1125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benkler, Yochai, Faris, Robert, Roberts, Hal. 2018. Networked Propaganda. Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benkler, Yochai, Tilton, Casey, Etling, Bruce, Roberts, Hal, Clark, Justin, Faris, Robert, Kaiser, Jonas, Schmitt, Carolyn. 2020. ‘Mail-In Voter Fraud: Anatomy of a Disinformation Campaign,’ Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society: Research Publication No. 2020-6. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3703701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennhold, Katrin. 2018. ‘Germany Acts to Tame Facebook, Learning from Its Own History,’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/technology/facebook-deletion-center-germany.html.Google Scholar
Benson, Rodney, Powers, Matthew, Neff, Timothy. 2017. ‘Public Media Autonomy and Accountability: Best and Worst Policy Practice in 12 Leading Democracies,’ International Journal of Communications 11: 1–22.Google Scholar
BEREC. 2012. Summary on BEREC Positions on Net Neutrality. Available at www.berec.europa.eu/en/document-categories/berec/opinions/summary-of-berec-positions-on-net-neutrality.Google Scholar
Bergin, Julia, Lim, Louisa, Nyein, Nyein, Nachemson, Andrew. 2022. ‘Flicking the Kill Switch: Government Embrace Internet Shutdowns as a Form of Control,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/aug/29/flicking-the-kill-switch-governments-embrace-internet-shutdowns-as-a-form-of-control.Google Scholar
Bergin, Julia, Lim, Louisa. 2022. ‘When Internet Shutdowns Spill over Borders,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/aug/29/when-internet-shutdowns-spill-over-borders.Google Scholar
Bervell, Brandford, Al-Samarraie, Hosam. 2019. ‘A Comparative Review of Mobile Health and Electronic Health Utilization in Sub-Saharan African Countries,’ Social Science & Medicine 232: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhagwat, Ashutosh. 2021. ‘Do Platforms have Editorial Rights?’ Journal of Free Speech Law 1(1): 97–138.Google Scholar
Bhat, Irfan Ahmad, Hafeez, Imran, Zargar, Muzaffar, Shamas, Nasir, Jalali, Afaq. 2020. ‘Managing STEMI & Other Time Sensitive Cardiac Emergencies by Using Smart Phones – A Study Utilizing Social Media As Tool to Integrate Local Health Network in Remote Areas of India – Save Heart Initiative,’ European Heart Journal 41(2): ehaa946.3475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bibby, Jo, Leavey, Cara. 2020. ‘Learning from Lockdown. How Can We Build a Healthier Future Post-COVID-19?’ The Health Foundation. Available www.health.org.uk/publications/long-reads/learning-from-lockdown.Google Scholar
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 2023. Global Libraries. Available at https://billgatefoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Global-Libraries.html.Google Scholar
Birchall, Clare, Knight, Peter. 2022. ‘Do Your Own Research: Conspiracy Theories and the Internet,’ Social Research 89(3): 579–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BKA. 2023. Cybercrime. Available at www.bka.de/EN/OurTasks/AreasOfCrime/Cybercrime/cybercrime_node.html.Google Scholar
Blackwood-Brown, Carlene, Levy, Yair, D’Arcy, John. 2021. ‘Cybersecurity Awareness and Skills of Senior Citizens: A Motivation Perspective,’ Journal of Computer Information Systems 61(3): 195–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BMBF. 2021. Initiative Digitale Bildung. Available at www.bildung-forschung.digital/digitalezukunft/de/bildung/initiative-digitale-bildung/initiative-digitale-bildung.html.Google Scholar
BMBWF. 2023. Digitale Grundausbilding. Available at www.bmbwf.gv.at/Themen/schule/zrp/dibi/dgb.html.Google Scholar
Boeing, Geoff. 2020. ‘Online Rental Housing Market Representation and the Digital Reproduction of Urban Inequality,’ Economy and Space 52(2): 449–468.Google Scholar
Bonetti, Stefano. 2022. ‘Could Video Streaming be as Bad for the Climate as Driving a Car? Calculating Internet’s Hidden Carbon Footprint,’ The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/could-video-streaming-be-as-bad-for-the-climate-as-driving-a-car-calculating-internets-hidden-carbon-footprint-194558.Google Scholar
Booth, Robert. 2023. ‘Automated UK Welfare System Needs More Human Contact, Ministers Warned,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/society/2023/may/22/automated-uk-welfare-system-needs-more-human-contact-ministers-warned.Google Scholar
Bos, Linda, Kruikemeier, Sanne, de Vreese, Claes. 2016. ‘Nation Binding. How Public Service Broadcast Mitigates Political Selective Exposure,’ PLoS One 11(5): e0155112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boxell, Levi, Gentzkow, Matthew, Shapiro, Jesse M.. 2017. ‘Is the Internet Causing Political Polarization? Evidence from Demographics,’ National Bureau of Economic Research: Working Paper 23258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braumüller, Heike. 2018. ‘The Little We Know: An Exploration Literature Review on the Utility of Mobile Phone-Enabled Services for Smallholder Farmers,’ Journal of International Development 30(1): 134–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brecht, Bertolt. (2003). ‘The Radio as an Apparatus of Communication’ in Everett, Anna and Caldwell, John T. (eds.), New Media: Theories and Practices of Digitextuality (New York: Routledge): 29–32.Google Scholar
Broadband Commission. 2017. Digital Health: A Call for Government Leadership and Cooperation between ICT and Health. Available at https://broadbandcommission.org/publication/digital-health/.Google Scholar
Broadband Commission. 2019. Connecting Africa through Broadband. A Strategy for Doubling Connectivity by 2021 and Reaching Universal Access by 2030. Available at www.broadbandcommission.org/publication/connecting-africa-through-broadband/.Google Scholar
Broadband Commission. 2020. The State of Broadband: Tackling Digital Inequalities: A Decade for Action. Available at https://broadbandcommission.org/publication/the-state-of-broadband-2020/.Google Scholar
Broadband Commission. 2021a. The State of Broadband: People-Centred Approaches for Universal Broadband. Available at https://broadbandcommission.org/publication/state-of-broadband-2021/.Google Scholar
Broadband Commission. 2021b. 21st Century Financing Models for Bridging Broadband Connectivity Gaps. Available at https://broadbandcommission.org/publication/21st-century-financing-models/.Google Scholar
Broadband Commission. 2022. 2025 Broadband Advocacy Targets/Target 2: Make Broadband Affordable. Available at www.broadbandcommission.org/advocacy-targets/2-affordability/.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 2013. The Heart of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundesagentur für Arbeit. 2021. Mehrbedarfe für digitale Endgeräte für den Schulunterricht. Available at www.arbeitsagentur.de/datei/weisung-202110004_ba147174.pdf.Google Scholar
Bundesnetzagentur. 2023. Internet und Telefon: Versorgung. Available at www.bundesnetzagentur.de/DE/Vportal/TK/InternetTelefon/Versorgung/start.html/.Google Scholar
Burnett, Sam, Feamster, Nick. 2013. ‘Making Sense of Internet Censorship: A New Frontier for Internet Measurement,’ ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 43(3): 84–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, Anthony. 2016. ‘“Happy Slaves?” The Adaptation Problem and Identity Politics in the Writings of Amartya Sen,’ International Journal of Social Economics 43(12): 1178–1193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika. 2017. ‘Protecting the Right to Freedom of Expression under the European Convention on Human Rights. A Handbook for Legal Practitioners,’ Council of Europe. Available at https://rm.coe.int/handbook-freedom-of-expression-eng/1680732814.Google Scholar
Calı, Başak. 2020. ‘The Case for Meaningful Access to the Internet as a Human Right in International Law’ in von Arnauld, Andreas, von der Decken, Kersin, Susi, Marti (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights: Recognition, Novelty, Rhetoric (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 276–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caney, Simon. 2005. Justice beyond Borders. A Global Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caney, Simon. 2010. ‘Climate Change, Human Rights, and Moral Thresholds’ in Gardiner, Stephen M., Caney, Simon, Jamieson, Dale, Shue, Henry (eds.), Climate Ethics: Essential Readings (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 163–177.Google Scholar
Caputi, Theodore L., Nobles, Alicia L., Ayers, John W.. 2019. ‘Internet Searches for Sexual Harassment and Assault, Reporting, and Training Since the #MeToo Movement,’ JAMA Internal Medicine 179(2): 258–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr Center. 2022. ‘Reimagining Rights and Responsibilities in the United States,’ Harvard University. Available at https://carrcenter.hks.harvard.edu/reimagining-rights-responsibilities-united-states.Google Scholar
Carter, Meg. 2014. ‘How Twitter May Have Helped Nigeria Contain Ebola,’ BMJ 349: g3946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casciani, Dominic. 2018. ‘Edward Snowden Surveillance Powers Ruled Unlawful,’ BBC. Available at www.bbc.com/news/uk-45510662.Google Scholar
Center for Countering Digital Hate. 2023. Belief in Conspiracy Theories Higher among Teenagers than Adults, as Majority of Americans Supports Social Media Reform, New Polling Finds. Available at https://counterhate.com/blog/belief-in-conspiracy-theories-higher-among-teenagers-than-adults-as-majority-of-americans-support-social-media-reform-new-polling-finds/.Google Scholar
Cerf, Vinton G. 2012. ‘Internet Access Is Not a Human Right,’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/opinion/internet-access-is-not-a-human-right.html.Google Scholar
CESCR. 1990. General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations. Available at https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCESCR%2FGEC%2F4758&Lang=en.Google Scholar
CESCR. 2000. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health. Available at https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2F2000%2F4&Lang=en.Google Scholar
Chang, Chun-Chih, Lin, Thung-Hong. 2020. ‘Autocracy Login: Internet Censorship and Civil Society in the Digital Age,’ Democratization 27(5): 874–895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Annie Y., Nyhan, Brendan, Reifler, Jason, Ronaldson, Ronald E., Wilson, Christo. 2023. ‘Subscriptions and External Links Help Drive Resentful Users to Alternative and Extremist YouTube Channels,’ Science Advances 9(35): eadd8080.Google ScholarPubMed
Christen, Markus, Gordjin, Bert, Loi, Michele (eds). 2020. The Ethics of Cybersecurity (Cham: Springer Open).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiano, Thomas. 2008. The Constitution of Equality: Democratic Authority and Its Limits (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiano, Thomas. 2011. ‘An Instrumental Argument for a Human Right to Democracy,’ Philosophy & Public Affairs 39(2): 142–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiano, Thomas. 2022. ‘Algorithms, Manipulation, and Democracy,’ Canadian Journal of Philosophy 52(1): 109–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cinelli, Matteo, Etta, Gabriela, Avalle, Michele, Quattrociocchi, Alessandro, Di Marco, Nicolo, Valensise, Carlo, Galeazzi, Alessandro, Quattrociocchi, Walter. 2022. ‘Conspiracy Theories and Social Media Platforms,’ Current Opinions in Psychology 47: 101407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Citizens Online. 2023. What We Do. Available at www.citizensonline.org.uk/what-we-do/.Google Scholar
City Bar Justice Center. 2020. Homeless Need Internet Access to Find a Home. Available at www.citybarjusticecenter.org/news/homeless-need-internet-access-to-find-a-home-the-city-bar-justice-center-documents-lack-of-technology-in-nyc-homeless-shelters/.Google Scholar
Clément, Dominique. 2018. ‘Human Rights or Social Justice? The Problem of Rights Inflation,’ International Journal of Human Rights 22(2): 155–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coeckelbergh, Mark. 2023. ‘Democracy, Epistemic Agency, and AI: Political Epistemology in Times of Artificial Intelligence,’ AI & Ethics 3: 1341–1350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, Eli, Corona-Vargas, Esther, Ford, Jessie V.. 2021. ‘Advancing Sexual Pleasure as a Fundamental Human Right and Essential for Sexual Health, Overall Health and Well-Being: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Sexual Pleasure,’ International Journal of Sexual Health 33(4):473–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comeig, Irene, Klaser, Klaudijo, Pinar, Lucía D.. 2022. ‘The Paradox of (Inter)Net Neutrality: An Experiment on Ex-Ante Antitrust Regulation,’ Technology Forecasting & Social Change 175: 121405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Confused.com. 2023. Data Usage Calculator. Available at www.confused.com/mobile-phones/mobile-data-calculator.Google Scholar
Council of Europe. 2018. Online Participation in Culture and Politics: Toward More Democratic Societies? Available at https://rm.coe.int/second-thematic-report-based-on-the-indicator-framework-on-culture-and/16808d2514.Google Scholar
Craft, Stephanie, Ashley, Seth, Maksl, Adam. 2017. ‘News Media Literacy and Conspiracy Theory Endorsement,’ Communication and the Public 2(4): 388–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, Roger (ed.). 2014. Griffin on Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CRTC. 2023. Broadband Fund: Closing the Digital Divide in Canada. Available at https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/internet/internet.htm.Google Scholar
Cruft, Rowan. 2024. ‘Is There a Human Right to Internet Access?’ in Véliz, Carissa (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Digital Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 63–82.Google Scholar
Custers, Bart. 2022. ‘New Digital Rights: Imagining Additional Fundamental Rights for the Digital Era,’ Computer Law & Security Review 44: 105636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D64. 2021. The Login Trap: Combating Hate Speech without Mass Surveillance. Available at https://d-64.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/D64-LoginTrap.pdf.Google Scholar
Dawson, Andrew, Innes, Martin. 2019. ‘How Russia’s Internet Research Agency Built Its Disinformation Campaigns,’ The Political Quarterly 90(2): 245–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Hert, Paul, Kloza, Dariusz. 2012. ‘Internet (Access) as a New Fundamental Right. Inflating the Current Rights Framework?’ European Journal of Law and Technology 3(3): 1–23.Google Scholar
De Schutter, Olivier. 2010. ‘The Emerging Human Right to Land,’ International Community Law Review 12(3): 303–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, Bouke. 2022. ‘Should Autists Have Cultural Rights?’ Human Rights Review 23(2): 205–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deibert, Ronald J. 2019. ‘The Road to Digital Unfreedom: Three Painful Truths about Social Media,’ Journal of Democracy 30(1): 25–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Xin, Xu, Dinge, Zeng, Miao, Qi, Yanbin. 2019. ‘Does Internet Use Help Reduce Rural Cropland Abandonment? Evidence from China,’ Land Use Policy 89: 104243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutscher Bundestag. 2020. Drucksache 19/22750. Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Ermittlung von Regelbedarfen und zur Änderung des Zwölften Buches Sozialgesetzbuch sowie des Asylbewerberleistungsgesetzes. Available at https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/227/1922750.pdf.Google Scholar
Digital Inclusion. 2023. About Us. Available at https://digital-inclusion.lu/about-us/.Google Scholar
Digital Watch. 2017. AFRINIC Rejects Proposal to Stop Allocating IP Addresses to Governments That Shut Down Internet Access. Available at https://dig.watch/updates/afrinic-rejects-proposal-stop-allocating-ip-addresses-governments-shut-down-internet-access.Google Scholar
DiResta, Renee, Shaffer, Kris, Ruppel, Becky, Sullivan, David, Matney, Robert. 2019. ‘The Tactics & Tropes of the Internet Research Agency,’ Congress of the United States. Available at https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/senatedocs/2/.Google Scholar
Douglas, Karen M., Uscinski, Joseph E., Sutton, Robbie M., Cichocka, Aleksandra, Nefes, Turkay, Siang Ang, Chee, Deravi, Farzin. 2019. ‘Understanding Conspiracy Theories,’ Political Psychology 40(1): 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, Karen M., Sutton, Robbie M.. 2023. ‘What Are Conspiracy Theories? A Definitional Approach to Their Correlates, Consequences, and Communication,’ Annual Review of Psychology 74: 271–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dragu, Tiberiu, Lupu, Yonatan. 2021. ‘Digital Authoritarianism and the Future of Human Rights,’ International Organization 75(4): 991–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutton, William H., Reisdorf, Bianca C., Blank, Grant, Dubois, Elizabeth, Laleah, Fernandez. 2019. ‘The Internet and Access to Information about Politics. Searching Through Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Disinformation’ in Graham, Mark, Dutton, William H. (eds.), Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication Are Changing our Lives (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 228–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutton, William H. 2023. The Fifth Estate: The Power Shift in the Digital Age (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dzopko, Ike. 2020. Parallel Wireless Partners GIFEC to Roll-Out of 2000 OpenRAN Sites Across Ghana. Available at http://dlvr.it/RVVdsj.Google Scholar
Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew. 2001. ‘The Internet and the Seattle WTO Protests,’ Peace Review 13(3): 331–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economides, Nicholas. 2016. ‘Economic Features of the Internet and Network Neutrality’ in Bramoullé, Yann, Galeotti, Andrea, Rogers, Brian W. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Economy of Networks (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 810–822.Google Scholar
EducationSuperHighway. 2021. No Home Left Offline: Bridging the Broadband Affordability Gap. Available at www.educationsuperhighway.org/no-home-left-offline/.Google Scholar
EIFL. 2023. Digital Skills and Inclusion Through Libraries in Uganda. Available at www.eifl.net/eifl-in-action/digital-skills-and-inclusion-through-libraries-uganda.Google Scholar
Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2015. 13 Principles on the Application of Human Rights in Communication Surveillance. Available at https://necessaryandproportionate.org/13-principles/.Google Scholar
Ellis-Petersen, Hannah. 2020. ‘Many Lives Have Been Lost: Five-Month Internet Blackout Plunges Kashmir into Crisis,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/05/the-personal-and-economic-cost-of-kashmirs-internet-ban.Google Scholar
Emmaüs Connect. 2023. Nous Pouvons Faire Reculer L’exclusion Numérique et Sociale. Available at https://emmaus-connect.org/.Google Scholar
Enders, Adam M., Uscinski, Joseph E., Seelig, Michelle I., Klofstad, Casey A., Wuchty, Stefan, Funchion, John R., Murthi, Manohar N., Premaratne, Kamal, Stoler, Justin. 2023. ‘The Relationship between Social Media Use and Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories and Misinformation,’ Political Behavior 45(2): 781–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ermoshina, Ksenia, Loveluck, Benjamin, Musiani, Francesca. 2022. ‘A Market of Black Boxes: The Economy of Internet Surveillance and Censorship in Russia,’ Journal of Information Technology & Politics 19(1): 18–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EU Parliament. 2022. ‘Committee of Inquiry to Investigate the Use of Pegasus and Equivalent Surveillance Spyware.’ Available at https://media.euobserver.com/281e6fa170b4673bc87da11181f30041.pdf.Google Scholar
EU Parliament. 2023. EU AI Act: First Regulation on Artificial Intelligence. Available at www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2017. G20 Leaders’ Declaration: Shaping an Interconnected World. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_17_1960.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2020a. Digital Education Action Plan 2021–2027. Available at https://education.ec.europa.eu/focus-topics/digital-education/action-plan.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2020b. Digital Education Action Plan – Action 7. Available at https://education.ec.europa.eu/focus-topics/digital-education/action-plan/action-7.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2021a. Broadband Coverage in Europe 2020. Executive Summary. Available at https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/broadband-coverage-europe-2020.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2021b. Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2021. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/80563.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2022a. Broadband Glossary. Available at https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/broadband-glossary.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2022b. Broadband: Investment Models. Available at https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/broadband-investment-models.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2023a. WiFi4EU. Available at https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/activities/wifi4eu.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2023b. Broadband in Finland. Available at https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/broadband-finland.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2023c. Questions and Answers: Digital Markets Act: Ensuring Fair and Open Digital Markets. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2349.Google Scholar
European Union. 2021. Sweden – National Digitalisation Strategy for the School System. Available at https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/actions/national-initiatives/national-strategies/sweden-national-digitalisation-strategy-school.Google Scholar
European Union. 2022. The Digital Markets Act. Available at https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/index_en.Google Scholar
Eurostat. 2023. Key Figures on European Living Conditions. 2023 Edition. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-hc-23-001.Google Scholar
Evans, Olaniyi. 2018. ‘Connecting the Poor: The Internet, Mobile Phones and Financial Inclusion in Africa,’ Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 20(6): 568–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fayoyin, Adebayo. 2016. ‘Engaging Social Media for Health Communication in Africa: Approaches, Results and Lessons,’ Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism 6(6): 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FCC. 2021. Fourteenth Broadband Development Report. Available at www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/broadband-progress-reports/fourteenth-broadband-deployment-report.Google Scholar
FCC. 2023a. Lifeline Program for Low-Income Consumers. Available at www.fcc.gov/general/lifeline-program-low-income-consumers.Google Scholar
FFC. 2024. The FCC Is Taking Steps to Wind Down the Affordable Connectivity Program. Available at www.fcc.gov/fcc-taking-steps-wind-down-affordable-connectivity-program.Google Scholar
Flusser, Vilem. 2022. Communicology: Mutations in Human Relations? (Redwood City: Stanford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Stacy. 2016. ‘An Equitable Education in the Digital Age: Providing Internet Access to Students of Poverty,’ Journal of Education & Social Policy 3(3): 12–20.Google Scholar
FRA. 2023. Central Reporting Unit for Criminal Content on the Internet. Available at https://fra.europa.eu/en/promising-practices/central-reporting-unit-criminal-content-internet.Google Scholar
Franck, Jens-Uwe, Peitz, Martin. 2019. ‘Market Definition and Market Power in the Platform Economy,’ Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE). Available at https://cerre.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/report_cerre_market_definition_market_power_platform_economy-1.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, Des. 2019. ‘“Public Service” and the Journalism Crisis: Is the BBC the Answer?’ Television & New Media 20(3): 203–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, Des. 2021. ‘Media Policy Failures and the Emergence of Right-Wing Populism’ in Tumber, Howard, Waisbord, Silvio (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism (London: Routledge): 411–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedom House. 2018. Freedom of the Net 2018: The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2019. Freedom of the Net 2019: The Crisis of Social Media. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2019/crisis-social-media.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2021. Freedom of the Net 2021: The Global Drive to Control Big Tech. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2021/global-drive-control-big-tech.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2022. Freedom of the Net 2022: Countering an Authoritarian Overhaul of the Internet. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2022/countering-authoritarian-overhaul-internet.Google Scholar
Freitag, Charlotte, Berners-Lee, Mike, Widdicks, Kelly, Knowles, Bran, Blair, Gordon S., Freitag, Adrian. 2021. ‘The Real Climate and Transformative Impact of ICT: A Critique of Estimates, Trends, and Regulations,’ Patterns 2(9): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Future.Now. 2023. The FutureDotNow Coalition. Available at https://futuredotnow.uk/about-us/.Google Scholar
Gartner. 2022. Press Release: Gartner Says Global Smartphone Sales Grew 6% in 2021. Available at www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2022-03-01-4q21-smartphone-market-share.Google Scholar
Gerken, Tom, McMahon, Liv. 2023. ‘TikTok fined €345m over Children’s Data Privacy,’ BBC. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-66819174.Google Scholar
Gershon, Ilana, Gonzales, Amy. 2021. ‘You Got a Hole in Your Belly and a Phone in Your Hand: How US Government Phone Subsidies Shape the Search for Employment,’ New Media & Society 23(4): 853–871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilabert, Pablo. 2024. ‘Inclusive Dignity,’ Politics, Philosophy & Economics 23(1): 22–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glaun, Dan. 2021. ‘Germany’s Laws on Hate Speech, Nazi Propaganda & Holocaust Denial: An Explainer,’ PBS. Available at www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/germanys-laws-antisemitic-hate-speech-nazi-propaganda-holocaust-denial/.Google Scholar
Good Things Foundation. 2020. Digital Inclusion in Health and Care. Available at www.goodthingsfoundation.org/research-publications/digital-inclusion-health-and-care-lessons-learned-nhs-widening-digital/.Google Scholar
Good Things Foundation. 2021a. National Device Bank. Available at www.goodthingsfoundation.org/national-device-bank/.Google Scholar
Good Things Foundation. 2021b. Future Digital Inclusion. Available at www.goodthingsfoundation.org/what-we-do/our-partnerships/digital-skills-safety/future-digital-inclusion/.Google Scholar
Government of Canada. 2022. Universal Broadband Fund. Available at https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/high-speed-internet-canada/en/universal-broadband-fund.Google Scholar
Government of Chile. 2023. BiblioRedes. Available at www.biblioredes.gob.cl/quienes-somos.Google Scholar
Government of the People of Rwanda. 2023. Digital Ambassadors Programme. Available at https://minict.prod.risa.rw/projects/digital-ambassadors-programme.Google Scholar
Graham, Mark. 2019. ‘The Internet at the Global Economic Margins’ in Graham, Mark, Dutton, William H., Castells, Manuel (eds.), Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication are Changing our Lives (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gran, Anne-Britt, Booth, Peter, Bucher, Tania. 2021. ‘To Be or Not to Be Algorithm Aware: A Question of a New Digital Divide?’ Information, Communication & Society 24(12): 1779–1796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenstein, Shane, Peitz, Martin, Valletti, Tommaso. 2016. ‘Net Neutrality: A Fast Lane to Understanding the Trade-Offs,’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 30(2): 127–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenstein, Shane. 2020. ‘The Basic Economics of Internet Infrastructure,’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 34(2): 192–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwald, Glenn. 2013. ‘XKeyscore: NSA Tool Collects “Nearly Everything a User Does on the Internet”,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-program-online-data.Google Scholar
Griffith, Sarah. 2020. ‘Why Your Internet Habits Are Not as Clean as You Think,’ BBC. Available at www.bbc.com/future/article/20200305-why-your-internet-habits-are-not-as-clean-as-you-think.Google Scholar
Grinberg, Nir, Joseph, Kenneth, Friedland, Lisa, Swire-Thompson, Briony, Lazer, David. 2019. ‘Fake News on Twitter during the 2016 US Presidential Election,’ Science 363(6425): 374–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GSMA. 2017. Accelerating Affordable Smartphone Ownership in Emerging Markets. Available at www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Accelerating-affordable-smartphone-ownership-in-emerging-markets-2017_we.pdf.Google Scholar
GSMA. 2020. Global Mobile Trends 2020. New Decade, New Industry? Available at https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/api-web/v2/research-file-download-old?file=c5f35990dcc742733028de6361ccdf3b&download.Google Scholar
GSMA. 2021. The State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2021. Available at https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/research/research/research-2021/the-state-of-mobile-internet-connectivity-2021.Google Scholar
GSMA. 2022. The Mobile Economy 2022. Available at https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/research/research/research-2022/the-mobile-economy-2022.Google Scholar
The Guardian. 2021. US Bans China Telecom Over National Security Concerns. Available at www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/oct/27/us-bans-china-telecom-from-operating-over-national-security-concerns.Google Scholar
The Guardian. 2022. White House Announces Internet Program for Low-Income Americans. Available at www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/09/biden-internet-discount-program-low-income.Google Scholar
Guess, Andrew, Nagler, Jonathan, Tucker, Joshua. 2019. ‘Less Than You Think: Prevalence and Predictors of Fake News Dissemination on Facebook,’ Science Advances 5(1): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HaDEA. 2020. WiFi4EU. Available at https://hadea.ec.europa.eu/programmes/connecting-europe-facility/wifi4eu_en.Google Scholar
Haidar, Ensaf. 2016. ‘The First 50 Lashes: A Saudi Activist’s Wife Endures Her Husband’s Brutal Sentence,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/raif-badawi-saudi-blogger-lashes-prison-ensaf-haidar.Google Scholar
Haidt, Jonathan. 2016. ‘Why Social Media Is Terrible for Multiethnic Democracies,’ Vox. Available at www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/15/13593670/donald-trump-social-media-culture-politics.Google Scholar
Hall, Rachel. 2023. ‘Stephen Bear Jailed for 21 Months for Sharing Sex Video without Consent,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/mar/03/stephen-bear-jailed-21-months-sharing-sex-video-without-consent-georgia-harrison.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James, Jay, John. 2008. The Federalist Papers (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Hampton, Keith N., Laleah Fernandez, Craig T. Robertson, Johannes M. Bauer. 2020. ‘Broadband and Student Performance Gaps,’ Quello Center at the Michigan State University. Available at https://quello.msu.edu/broadbandgap/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haq, Riaz. 2016. Smartphones for Pakistan’s Poor to Close Digital Divide. Available at www.riazhaq.com/2016/10/smartphones-for-pakistans-poor-to-close.html.Google Scholar
HarassMap. 2023. HarassMap. Stop Sexual Assault Together. Available at https://harassmap.org/en.Google Scholar
Hardill, Irene, O’Sullivan, Roger. 2018. ‘E-Government: Accessing Public Services Online: Implications for Citizenship,’ Local Economy 33(1): 3–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargittai, Eszter, Piper, Anne Marie, Morris, Meredith Ringel. 2019. ‘From Internet Access to Internet Skills: Digital Inequality among Older Adults,’ Universal Access in the Information Society 18(4): 881–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargittai, Eszter, Micheli, Marina. 2019. ‘Internet Skills and Why They Matter’ in Graham, Mark, Dutton, William H. (eds.), Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication are Changing our Lives (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 109–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harter, Fred. 2023. ‘Record Number of Countries Enforced Internet Shutdowns in 2022 – Report,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/28/internet-shutdowns-record-number-countries-2022-report.Google Scholar
Heiberger, Raphael, Majo-Vazquez, Silvia, Castro-Herrero, Laia, Nielsen, Rasmus K., Esser, Frank. 2022. ‘Do Not Blame the Media! The Role of Politicians and Parties in Fragmenting Online Political Debate,’ International Journal of Press/Politics 27(4): 910–941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennen, Leonhard. 2020. ‘E-Democracy and the European Public Sphere’ in Hennen, Leonhard, Keulen, Ira van, Korthagen, Iris, Aichholzer, Georg, Lindner, Ralf, Nielsen, Rasmus Øjvind (eds.), European E-Democracy in Practice (Cham: Springer Open): 47–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henschke, Adam. 2017. Ethics in an Age of Surveillance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henschke, Adam. 2018. ‘Are the Costs of Metadata Worth It? Conceptualising Proportionality and Its Relation to Metadata’ in Baldino, Daniel, Crawley, Rhys (eds.), Intelligence and the Function of Government (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press): 221–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinson, Robert, Lensink, Robert, Mueller, Annika. 2019. ‘Transforming Agribusiness in Developing Countries: SDGs and the Role of FinTech,’ Current Opinions in Environmental Sustainability 41: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjort, Jonas, Poulsen, Jonas. 2019. ‘The Arrival of Fast Internet and Employment in Africa,’ American Economic Review 109(3): 1032–1079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohfeld, Wesley. 1919. Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Juridical Reasoning (New Haven: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Holpuch, Amanda. 2023. ‘Woman Is Awarded $1.2 Billion in “Revenge Porn” Lawsuit,’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2023/08/15/us/houston-texas-revenge-porn.html.Google Scholar
Hopgood, Stephen. 2013. The Endtimes of Human Rights (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Hong, Yu, Goodnight, Thomas. 2020. ‘How to Think about Cyber Sovereignty: The Case of China,’ Chinese Journal of Communication 13(1): 8–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House of Lords. 2022. ‘Licence to Change: BBC Future Funding,’ UK Parliament House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. Available at https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/23091/documents/169130/default/.Google Scholar
House of Lords. 2023. ‘Digital Exclusion,’ UK House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. Available at https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/170/communications-and-digital-committee/news/196028/the-government-has-no-credible-strategy-to-tackle-digital-exclusion/.Google Scholar
Howard, Jeffery W. 2024. ‘Extreme Speech, Democratic Deliberation, and Social Media’ in Véliz, Carissa (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Digital Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 181–200.Google Scholar
IFLA. 2014. Sri Lankan E-Library Nenasala Program Receives International Access to Learning Award. Available at www.ifla.org/past-wlic/2014/ifla80/node/624.html.Google Scholar
India Telecom. 2022. PM-WANI Central Registry. Available at https://pmwani.gov.in/wani.Google Scholar
Indian Express. 2021. UP Government Launches Massive Drive to Distribute Free Tables, Smartphones to 1 Crore Students. Available at www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/25/up-government-launches-massive-drive-to-distribute-free-tablets-smartphones-to-1-crore-students-2399690.html.Google Scholar
Ingiyimbere, Fidèle. 2017. Domesticating Human Rights. A Reappraisal of Their Cultural-Political Critiques and Their Imperialist Use (Cham: Springer).Google Scholar
Internet Freedom Foundation. 2021. The PM-WANI Scheme: An Explainer. Available at https://internetfreedom.in/pm-wani-explainer/.Google Scholar
Isaac, Mike. 2016. Facebook Said to Create Censorship Tool to Get Back into China, New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/technology/facebook-censorship-tool-china.html.Google Scholar
ITU. 2018. Digital Skills Toolkit. Available at www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Digital-Inclusion/Youth-and-Children/Pages/Digital-Skills-Toolkit.aspx.Google Scholar
ITU. 2019. BTS for Rural, Remote and Border of Indonesia. Available at www.itu.int/net4/wsis/archive/stocktaking/Project/Details?projectId=1514829358.Google Scholar
ITU. 2020. Connecting Humanity: Assessing Investment Needs of Connecting Humanity to the Internet by 2030. Available at www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/PR16-2020-ITU-publishes-Connecting-Humanity-study.aspx.Google Scholar
ITU. 2021a. Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2021. Available at www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/facts-figures-2021/.Google Scholar
ITU. 2021b. Press Release: 2.9 Billion People Still Offline. Available at www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/PR-2021-11-29-FactsFigures.aspx.Google Scholar
ITU. 2021c. Policy Brief: The Affordability of ICT Services 2021. Available at http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/pub/81c276fe-en.Google Scholar
ITU. 2023a. Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2023. Available at www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/facts-figures-2023/.Google Scholar
ITU. 2023b. Digital Development Dashboard. Available at www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Dashboards/Pages/Digital-Development.aspx.Google Scholar
Jasmontaite, Lina, de Hert, Paul. 2019. ‘Access to the Internet in the EU: A Policy Priority, a Fundamental, a Human Right or a Concern for eGovernment?’ in Wagner, Ben, Kettemann, Matthias, Vieth, Kilian (eds.), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Digital Technology (Cheltenham: Elgar Publishing): 157–179.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, Rikke Frank. 2019. ‘When Private Actors Govern Human Rights’ in Wagner, Ben, Kettemann, Matthias C., Vieth, Kilian (eds.), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Digital Technology (Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar Publishing): 346–363.Google Scholar
Kalia, Heidi, Tarp, Finn. 2019. ‘Can the Internet Improve Agricultural Production? Evidence from Viet Nam,’ Agricultural Economics 50(6): 675–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalid, Saifuddin, Pedersen, Mette. 2016. ‘Digital Exclusion in Higher Education Contexts: A Systematic Literature Review,’ Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences 228: 614–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1785. ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’ in Mary Gregor (trans.), Practical Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996): 37–108.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1795. ‘Toward Perpetual Peace’ in Mary Gregor (trans.), Practical Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996): 311–351.Google Scholar
Kelion, Leo. 2020. ‘Huawei 5G Kit Must be Removed from UK by 2027,’ BBC News. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-53403793.Google Scholar
Kerala High Court. 2019. W.P(C). No. 19716/2019-L. Available at www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-364655.pdf.Google Scholar
Kettemann, Matthias. 2017. ‘Ensuring Cybersecurity through International Law,’ Revista Espanola de Derecho Internacional 69(2): 281–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Gary, Pan, Jennifer, Roberts, Margaret E.. 2013. ‘How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression,’ American Political Science Review 107(2): 326–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kloza, Dariusz. 2024. ‘The Right Not to Use the Internet,’ Computer Law & Security Review 52: 105907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korff, Douwe. 2019. ‘First Do No Harm: The Potential of Harm being Caused to Fundamental Rights and Freedoms by State Cybersecurity Interventions’ in Wagner, Ben, Kettemann, Matthias, Vieth, Kilian (eds.), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Digital Technology (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing): 129–155.Google Scholar
Kostka, Genia, Antoine, Lukas. 2019. ‘Fostering Model Citizenship: Behavioral Responses to China’s Emerging Social Credit Systems,’ Policy & Internet 12(3): 256–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwauk, Christina, Robinson, Jenny Perlman. 2016. ‘Worldreader: Creating a Culture of E-Reading around the World,’ Brookings – Centre for Universal Education. Available at www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FINAL-Worldreader-Case-Study.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landemore, Hélène. 2013. Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Langvardt, Kyle. 2021. ‘Can the First Amendment Scale?’ Journal of Free Speech Law 1(1): 273–302.Google Scholar
Lawson, M. Asher, Anand, Shikhar, Kakkar, Hemant. 2023. ‘Tribalism and Tribulations: The Social Costs of Not Sharing Fake News,’ Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 152(3): 611–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, Myunghee, Murdie, Amanda. 2020. ‘The Global Diffusion of the #MeToo Movement,’ Global Gender & Politics 17(4): 827–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiner, Barry M., Cerf, Vinton G., Clark, David D., Kahn, Robert E., Kleinrock, Leonard, Lynch, Daniel C., Postel, Jon, Roberts, Larry G., Wolff, Stephen. 2009. ‘A Brief History of the Internet,’ ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 39(5): 22–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenton, Timothy M., Xu, Chi, Abrams, Jesse F., Ghadiali, Ashish, Loriani, Sina, Sakschewski, Boris, Zimm, Caroline, Ebi, Kristie L., Dunn, Robert R., Svenning, Jens-Christian, Scheffer, Marten. 2023. ‘Quantifying the Human Cost of Global Warming,’ Nature Sustainability 6(10): 1237–1247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, Sam. 2017. ‘Facebook Told Advertisers It Can Identify Teens Feeling “Insecure” and “Worthless,”’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/01/facebook-advertising-data-insecure-teens.Google Scholar
Levy, Neil. 2024. ‘Fake News: Rebuilding the Epistemic Landscape’ in Véliz, Carissa (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Digital Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 103–120.Google Scholar
Liao, S. Matthew, Etinson, Adam. 2012. ‘Political and Naturalistic Conceptions of Human Rights: A False Polemic?’ Journal of Moral Philosophy 9(3): 327–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liao, S. Matthew. 2015a. ‘Human Rights as Fundamental Conditions for a Good Life’ in in Cruft, Rowan, Liao, S. Matthew, Renzo, Massimo (eds.), Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 79–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liao, S. Matthew. 2015b. The Right to be Loved (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Zhiqiang, Yan, Naixin. 2020. ‘On the Right to a Happy Life as a Human Right,’ Journal of Human Rights 19(6): 819–836.Google Scholar
Local Government Association. 2017. Health and Wellbeing in Rural Areas. Available at www.local.gov.uk/health-and-wellbeing-rural-areas.Google Scholar
Love, Todd. 2020. ‘Internet Addiction and ADHD,’ CHADD. Available at https://chadd.org/adhd-news/adhd-news-adults/internet-addiction-and-adhd/.Google Scholar
Lozano-Blasco, Raquel, Robres, Alberto Quilez, Soto Sánchez, Alberto. 2022. ‘Internet Addiction in Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review,’ Computers in Human Behavior 130: 107201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, Stine, Boas, Ida Marie, Bedesa, Tariku, Fekede, Wondewossen, Svarre Nielsen, Henriette, Sørensen, Bjarke Lund. 2016. ‘Association between the Safe Delivery App and Quality of Care and Perinatal Survival in Ethiopia: A Randomized Clinical Trial,’ JAMA Pediatrics 170(8): 765–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupu, Yonatan, Sear, Richard, Velásquez, Nicolas, Leahy, Rhys, Restrepo, Nicholas Johnson, Goldberg, Beth, Johnson, Neil F.. 2023. ‘Offline Events and Online Hate,’ PLoS One 18(1): e0278511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyon, David. 2014. ‘Surveillance, Snowden, and Big Data: Capacities, Consequences, Critique,’ Big Data & Society 1(2): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacAskill, Ewen, Borger, Julian, Hopkins, Nick, Davies, Nick, Ball, James. 2013. ‘GCHQ Taps Fibre-Optic Cables for Secret Access to World’s Communications,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-world-communications-nsa.Google Scholar
MacAskill, Ewen, Dance, Gabriel. 2013. ‘NSA Files: Decoded. What the Revelations Mean for You,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/nov/01/snowden-nsa-files-surveillance-revelations-decoded#section/1.Google Scholar
MacNish, Kevin. 2016. ‘Government Surveillance and Why Defining Privacy Matters in a Post-Snowden World,’ Journal of Applied Philosophy 35(2): 417–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makina, Daniel. 2019. ‘The Potential of FinTech in Enabling Financial Inclusion’ in Makina, Daniel (ed.), Extending Financial Inclusion in Africa (London: Academic Press): 299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmodin, Jens, Lövehagen, Nina, Bergmark, Pernilla, Lundén, Dag. 2023. ‘ICT Sector Electricity Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions – 2020 Outcome,’ Telecommunications Policy 48(3): 102701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marler, Will. 2023. ‘“You Can’t Talk at the Library”: The Leisure Divide and Public Internet Access for People Experiencing Homelessness,’ Information, Communication & Society 26(7): 1303–1321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marmor, Andrei. 2015. ‘What Is the Right to Privacy?’ Philosophy & Public Affairs 43(1): 3–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maroni, Marta. 2021. ‘An Open Internet? The Court of Justice of the European Union between Net Neutrality and Zero Rating,’ European Constitutional Law Review 17(3): 517–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, David, Chase, Jefferson. 2017. ‘App Pairs German Voters with Political Parties,’ DW. Available at www.dw.com/en/german-election-wahl-o-mat-app-pairs-voters-with-political-parties/a-40301081.Google Scholar
Mason, Lilliana. 2016. ‘Why Are American So Angry this Election Season? Here’s New Research That Explains It,’ Washington Post. Available at www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/03/10/why-are-americans-so-angry-this-election-season-heres-new-research-that-helps-explain-it/.Google Scholar
Masur, Philipp K. 2020. ‘How Online Privacy Literacy Supports Self-Data Protection and Self-Determination in the Age of Information,’ Media and Communication 8(2): 258–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiesen, Kay. 2012. ‘The Human Right to Internet Access: A Philosophical Defense,’ International Review of Information Ethics 18: 9–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCallum, Shiona. 2023. ‘Meta: Facebook Owner Fined €1.2bn for Mishandling Data,’ BBC News. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-65669839.Google Scholar
McCallum, Shiona, Gerken, Tom, Kleinman, Zoe. 2023. ‘TikTok Fined £12.7m for Misusing Children’s Data,’ BBC News. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65175902.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Kieren. 2017. ‘AFRINIC Shuts Down IP Address Shutdown Over Internet Shutdowns,’ The Register. Available at www.theregister.com/2017/06/09/afrinic_shuts_down_internet_shutdown_proposal/.Google Scholar
McDiarmid, Andrew, Shears, Matthew. 2016. ‘The Importance of Internet Neutrality to Protecting Human Rights Online’ in Belli, Luca, De Filippi, Primavera (eds.), Net Neutrality Compendium: Human Rights, Free Competition and the Future of the Internet (Cham: Springer): 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahan, Jeff. 2010. ‘Humanitarian Intervention, Consent, and Proportionality’ in Davis, N. Ann (ed.), Ethics and Humanity: Themes from the Philosophy of Jonathan Glover (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 44–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MCMC. 2019. Pusat Internet Continues to Uplift Local Communities. Available at www.mcmc.gov.my/en/media/press-releases/pusat-internet-continues-to-uplift-local-communiti.Google Scholar
MCMC. 2023. National Broadband Initiative. Available at www.mcmc.gov.my/en/sectors/broadband/national-broadband-initiative.Google Scholar
Meng, Shi-Qui, Cheng, Jia-Lu, Li, Yang-Yang, Yang, Xiao-Qin, Zheng, Jun-Wei, Chang, Xiang-Wen, Shi, Yu, Chen, Yun, Lu, Lin, Sun, Yan, Bao, Yan-Ping, Shi, Jie. 2022. ‘Global Prevalence of Digital Addiction in General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,’ Clinical Psychology Review 92: 102128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mihelj, Sabina, Leguina, Adrian, Downey, John. 2019. ‘Culture Is Digital: Cultural Participation, Diversity and the Digital Divide,’ New Media & Society 21(7): 1465–1485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milmo, Dan. 2023. ‘Facebook and Instagram Users in Europe Can Pay for Ad-Free Versions,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/oct/30/meta-facebook-instagram-europe-pay-ad-free.Google Scholar
MINTIC Colombia. 2015. Vive Digital Para la Gente. Available at https://mintic.gov.co/portal/vivedigital/612/w3-propertyvalue-19436.html.Google Scholar
MINTIC Colombia. 2016. Internet Móvil Para los Colombianos Más Necesitados. Available at https://mintic.gov.co/portal/715/w3-article-16860.html.Google Scholar
MINTIC Colombia. 2018. Puntos Digitales. Available at https://mintic.gov.co/portal/vivedigital/612/w3-propertyvalue-669.html.Google Scholar
Moellendorf, Darrel. 2014. The Moral Challenge of Dangerous Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monmouth. 2023. Most Say Fundamental Rights under Threat. Available at www.monmouth.edu/polling-institute/reports/monmouthpoll_US_062023/.Google Scholar
Moore, Martin. 2019. Democracy Hacked: How Technology Is Destabilising Global Politics (London: Oneworld).Google Scholar
Moyn, Samuel. 2018. Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Mozorov, Evgeny. 2011. The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (New York: Public Affairs).Google Scholar
Mueller, Milton L. 2020. ‘Against Sovereignty in Cyberspace,’ International Studies Review 22 (4): 779–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muldoon, James. 2022. ‘Data-Owning Democracy or Digital Socialism?’ Critical Review of Social and Political Philosophy: 1–22.Google Scholar
NCES. 2018. A Description of U.S. Adults Who Are Not Digitally Literate. Available at https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018161.pdf.Google Scholar
Neff, Timothy, Pickard, Victor. Forthcoming. ‘Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 22 Countries,’ The International Journal of Press/Politics: 1–27.Google Scholar
Net Pracharat. 2018. The Village Broadband Internet Project. Available at https://npcr.netpracharat.com/Netpracharat_EN/one-page/.Google Scholar
New York State. 2021. Certify for Weekly Unemployment Insurance Benefits. Available at https://dol.ny.gov/unemployment/certify-weekly-unemployment-insurance-benefits.Google Scholar
Nguyen, C. Thi. 2021. ‘How Twitter Gamifies Communication’ in Lackey, Jennifer (ed.), Applied Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 410–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicas, Jack. 2020. ‘Can YouTube Quite Its Conspiracy Theorists?’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/02/technology/youtube-conspiracy-theory.html.Google Scholar
Nickel, James. 2010. ‘Indivisibility and Linkage Arguments: A Reply to Gilabert,’ Human Rights Quarterly 32(2): 433–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nickel, James. 2016. ‘Can a Right to Health Care be Justified by Linkage Arguments?’ Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 37(4): 293–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nickel, James. 2022. ‘Linkage Arguments For and against Rights,’ Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 42(1): 27–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, Rasmus Øjvind, Hennen, Leonhard, Korthagen, Iris, Aichholzer, Georg, Lindner, Ralf. 2020. ‘Options for Improving e-Participation at the EU Level’ in Hennen, Leonhard, van Keulen, Ira, Korthagen, Iris, Aichholzer, Georg, Lindner, Ralf, Nielsen, Rasmus Øjvind (eds.), European E-Democracy in Practice (Cham: Springer): 329–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Not An Atlas. 2023. This Is Not an Atlas: Mapping Sexual Harassment in Egypt. Available at https://notanatlas.org/maps/mapping-sexual-harassment-in-egypt/.Google Scholar
Nossel, Suzanne. 2018. ‘Google Is Handing the Future of the Internet to China,’ Foreign Policy. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/10/google-is-handing-the-future-of-the-internet-to-china/.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1997. ‘Capabilities and Human Rights,’ Fordham Law Review 66(2): 273–300.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 2000. Women and Human Development. The Capabilities Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NYC. 2021. New York City to Close Digital Divide for 1.6 Million Residents, Advance Racial Equality. Available at www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/724-21/new-york-city-close-digital-divide-1-6-million-residents-advance-racial-equity.Google Scholar
Obar, Jonathan A., Oeldorf-Hirsch, Anne. 2020. ‘The Biggest Lie on the Internet: Ignoring the Privacy Policies and Terms of Service Policies of Social Networking Services,’ Information, Communication & Society 23(1): 128–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donnell, Catharina, Shor, Eran. 2020. ‘“This Is a Political Movement, Friend”: Why “Incels” Support Violence,’ British Journal of Sociology 73(2): 336–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD. 2016. Ministerial Declaration on the Digital Economy (‘Cancun Declaration’). Available at https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/api/print?ids=343&lang=en.Google Scholar
OECD. 2019a. OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Columbia. Chapter 3: Fostering the Digital Transformation among Individuals, Firms and the Government. Available at www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/5786e2c8-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/5786e2c8-en.Google Scholar
OECD. 2019b. Educating 21st Century Children: Emotional Well-Being in the Digital Age. Chapter 11: Fostering Digital Literacy and Well-Being. Available at www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/23ac808e-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/23ac808e-en.Google Scholar
OECD. 2020. Making the Most of Technology for Learning and Training in Latin America. Available at www.oecd.org/publications/making-the-most-of-technology-for-learning-and-training-in-latin-america-ce2b1a62-en.htm.Google Scholar
Ofcom. 2023a. Online Nation. 2023 Report. Available at www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/online-research/online-nation.Google Scholar
Ofcom. 2023b. Social Tariffs: Cheaper Broadband and Phone Packages. Available at www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-telecoms-and-internet/advice-for-consumers/costs-and-billing/social-tariffs.Google Scholar
Ofcom. 2023c. What Is 4G? Available at www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-telecoms-and-internet/advice-for-consumers/advice/what-is-4g.Google Scholar
OHCHR. 2018. Statement on the Visit to the United Kingdom, by Professor Philip Alson, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. Available at www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2018/11/statement-visit-united-kingdom-professor-philip-alston-united-nations-special?LangID=E&NewsID=23881.Google Scholar
Ohm, Paul. 2016. ‘We Couldn’t Kill the Internet If We Tried,’ Harvard Law Review 130(2): 79–85.Google Scholar
Oliva, Thiago Dias. 2020. ‘Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression,’ Human Rights Law Review 20(4): 607–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Neill, Onora. 2005. ‘The Dark Side of Human Rights,’ International Affairs 81(2): 427–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Neill, Onora. 2009. ‘Kant: Rationality as Practical Reason’ in Mele, Alfred R., Rawling, Piers (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Rationality (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 93–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Open Society Foundations. 2013. Global Principles on National Security and the Right to Information (Tshwame Principles). Available at www.justiceinitiative.org/publications/global-principles-national-security-and-freedom-information-tshwane-principles.Google Scholar
Optus. 2023. Power Their Potential. Available at www.optus.com.au/living-network/donate-your-data.Google Scholar
Oxfam. 2022. Policy Paper: Inequality Kills. Executive Summary. Available at www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequality-kills.Google Scholar
Panagiotidi, Maria, Overton, Paul. 2018. ‘The Relation between Internet Addiction, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms and Online Activities in Adults,’ Comprehensive Psychiatry 87: 7–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parmet, Wendy E., Paul, Jeremy. 2020. ‘COVID-19: The First Posttruth Pandemic,’ American Journal of Public Health 110(7): 945–956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perugini, Nicola, Gordon, Neve. 2015. The Human Right to Dominate (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 2010. ‘A Republican Law of Peoples,’ European Journal of Political Theory 9(1): 7–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piazza, James A. 2023. ‘Political Polarization and Political Violence,’ Security Studies 32(3): 476–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. 2009. ‘Kant’s Vision of a Just World Order’ in Hill, Thomas (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Kant’s Ethics (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing): 196–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollicino, Oreste. 2020. ‘The Right to Internet Access. Quid Iuris?’ in von Arnauld, Andreas, von der Decken, Kersin, Susi, Marti (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights: Recognition, Novelty, Rhetoric (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 263–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polyakova, Alina, Meserole, Chris. 2019. ‘Exporting Digital Authoritarianism: The Russian and Chinese Models,’ Brookings. Available at www.brookings.edu/research/exporting-digital-authoritarianism/.Google Scholar
Poole, Alexandria. 2018. ‘Where is SDG 18? The Need for Biocultural Heritage in the Sustainable Development Goals,’ Environmental Values 27(1): 55–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prooijen, Jan-Willem van, Jostmann, Nils B.. 2013. ‘Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Influence of Uncertainty and Perceived Morality,’ European Journal of Social Psychology 43(1): 109–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prooijen, Jan-Willem van. 2018. ‘Empowerment as a Tool to Reduce Belief in Conspiracy Theories’ in Uscinski, Joseph E. (ed.), Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 432–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proton. 2023. General Data Protection Regulation. Article 25: Data Protection by Design and Default. Available at https://gdpr.eu/article-25-data-protection-by-design/.Google Scholar
PRRI. 2021. New PRRI Report Reveals Nearly One in Five Americans and One in Four Republicans Still Believe in QAnon Conspiracy Theories. Available at www.prri.org/press-release/new-prri-report-reveals-nearly-one-in-five-americans-and-one-in-four-republicans-still-believe-in-qanon-conspiracy-theories/.Google Scholar
Q Costa Rica 2018. Claro and Cable Vision Join Costa Rica’s ‘Connected Homes’ Project. Available at https://qcostarica.com/claro-and-cable-vision-join-costa-ricas-connected-homes-project/.Google Scholar
Queralt, Jahel. 2016. ‘A Human Right to Financial Inclusion’ in Gaisbauer, Helmut P., Schweiger, Gottfried, Sedmak, Clemens (eds.), Ethical Issues in Poverty Alleviation (Cham: Springer): 77–92.Google Scholar
Ra, Chaelin K., Cho, Junhan, Stone, Matthew D., De La Cerda, Julianne, Goldenson, Nicholas I., Moroney, Elizabeth, Tung, Irene, Lee, Steve S., Leventhal, Adam M.. 2018. ‘Association of Digital Media Use with Subsequent Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Adolescents,’ JAMA 320(3): 255–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramesh, Reethika, Raman, Ram Sundara, Bernhard, Matthew, Ongkowijaya, Victor, Evdokimov, Leonid, Edmundson, Anne, Sprecher, Steven, Ikram, Muhammad, Ensafi, Roya. 2020. ‘Decentralised Control: A Case Study of Russia,’ Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium 2020. Available at www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss-paper/decentralized-control-a-case-study-of-russia/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rankin, Jennifer. 2022. ‘Three Men Found Guilty of Murdering 298 People in Shooting Down MH17,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/17/three-men-found-guilty-of-murdering-298-people-in-flight-mh17-bombing.Google Scholar
Rathje, Steve, van Bavel, Jay J., van der Linden, Sander. 2021. ‘Out-Group Animosity Drives Engagement on Social Media,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 118(26): e2024292118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rawls, John. 1999. A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, John. 2001. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, John. 2005. Political Liberalism. Expanded Edition (New York: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Raz, Joseph. 2010. ‘Human Rights in the Emerging World Order,’ Transnational Legal Theory 1(1): 31–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeves, Anthony R. 2015. ‘Standard Threats: How to Violate Basic Human Rights,’ Social Theory & Practice 41(3): 403–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reglitz, Merten. 2015. ‘Political Legitimacy without a (Claim-) Right to Rule,’ Res Publica 21(3): 291–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reglitz, Merten. 2019. ‘A Kantian Argument against World Poverty,’ European Journal of Political Theory 18(4): 489–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reglitz, Merten, Rudnick, Abraham. 2020. ‘Internet Access as a Right for Realizing the Human Right to Adequate Mental (and Other) Health Care,’ International Journal of Mental Health 49(1): 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reglitz, Merten. 2022. ‘Fake News and Democracy,’ Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 22(2): 162–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Republic of Indonesia. 2022. Akselerasi BTS 4G Desa 3T, Dirut BAKTI: Target Tahap 1 Tercapai 86%. Available at www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/41232/siaran-pers-no-144hmkominfo042022-tentang-akselerasi-bts-4g-desa-3t-dirut-bakti-target-tahap-1-tercapai-86/0/siaran_pers.Google Scholar
Republic of the Philippines. 2023. Free WiFi for All. Available at https://dict.gov.ph/freewifi/.Google Scholar
Rini, Regina. 2021. ‘Weaponized Skepticism’ in Edenberg, Elizabeth, Hannon, Michael (eds.), Political Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Margaret E. 2018. Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China’s Great Firewall (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Rød, Espen Geelmuyden, Weidmann, Nils B.. 2015. ‘Empowering Activists or Autocrats? The Internet in Authoritarian Regimes,’ Journal of Peace Research 52(3): 338–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrik, Dany. 2011. The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy (London: W. W. Norton).Google Scholar
Rønn, Kira Vrist, Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper. 2020. ‘Out of Proportion? On Surveillance and the Proportionality Requirement,’ Ethical Theory & Practice 23(1): 181–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosa, Hartmut. 2022. ‘Social Media Filters and Resonances: Democracy and the Contemporary Public Sphere,’ Theory, Culture & Society 39(4): 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotondi, Valentina, Kashyap, Ridhi, Pesando, Luca Maria, Spinelli, Simone, Billari, Francesco C.. 2020. ‘Leveraging Mobile Phones to Attain Sustainable Development,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 117(24): 13413–13420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozite, Vida, Bertoli, Emi, Reidenbach, Brendan. 2023. ‘Data Centres and Data Transmission Networks,’ International Energy Agency. Available at www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/data-centres-and-data-transmission-networks.Google Scholar
Ruijgrok, Kris. 2017. ‘From the Web to the Streets: Internet and Protests under Authoritarian Regimes,’ Democratization 24(3): 498–520.Google Scholar
Rusbridger, Alan, Gibson, Janine, MacAskill, Ewen. 2015. ‘Edward Snowden: NSA Reform in the US Is Only the Beginning,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/22/edward-snowden-nsa-reform.Google Scholar
Salim, Ruhul, Mamun, Shamsul Arifeen Khan, Hassan, Kamrul. 2016. ‘Role of Communication Technologies in Broadacre Agriculture in Australia: An Empirical Analysis Using Panel Data,’ Agricultural and Resource Economics 60(2): 243–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandvig, Christian. 2007. ‘Network Neutrality Is the New Common Carriage,’ Info 9(2/3): 136–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satariano, Adam, Schuetze, Christopher F.. 2022. ‘Where Online Hate Speech Can Bring the Police to Your Door,’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/technology/germany-internet-speech-arrest.html.Google Scholar
Schewick, Barbara van. 2010. Internet Architecture and Innovation (Cambridge: MIT Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schewick, Barbara van. 2015. The Case for Meaningful Network Neutrality Rules. Available at https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Schewick2015TheCaseForMeaningfulNNRules.pdf.Google Scholar
Schewick, Barbara van. 2016. Comments on BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules, BoR (16) 94. Available at www.berec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/document_register_store/2020/6/BoR_PC_10_%2819%29_47_2_B._S._2.pdf.Google Scholar
Schwartz, John. 1996. ‘Court Upholds Free Speech on Internet, Blocks Decency Law,’ Washington Post. Available at www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/06/13/court-upholds-free-speech-on-internet-blocks-decency-law/02e2ecfd-50c0-4d36-8d11-b78cdc3ad8e3/.Google Scholar
SCOTUS. 2017. Packingham vs State of North Carolina 15-1194. Available at www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1194_08l1.pdf.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 2005. ‘Human Rights and Capabilities,’ Journal of Human Development 6(2): 151–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 2010. ‘The Mobile and the World,’ Information Technologies and International Development 6 (SE): 1–3.Google Scholar
Shackelford, Scott. 2020. Governing New Frontiers in the Information Age. Toward Cyber Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shandler, Ryan, Canetti, Daphna. 2019. ‘A Reality of Vulnerability and Dependence: Internet Access as a Human Right,’ Israel Law Review 52(1): 77–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shandler, Ryan, Gross, Michael L., Canetti, Daphna. 2020. ‘Can You Engage in Political Activity Without Internet Access? The Social Effects of Internet Deprivation,’ Political Studies Review 18(4): 620–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shearer, Elisa, Eva Matsa, Katerina. 2018. ‘News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2018,’ Pew Research Center. Available at www.journalism.org/2018/09/10/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018/.Google Scholar
Sheehey, Maeve. 2021. ‘Teen Who Recorded George Floyd’s Murder Awarded Pulitzer Special Citation,’ Politico. Available at www.politico.com/news/2021/06/11/darnella-frazier-george-floyd-pulitzer-prize-493496.Google Scholar
Sherman, Justin. 2021. ‘Digital Authoritarianism and Implications for U.S. National Security,’ The Cyber Defense Review 6(1): 107–118.Google Scholar
Sherman, Justin. 2022. ‘Europe’s Spyware Scandal Is a Global Wakeup Call,’ Slate. Available at https://slate.com/technology/2022/11/europe-spyware-scandal-pegasus-report.html?via=rss.Google Scholar
Shihab-Edlin, Ahmed. 2023. ‘How Egyptian Police Hunt LGBT People on Dating Apps,’ BBC News. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-64390817.Google Scholar
Shue, Henry. 1993. ‘Subsistence Emissions and Luxury Emissions,’ Law & Policy 15(1): 39–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shue, Henry. 2020. Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence & U.S. Foreign Policy. 40th Anniversary Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Silva, Patricia, Matos, Alice Delerue, Martinez-Pecino, Roberto. 2022. ‘Can the Internet Reduce the Loneliness of 50+ Living Alone?’ Information, Communication & Society 25(1): 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Similarweb. 2023. Top Websites Ranking. Available at www.similarweb.com/top-websites/.Google Scholar
Skepys, Brian 2012. Is There a Human Right to the Internet? Journal of Politics and Law 5(4): 15–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skidelsky, William. 2010. ‘Ha-Joon Chang: The Net is Not as Important as We Think,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/aug/29/my-bright-idea-ha-joon-chang.Google Scholar
Smith Galer, Sophia. 2020. ‘How Tik-Tok Changes the World in 2020,’ BBC Culture. Available at www.bbc.com/culture/article/20201216-how-tiktok-changed-the-world-in-2020/.Google Scholar
Smith, Justin E. H. 2022. The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is: A History, A Philosophy, A Warning (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Smith, Leonie, Niker, Fay. 2021. ‘What Social Media Facilitates, Social Media Should Regulate: Duties in the New Public Sphere,’ The Political Quarterly 92(4): 613–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, Jiewuh. 2019. ‘Human Rights and Inequality,’ Philosophy & Public Affairs 47(4): 347–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, Frode. 2016. ‘Specialised Services and the Net Neutrality Service Model’ in Belli, Luca, De Filippi, Primavera (eds.), Net Neutrality Compendium: Human Rights, Free Competition and the Future of the Internet (Cham: Springer): 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, Titus. 2016. ‘Indiscriminate Mass Surveillance and the Public Sphere,’ Ethics & Information Technology 18(1): 33–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, Birgit, Stegmann, Daniel. 2020. ‘Are Algorithms a Threat to Democracy? The Rise of Intermediaries: A Challenge For Public Discourse,’ AlgorithmWatch. Available at https://algorithmwatch.org/en/governing-platforms/.Google Scholar
State of Connecticut. 2021. Unemployment Benefits. Available at https://portal.ct.gov/Services/Jobs-and-Employment/Unemployment/Unemployment-Benefits.Google Scholar
State of Iowa. 2021. Iowa Workforce Development. Available at www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov/file-claim-unemployment-insurance-benefits.Google Scholar
Statista. 2023. Global Social Network Penetration Rate as of January 2023, by Region. Available at www.statista.com/statistics/269615/social-network-penetration-by-region/.Google Scholar
Steinhubl, Steven, Marriott, Mark, Wegerich, Stephan. 2015. ‘Remote Sensing of Vital Signs: A Wearable, Wireless “Band-Aid” Sensor with Personalized Analytics for Improved Ebola Patient Care and Worker Safety,’ Global Health: Science and Practice 3(3): 516–519.Google ScholarPubMed
Stewart, Alexander J., Plotkin, Joshua B., McCarty, Nolan. 2021. ‘Inequality, Identity, and Partisanship: How Redistribution Can Stem the Tide of Mass Polarization,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 118(50): e2102140118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stockwell, Stephanie, Stubbs, Brendon, Jackson, Sarah E., Fisher, Abi, Yang, Lin, Smith, Lee. 2021. ‘Internet Use, Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults,’ Ageing & Society 41(12): 2723–2746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summers, Kelly H., Baird, Timothy D., Woodhouse, Emily, Christie, Maria Elisa, McCabe, J. Terrence, Terta, Felista, Peter, Naomi. 2020. ‘Mobile Phones and Women’s Empowerment in Maasai Communities: How Men Shape Women’s Social Relations and Access to Phones,’ Journal of Rural Studies 77: 126–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunstein, Cass. 2017. #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media (Princeton: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutel. 2017. Statistics from the Telecommunications Sector Costa Rica 2017. Available at www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/sutel_informe-eng_18_junio_ver_baja1_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Sutel. 2020. Telecommunications Sector Statistics 2020 Costa Rica. Available at www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/estadisticas_sector_de_telecomunicaciones_2020_ingles.pdf.Google Scholar
TalkTalk. 2020. 3 in 4 Parents Rely on The Internet to Help Kids with Homework. Available at www.talktalkgroup.com/article/talktalkgroup/2020/3-in-4-parents-rely-on-the-internet-to-help-kids-with-homework.Google Scholar
Tasioulas, John. 2017a. ‘Exiting the Hall of Mirrors: Morality and Law in Human Rights’ in Campbell, Tom, Bourne, Kylie (eds.), Political and Legal Approaches to Human Rights (New York: Routledge): 73–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tasioulas, John. 2017b. ‘Minimum Core Obligations: Human Rights in the Here and Now,’ World Bank. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29144.Google Scholar
Tasioulas, John. 2021. ‘The Inflation of Concepts. Human Rights, Health, and the Rule of Law. Why Are These Concepts Inflated to the Status of Totalising, Secular Religions?’ Aeon. Available at https://aeon.co/essays/conceptual-overreach-threatens-the-quality-of-public-reason.Google Scholar
Thakur, Neeta, Lovinsky-Desir, Stephanie, Bime, Christian, Wisnivesky, Juan P.. 2020. ‘The Structural and Social Determinants of the Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the U.S. COVID-19 Pandemic. What Is Our Role?’ American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 202(7): 943–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theilen, Jens T. 2021. ‘The Inflation of Human Rights: A Deconstruction,’ Leiden Journal of International Law 34(4): 831–854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Shift Project. 2019. ‘Climate Crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video’: Our New Report on the Environmental Impact of ICT. Available at https://theshiftproject.org/en/article/unsustainable-use-online-video/.Google Scholar
Thumfart, Johannes. 2024. ‘Digital Rights and the State of Exception. Internet Shutdowns from the Perspective of Just Securitization Theory,’ Journal of Global Security Studies 9(1): ogad024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timms, Henry, Heimans, Jeremy. 2018. New Power. How It’s Changing the 21st Century – And Why You Need to Know (London: Macmillan).Google Scholar
Tirole, Jean. 2021. ‘Digital Dystopia,’ American Economic Review 111(6): 2007–2048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2009. Democracy in America Volumes I & II, trans. Henry Reeve (Auckland: The Floating Press).Google Scholar
Tomalty, Jesse. 2017. ‘Is There a Human Right to Internet Access?’ Philosophy Now 118. Available at https://philosophynow.org/issues/118/Is_There_A_Human_Right_To_Internet_Access.Google Scholar
Toya, Hideki, Skidmore, Mark. 2018. ‘Cellular Phones and Natural Disaster Vulnerability,’ Sustainability 10(9): 2970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trengrove, Markus, Kazim, Emre, Almeida, Denise, Hilliard, Airlie, Zannone, Sara, Lomas, Elizabeth. 2022. ‘A Crucial Analysis of the Online Safety Bill,’ Patterns 3(8): 100544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UK Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. 2018. Culture Is Digital. Available at www.gov.uk/government/publications/culture-is-digital.Google Scholar
UK Department for Work & Pensions. 2020. Universal Credit and You. Available at www.gov.uk/government/publications/universal-credit-and-you/draft-uc-and-you.Google Scholar
UK Government. 2012. Digital Efficiency Report. Available at www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-efficiency-report.Google Scholar
UK Government. 2020a. Get Help with Technology During Coronavirus (Covid-19). Available at www.gov.uk/guidance/get-help-with-technology-for-remote-education-during-coronavirus-covid-19.Google Scholar
UK Government. 2020b. One Million Laptops and Tablets for Disadvantaged Children and Young People. Available at www.gov.uk/government/news/one-million-laptops-and-tablets-for-disadvantaged-children-and-young-people.Google Scholar
UK Government. 2023. Sustainability of Local Journalism. Seventh Report of Session 2022–23. Available at https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/33635/documents/ 183838/default/.Google Scholar
UK Parliament. 2021. Postnote Number 643: Developing Essential Digital Skills. Available at https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-0643/POST-PN-0643.pdf.Google Scholar
UK Parliament. 2022. The Universal Service Obligation (USO) for Broadband. Available at https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8146/.Google Scholar
UN. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available at www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.Google Scholar
UN. 1966a. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Available at www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx.Google Scholar
UN. 1966b. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Available at www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.Google Scholar
UN. 2011a. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Frank LaRue. Available at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/706331?ln=en&v=pdf.Google Scholar
UN. 2011b. Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Available at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/720245?ln=en&v=pdf.Google Scholar
UN. 2014. The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age. Available at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/777869?ln=en&v=pdf.Google Scholar
UN. 2015. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, David Kaye. Available at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/798709?ln=en&v=pdf.Google Scholar
UN. 2016. The Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet. Available at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/845727?ln=en&v=pdf.Google Scholar
UN. 2017. OL DEU 1/2017. Available at www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Opinion/Legislation/OL-DEU-1-2017.pdf.Google Scholar
UN. 2022. ICTs as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development. Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=20000&nr=579&menu=2993.Google Scholar
UN. 2023b. Goal 9: Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Sustainable Industrialization and Foster Innovation. Available at https://unric.org/en/sdg-9/.Google Scholar
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2022. Pipol Konek. Free Wi-Fi for All. Available at https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/pipol-konek-free-wi-fi-all.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 1997. Adult Education: The Hamburg Declaration; The Agenda for the Future. Available at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000116114.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2015. Mobile Phones and Literacy. Empowerment in Women’s Hands. Available at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000234325.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2016a. School Resources and Learning Environment in Africa. Available at http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/education-africa.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2016b. Closing the Teacher Gap: Almost 69 Million Teachers Needed. Available at http://uis.unesco.org/en/blog/closing-teacher-gap-almost-69-million-teachers-needed.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2017a. Global Education Monitoring Report 2017/18: Accountability in Education. Available at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4028113?ln=en&v=pdf.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2017b. More Than One-Half of Children and Adolescents are Not Learning Worldwide. Available at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261556.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2019. World Teachers Day 2019 Fact Sheet. Available at http://uis.unesco.org/en/news/world-teachers-day-2019.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2020a. Education in Africa. Available at http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/education-africa.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2020b. Global Education Coalition Facilitates Free Internet Access for Distance Education in Several Countries. Available at www.unesco.org/en/articles/global-education-coalition-facilitates-free-internet-access-distance-education-several-countries.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2020c. Giraffe: South African Automated Job Matching Platform. Available at www.unicef.org/innovation/innovation-fund-giraffe.Google Scholar
UNESCO 2023. An Ed-Tech Tragedy? Educational Technologies and School Closures in the Time of COVID-19. Available at www.unesco.org/en/digital-education/ed-tech-tragedy.Google Scholar
UNICEF. 2022. Giga Annual Report: 1 Million Students Connected to the Internet. Available at https://giga.global/annual-report-2021/.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. 2021. Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2018. Available at www.census.gov/library/publications/2021/acs/acs-49.html.Google Scholar
US Congress. 1791. Fourth Amendment. Available at https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-4/.Google Scholar
US Department of Commerce. 2021. Fact Sheet: Department of Commerce’s Use of Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal Funding to Help Close the Digital Divide. Available at www.commerce.gov/news/fact-sheets/2021/11/fact-sheet-department-commerces-use-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal-funding.Google Scholar
Uscinski, Joseph E., Enders, Adam, Klofstad, Casey, Seelig, Michelle, Drochon, Hugo, Premaratne, Kamal, Murthi, Manohar. 2022. ‘Have Conspiracy Beliefs Changed Over Time?’ PLoS One 17(7): e0270429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uscinski, Joseph E., Parent, Joseph M.. 2014. American Conspiracy Theories (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uswitch. 2018. Digital Poverty Line: Poor Broadband Services See 1.2 Million Children Falling Behind. Available at www.uswitch.com/media-centre/2018/03/digital-poverty-line-poor-broadband-services-see-1-2-million-children-falling-behind/.Google Scholar
Valentini, Laura. 2014. ‘No Global Demos, No Global Democracy? A Systematization and Critique,’ Perspectives on Politics 12(4): 789–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallence, Chris. 2023. ‘Meta Fined €390m over Use of Data for Targeted Ads,’ BBC News. Available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-64153383.Google Scholar
Van den Broek, Tijs, Langley, David, Hornig, Tobias. 2017. ‘The Effect of Online Protests and Firm Responses on Shareholder and Consumer Evaluation,’ Journal of Business Ethics 146(2): 279–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Hoven, Jeroen. 2009. ‘Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: A (broadly) Rawlsian Approach’ in van den Hoven, Jeroen, Weckert, John (eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 376–396.Google Scholar
Van Dijcke, David, Wright, Austin, Polyak, Mark. 2023. ‘Public Response to Government Alerts Saves Lives during Russian Invasion of Ukraine,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 120(18): e2220160120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Parijs, Philippe. 1995. Real Freedom for All: What If Anything Can Justify Capitalism? (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Véliz, Carissa. 2019. ‘Online Masquerade: Redesigning the Internet for Free Speech Through the Use of Pseudonyms,’ Journal of Applied Philosophy 36(4): 643–658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Véliz, Carissa. 2020. Privacy Is Power. Why You How You Should Take Back Control of Your Data (London: Penguin Random House).Google Scholar
Véliz, Carissa. 2024. ‘The Surveillance Delusion’ in Véliz, Carissa (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Digital Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 555–574.Google Scholar
Vergerio, Claire. 2021. ‘Beyond the Nation State,’ Boston Review. Available at www.bostonreview.net/articles/beyond-the-nation-state/.Google Scholar
Verizon. 2018. How Much Is 4GB Per Month? Available at www.verizon.com/about/news/what-can-you-do-4-gb-wireless-data-month.Google Scholar
Verma, Ravi K., Khurana, Nalini V.. 2023. ‘Healthy Masculinities and the Wellbeing of Young Boys and Men,’ BMJ 380: p. 385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virtualcity. 2023. AgriManagr. Available at www.virtualcity.co.ke/our-products/agrimanagr/.Google Scholar
Vogels, Emily A. 2021. ‘The State of Online Harassment,’ Pew Research Center. Available at www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/01/13/the-state-of-online-harassment/.Google Scholar
Wagner, Ben. 2012. ‘After the Arab Spring: New Paths for Human Rights and the Internet in European Foreign Policy,’ European Parliament – Directorate-General for External Policies. Available at www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO-DROI_NT(2012)457102.Google Scholar
Walsh, Declan, Tran, Mark. 2009. ‘Pakistan Claims 700 Taliban Killed in Swat Valley Strikes,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/11/pakistan-swat-taliban-army-refugees.Google Scholar
Walsh, Declan. 2009. ‘Video of Girl’s Flogging as Taliban Hand Out Justice,’ The Guardian. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/taliban-pakistan-justice-women-flogging.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Samantha. 2012. ‘What’s the Greatest Invention of All Time?’ The Economist. Available at www.economist.com/1843/2012/08/17/whats-the-greatest-invention-of-all-time.Google Scholar
Wenar, Leif. 2023. ‘Rights,’ Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/rights/.Google Scholar
West Cape Government. 2022. Switching on Public WiFi Hotspots Across the Western Cape. Available at www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/switching-public-wi-fi-hotspots-across-western-cape.Google Scholar
WHO. 2016. Global Diffusion of eHealth: Making Universal Health Coverage Achievable. Available at www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511780.Google Scholar
Widdows, Heather. 2018. Perfect Me. Beauty As An Ethical Ideal (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Wikipedia. 2023c. Network Enforcement Act. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Enforcement_Act.Google Scholar
Wikipedia. 2024a. LTE (telecommunication). Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication).Google Scholar
Wikipedia. 2024b. Dunning-Kruger Effect. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect.Google Scholar
Williams, Alexander, Raekstad, Raul. 2022. ‘Surveillance Capitalism or Information Republic?’ Journal of Applied Philosophy 39(3): 421–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Elizabeth. 2021. ‘Alex Jones Loses by Default in Remaining Sandy Hook Defamation Suits,’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2021/11/15/us/politics/alex-jones-sandy-hook.html.Google Scholar
Wittrock, Jon. 2022. ‘A Human Right to Friendship? Dignity, Autonomy, and Social Deprivation,’ International Journal of Human Rights 26(9): 1590–1607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, Jonathan, de-Shalit, Avner. 2007. Disadvantage (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, Jonathan. 2015. ‘The Content of the Human Right to Health’ in Cruft, Rowan, Liao, S. Matthew, Renzo, Massimo (eds.), Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 491–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Stan Hok-Wui, Liang, Jiachen. 2021. ‘Dubious until Officially Censored: Effects of Online Censorship Exposure on Viewers’ Attitudes in Authoritarian Regimes,’ Journal of Information Technology & Politics 18(3): 310–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, Samuel C., Guilbeault, Douglas R.. 2017. ‘Computational Propaganda in the United States of American: Manufacturing Consensus Online,’ Computational Propaganda Research Project, Working Paper No. 2017.5.Google Scholar
Woolley, Samuel C., Howard, Philip. 2017. ‘Computational Propaganda Worldwide: Executive Summary,’ Computational Propaganda Research Project, Working Paper No. 2017.11.Google Scholar
Woolley, Samuel C., Howard, Philip. 2018. Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians and Political Manipulation on Social Media (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2017. The Global Findex Database 2017. Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ed800062-e062-5a05-acdd-90429d8a5a07.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2018a. Facing Forward: Schooling for Learning in Africa. Available at www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/facing-forward-schooling-for-learning-in-africa.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2018b. Where Do the World’s Poorest People Live Today? Available at https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/stories/where-do-the-worlds-poorest-people-live-today.html.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2023. Connecting for Inclusion: Broadband Access for All. Available at www.worldbank.org/en/topic/digitaldevelopment/brief/connecting-for-inclusion-broadband-access-for-all.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2019. We Must Treat Cybersecurity as a Public Good. Here’s Why. Available at www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/we-must-treat-cybersecurity-like-public-good/.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2020. These Are the Countries Where Internet Access Is the Lowest. Available at www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/internet-users-usage-countries-change-demographics/.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2021. Repairing – Not Recycling – Is the First Step to Tackling E-Waste from Smartphones. Here’s Why. Available at www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/repair-not-recycle-tackle-ewaste-circular-economy-smartphones/.Google Scholar
World Inequality Database. 2022. World Inequality Report 2022. Executive Summary. Available at https://wir2022.wid.world/executive-summary/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WTO. 2023. Information Technology Agreement – An Explanation. Available at www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/inftec_e/itaintro_e.htm.Google Scholar
Wu, Xiaoping, Fitzgerald, Richard. 2021. ‘“Hidden in Plain Sight”: Expressing Political Criticism on Chinese Social Media,’ Discourse Studies 23(3): 365–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyrębska-Đermanović, Ewa. 2019. ‘The World Republic, The State of States or The League of Nations? Kant’s Global Order Revisited,’ Con-Textos Kantianos 10: 27–42.Google Scholar
Xiao, Muyi, Mozur, Paul. 2022. ‘A Digital Manhunt: How Chinese Police Track Critics on Twitter and Facebook,’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2021/12/31/technology/china-internet-police-twitter.html.Google Scholar
Xu, Xu, Kostka, Genia, Cao, Xun. 2022. ‘Information Control and Public Support for Social Credit Systems in China,’ Journal of Politics 84(4): 2230–2245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Xu. 2020. ‘To Repress or Co-Opt? Authoritarian Control in the Age of Digital Surveillance,’ American Journal of Political Science 65(2): 309–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Youyou, Wu, Kosinski, Michal, Stillwell, David. 2015. ‘Computer-Based Personality Judgments Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112(4): 1036–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu Kexin, Shinyi Wu, Chi, Iris. 2021. ‘Internet Use and Loneliness of Older Adults Over Time: The Mediating Effect of Social Contact,’ Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 76(3): 541–550.Google ScholarPubMed
Yuan, Li. 2019. ‘Learning China’s Forbidden History, So They Can Censor It,’ New York Times. Available at www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/business/china-internet-censor.html.Google Scholar
ZHIN. 2023. Zentralstelle zur Bekämpfung der Hasskriminalität im Internet – Niedersachsen. Available at https://staatsanwaltschaft-goettingen.niedersachsen.de/zhin/zhin-195737.html.Google Scholar
ZIT. 2023. Zentralstelle zur Bekämpfung der Internet- und Computerkriminalität. Available at https://staatsanwaltschaften.hessen.de/staatsanwaltschaften/generalstaatsanwaltschaft-frankfurt-am-main/aufgabengebiete/zentralstelle-zur-bekaempfung-der-internet-und-computerkriminalitaet-zit.Google Scholar
Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (London: Profile Books).Google Scholar
Zwilling, Moti, Klien, Galit, Lesjak, Dusan, Wiechetek, Lukasz, Cetin, Fatih, Basim, Hamdullah Nejat. 2022. ‘Cyber Security Awareness, Knowledge and Behaviour: A Comparative Study,’ Journal of Computer Information Systems 62(1): 82–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar