Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T02:47:11.638Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2013

Caroline Wilkinson
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acsadi, G. and Nemeskeri, J. (1970). History of Human Lifespan and Mortality. Budapest: Akademai Kiado
Altemus, L. A. (1963). Comparative integumental relationships. Angle Orthodontics 33, 3, 217–21Google Scholar
Anand, R. S., Basiotis, P. B. and Klein, B. W. (1999). Profile of overweight children. Insight 13: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/Insights/ins13a.PDFGoogle Scholar
Angel, J. L. (1978). Restoration of head and face for identification. Proceedings of Meetings of American Academy of Forensic Science, St Louis, MO
Angel, J. L. and Cherry, D. (1977). Personality reconstruction from unidentified remains. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 12–15 AugustGoogle Scholar
Arridge, S., Moss, J. P., Linney, A. D. and James, D. R. (1985). Three dimensional digitisation of the face and skull. Maxillo-Facial Surgery 13, 136–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aufderheide, A. C. and Rodriguez-Martin, C. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Auslebrook, W. A. and Rensburg, J. H. J. (1982). The significance of race determination in facial reconstruction. Abstract of lecture given at 20th Scientific Congress of International Association of Dental Research, Journal of Dental Research 67, 783Google Scholar
Auslebrook, W. A., Becker, P. J. and Iscan, M. Y. (1996). Facial soft tissue thicknesses in the adult male Zulu. Forensic Science International 79, 83–102Google Scholar
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, P. O. and Wittlinger, R. P. (1975). Fifty years of memory for names and faces: a cross-sectional approach. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 57, 377–96Google Scholar
Baker, M. L. and Dalrymple, G. V. (1978). Biological effects of diagnostic ultrasound: a review. Radiology 126, 479–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bang, G. and Ramm, E. (1970). Determination of age in humans from root dentin transparency. Acta Odontologiea Scandanavica 2, 3–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bankowski, I. M. (1958). Die Bedeutung der Unterkieferform und—stellung für die photographische Schädelidentifizierung. Diss., Frankfurt
Bartlett, J. C., Hurry, S. and Thorley, W. (1984). Typicality and familiarity of faces. Memory and Cognition 12, 3, 219–28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BBC News. (1999). UK Fat camp opens its doors. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid_397000/397323.stm
Behrents, R. (1985). An Atlas of Growth in the Aging Craniofacial Skeleton. Craniofacial Growth Series, Ann Arbor: Needham Press
Bell, C. (1844). The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression, 3rd edn. London: George Bell Publishers
Berger, D. (1965). Untersuchungen über die Weichteildickenmaße des Gesichts. Frankfurt/Main: Diss
Bertillon, A. (1896). The Bertillon System of Identification. In R. W. McClaughry (ed.). Chicago, IL: The Werner Company
Birkner, F. (1903). Beiträge zur Rassenanatomie der Gesichtsweichteile. Deutsche Gesellschaft Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 34, 163–5Google Scholar
Birkner, F. (1905). Beiträge zur Rassenanatomie der Chinesen. Archiv für Anthropologie, n.s. IV, 1–40Google Scholar
Birkner, F. (1907). Die Dicke der Gesichtsweichteile bei verschiedenem Alter, Geschlecht und Rasse. Sitzungsber Gesellschaft Morphologie, Physiologie München 23, 140–6Google Scholar
Bishara, S. E. (1995). Changes in facial dimensions assessed from lateral and frontal photographs. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 108, 489–99CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishara, S. E., Jorgensen, G. J. and Jakobsen, J. R. (2000). Facial and dental changes in adolescents and their clinical implications. The Angle Orthodontist 70, 6, 471–83Google ScholarPubMed
Bjork, A. (1947). The face in profile: an anthropometrical x-ray investigation on Swedish children and conscripts. Svensk Tandlak-T 49 (Suppl.)Google Scholar
Black, T. K. (1978). Sexual dimorphism in the tooth-crown diameters of the deciduous teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48, 77–82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, V. P., (1937). Personal and public reaction to the marred face. Blue Book of International and Spanish-Speaking Association of Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists 8, 14–17Google Scholar
Bogren, H. G., Franti, C. E. and Wilmarth, S. S. (1986). Normal variation of the position of the eye in the orbit. Ophthalmology 93, 1072–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, R. A. D., Goddard, B. A. and Paton, A. (1966). Measurement of fat thickness in man; a comparison of ultrasound, Harpenden calipers and electrical conductivity. British Journal of Nutrition 20, 719–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borman, H., Ozgur, F. and Gursu, G. (1999). Evaluation of soft tissue morphology of the face in 1050 young adults. Annals of Plastic Surgery 42, 3, 280–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, W. C. (1950). Genetics and the Races of Man. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Brennan, S. E. (1985). Caricature generator: the dynamic exaggeration of faces by computer. Leonardo 18, 3, 170–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, T. R. and Mathews, V. L. (1957). Artistic relationships in surface anatomy of the face. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 20, 1, 1–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brothwell, D. R. (1981). Digging up Bones. British Museum: Cornell University Press
Brothwell, D. R. (1989). The relationship of tooth wear to aging. In M. Y. Iscan (ed.), Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Bruce, V. and Green, P. (1985). Visual Perception. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Bruce, V. and Valentine, T. (1986). The effect of race, inversion and encoding activity upon face recognition. Acta Psychologica 61, 259–73Google Scholar
Bruce, V. and Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology 77, 305–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V. and Young, A. (1998). In the Eye of the Beholder. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Bruce, V., Healey, P., Burton, M.et al. (1991). Recognising facial surfaces. Perception 20, 755–69CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V., Burton, A. M., Hanna, E.et al. (1993). Sex discrimination: how do we tell the difference between male and female faces?Perception 22, 131–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V., Henderson, Z., Greenwood, K. and Hancock, P. J. B. (1999). Verification of face identities from images captured on video. Journal of Experimental Psychology 5, 339–60Google Scholar
Brues, A. M. (1958). Identification of skeletal remains. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science. 48, 551–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brues, A. M. (1990). The once and future diagnosis of race. In G. W. Gill, and S. Rhine (eds.), Skeletal Attribution of Race: Methods for Forensic Anthropology. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology: University of New Mexico, pp. 66–87
Bullen, B. A., Quaade, F., Olsen, E. and Lund, S. A. (1965). Ultrasonic reflections used for measuring subcutaneous fat in humans. Human Biology 37, 377–84Google ScholarPubMed
Burke, P. H. and Hughes-Lawson, C. A. (1989). Stereophotogrammetric study of growth and development of the nose. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 96, 144–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, A. M., Bruce, V. and Dench, N. (1993). What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception 22, 153–76CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, M. C. (1981). The Relationship of the Details of the Human Face to the Skull and Its Application. M. A. thesis. Arizona State University
Charney, M. and Coffin, J. C. (1981). Facial reconstruction: a composite procedure. Proceedings of Meetings of American Academy of Forensic Science, St Louis MO
Clement, J. G. and Ranson, D. L. (1998). Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine. Sydney: Arnold Publishers
Clifford, B. R. and Bull, R. (1978). The Psychology of Person Identification. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Cobb, M. W. (1955). The age incidence of suture closure. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, 394Google Scholar
Cole, S. (1965). Races of Man. London: British Museum Press
Cole, S. A. (2001). Suspect Identities: a History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification. London: Harvard University Press
Colledge, H. (1996). Loss of face? The Effect on the Outcome of Craniofacial Reconstruction when Part of the Skull is Missing. M. Sc. thesis. University of Manchester
Cook, S. W. (1939). The judgement of intelligence from photographs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 34, 384–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coon, C. S., Garn, S. M. and Birdsell, J. B. (1950). Races: A Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man. Springfield: C. C. Thomas
Cooper, J. M. and Hutchinson, D. S. (1997). Plato: The Complete Works. Cambridge, IN: Hackett Publishing Company
Cox, M. and Mays, S. (2000). Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. London: Greenwich Medical Media
Czekanowski, J. (1907). Untersuchungen über das Verhaltnis der Kopfmaße zu dem Schädel-maßen. Archiv für Anthropologie 34, 42–89Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray
Davies, A., Ellis, H. and Shepherd, J. (1981). Perceiving and Remembering Faces. London: Academic Press
Davies, D. M. (1972). The Influence of Teeth, Diet and Habits on the Human Face. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.
Dean, M. C. and Beynon, A. D. (1991). Histological reconstruction of crown formation times and initial root formation times in the modern human child. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86, 215–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
della Porta, G. (1586). De humana physiognomonia
Diedrich, F. (1926). Ein Beitrag zur Prüfung der Leistungsfähigkeit der plastischen Rekonstruktionsmethode der Physiognomie bei der Identifizierung von Schädeln. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Gesellschaft Gerichtliche Medizin 8, 365–89Google Scholar
Dibbets, J. M. H. and Nolte, K. (2001). Comparison of linear cephalometric dimensions in Americans of European descent (Ann Arbor, Cleveland, Philadelphia) and Americans of African descent (Nashville). Angle Orthodontist 72, 4, 324–30Google Scholar
Dion, K., Berscheid, E. and Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 24, 285–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ditch, L. E. and Rose, J. C. (1972). A multivariate dental sexing technique. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37, 61–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumont, E. R. (1986). Midfacial tissue depths of white children: an aid in facial feature reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Science 31, 4, 1463–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, K. W. and Harrison, R. K. (1997). Naming of parts: a presentation of facial surface anatomical terms. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 50, 584–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, L. C. (1967). Race and biology. In N. Korn and F. Thompson (eds.), Human Evolution. New York: Holt, Reinhert & Winston
Ekman, P. and Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17, 2, 124–90CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, H. D., Deregowski, I. B. and Shepherd, J. W. (1975). Descriptions of white and black faces by white and black subjects. International Journal of Psychology 10, 2, 119–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W. and Davies, G. M. (1979). Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition. Perception 8, 431–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Nofely, A. (1972). Anthropometric study of growth changes of some head and face measurements in an Egyptian group. Egyptian Dental Journal 18, 2, 141–50Google Scholar
Enlow, D. H. (1982). Handbook of Facial Growth, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders
Enlow D. H. and Hans M. G. (1996). Essentials of Facial Growth. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders
Evenhouse, R. M., Rasmussen, M. and Sadler, L. (1992). Computer-aided forensic facial reconstruction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 19, 22–8Google ScholarPubMed
Evison, M. P. (2002). Torticollis in an unidentified female from Leeds, England. Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Bari, Italy
Evison, M. P., Finegan, O. M. and Blythe, T. C. (1999). Computerised 3-D facial reconstruction: research update. Assemblage 4: http://www.shef.ac.uk/assem/4/evison.htmlGoogle Scholar
Fagan, J. F. (1972). Infants' recognition memory for faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology 14, 453–76Google ScholarPubMed
Farkas, L. G. (1981). Anthropometry of the Head and Face in Medicine. New York: Elsevier
Farkas, L. G. (1994). Asymmetry of the head and face. In Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 103–11
Farkas, L. G and Hreczko, T. A. (1994). Age-related changes in selected linear and angular measurements of the craniofacial complex in healthy North American Caucasians. In L. G. Farkas (ed.), Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 89–102
Farkas, L. G. and Posnick, J. C. (1992). Growth and development of the head. Cleft-Palate Craniofacial Journal 29, 301–292.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farkas, L. G., Hreczko, T. A., Kolar, J. C. and Munro, I. R. (1985a). Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (March) 75, 3, 328–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farkas, L. G., Sohm, P., Kolar, J. C., Katic, M. J. and Munro, I. R. (1985b). Inclinations of the facial profile: art versus reality. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 75, 4, 509–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farkas, L. G., Forrest, C. R. and Litsas, L. (2000). Revision of neoclassical facial canons in young adult Afro-Americans. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 24, 3, 179–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fedosyutkin, B. A. and Nainys, J. V. (1993). The relationship of skull morphology to facial features. In Iscan, M. Y. and Helmer, R. P. (eds.), Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc., pp. 199–213
Feik, S. A. and Glover, J. E. (1998). Growth of children's faces. In Clement and Ranson, 1998
Ferrario, V. F., Sforza, C. and Serrao, G. (2000). A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft-Palate Craniofacial Journal 37, 1, 48–542.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorato, V., Boylston, A. and Knusel, C. (2000). Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton, AD 1461. Oxford: Oxbow Books
Fischer, E. (1903). Anatomische Untersuchungen an den Kopfweichteilen zweier Papua. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 36, 118–22Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, C. M. (1999). Do dental microstructures have a regular time dependency?Journal of Human Evolution 35, 371–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, C. S., Protho, E. T. and Child, I. L. (1966). Some transcultural comparisons of aesthetic judgement. Journal of Social Psychology 68, 19–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funte & Waynalts. Encyclopedia (1961). New York and London
Furuta, M. (2001). Measurement of orbital volume by computed tomography — especially on the growth of the orbit. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 45, 6, 600–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galen, 1956. Galen on Anatomical Procedure [De anatomicis administrationibus], trans. C. Singer. Oxford
Garlie, T. N. and Saunders, S. R. (1999). Midline facial tissue thicknesses of subadults from a longitudinal radiographic study. Journal of Forensic Science 44, 1, 61–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garn, S. M., Lewis, A. B. and Kerewsky, R. S. (1964). Sex difference in tooth size. Journal of Dental Research 43, 306CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatliff, B. P. (1984). Facial sculpture on the skull for identification. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 5, 4, 327–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatliff, B. P. and Snow, C. C. (1979). From skull to visage. Journal of Biocommunication 6, 2, 27–30Google ScholarPubMed
Genecov, J. S., Sinclair, P. M. and Dechow, P. C. (1990). Development of the nose and soft tissue profile. Angle Orthodontist 60, 191–8Google ScholarPubMed
George, R. M. (1987). The lateral craniographic method of facial reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Sciences 32, 5, 1305–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, R. M. (1993). Anatomical and artistic guidelines for forensic facial reconstruction. In Forensic Analysis of the Skull, Wiley-Liss Inc., pp. 215–27
Gerasimov, M. M. (1971). The Face Finder. New York: Hutchinson
Gerasimov, M. M. (1975). The Reconstruction of the Face from the Basic Structure of the Skull, trans. W. Tshernezky, Russia: Publishers unknown
Giles, E. and Elliot, O. (1962). Race identification from cranial measurements. Journal of Forensic Sciences 7, 147–57Google Scholar
Glaister, J. and Brash, J. C. (1937). Medico-legal Aspects of the Ruxton Case. Edinburgh: Elsevier Ltd.
Glanville, E. V. (1969). Nasal shape, prognathism and adaption in man. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30, 29–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldhamer, K. (1926). Aus dem Rontgenlaboratorium der I. anatomischen Lehrkanzel. Anatome Entwiche Desch 81Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Figueroa, A. (1996). Evaluation of the Optical Laser Scanning System for Facial Identification. Ph.D. thesis. University of Glasgow
Gould, S. J. (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W Norton & Co.
Gray, H. (1973). Gray's Anatomy, 35th edn. Ed. R. Warwick and P. L. Williams. London: Longman Group Ltd.
Gray, H. (1980). Gray's Anatomy, 36th edn. Ed. P. L. Williams and R. Warwick. London: Churchill Livingstone
Greyling, I. H. and Meiring, J. H. (1993). Morphological study on the convergence of the facial muscles at the angle of the mouth. Acta Anatomica 143, 127–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustafson, G. (1950). Age determination on teeth. Journal of the American Dental Association 41, 45–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haglund, W. D. and Reay, D. T. (1991). Use of facial approximation in identification of Green River Serial Murder Victims. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 12, 2, 132–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajnis, K., Farkas, L. G., Ngim, R. C. K., Lee, S. T. and Venkatadri, G. (1994). Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex. In Farkas, 1994
Hanihara, T. (2000). Frontal and facial flatness of major human populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111, 1, 105–343.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon, L. (1973). The recognition of faces. Scientific American 227 November, 71–82Google Scholar
Heglar, R. and Parks, C. R. (1980). Juvenile facial restoration. Pediatric and cephalometric expectations. Proceedings of the American Association of Forensic Science, Annual meeting, New Orleans
Helmer, R. (1984). Schädelidentifizierung durch elektronische Bildmischung. Heidelberg, Kriminalistik-Verlag
Helmer, R., Rohricht, S., Petersen, D. and Moer, F. (1989). Plastische Gesichtsrekonstruktion als Möglichkeit der Identifizierung unbekannter Schädel (II)Archives Kriminology 184, 5–6, 142–60Google Scholar
Helmer, R., Rohricht, S., Petersen, D. and Moer, F. (1993). Assessment of the reliability of facial reconstruction. In Iscan and Helmer, 1993, pp. 229–47
Hill, B., Macleod, I. and Crothers, A. (1996). Rebuilding the face of George Buchanan. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 19, 1, 11–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, B., Macleod, I. and Watson, L. (1993). Facial reconstruction of a 3500-year-old Egyptian mummy using axial computed tomography. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 16, 11–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillson, S. (1996). Dental Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
His, W. (1895). Anatomische Forschungen über Johann Sebastian Bach Gebeine und Antlitz nebst Bemerkungen über dessen Bilder. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der Königlichen Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 22, 379–420Google Scholar
Hjalgrim, H., Lynnerup, N., Liversage, M. and Rosenklint, A. (1995). Stereolithography: potential applications in anthropological studies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97, 329–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodson, G., Lieberman, L. S. and Wright, P. (1985). In vivo measurements of facial tissue thicknesses in American Caucasoid children. Journal of Forensic Science 30, 4, 1100–12CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogarth, B. (1965). Drawing the Human Head. New York: Watson Guptill Publications
Hogarth, W. (1753). The Analysis of Beauty. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hooton, E. A. (1946). Up from the Apes. New York: Macmillan
Houghton, P. (1978). Polynesian mandibles. Journal of Anatomy 127, 251–60Google ScholarPubMed
Howells, W. W. (1970). Multivariate analysis for the identification of race from the crania. In T. D. Stewart (ed.), Personal Identification in Mass Disasters. Philadelphia, PA: American Museum of Natural History
Hunt, E. E. and Gleiser, I. (1955). The estimation of age and sex of preadolescent children from bones and teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, 479–87CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hwang, H., Kim, W. and McNamara, J. A. Jr (2001). Ethnic differences in soft tissue profiles of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthodontist 72, 1, 72–80Google Scholar
Iliffe, A. H. (1960). A study of preferences in feminine beauty. British Journal of Psychology 51, 267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, K. and Tajima, S. (1993). Measurement of normal eyeball position and its application for evaluation of exophthalmos in craniofacial synostosis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 92, 588–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inoue, K., Ichikawa, R., Nagashima, M. and Kodama, G. (1995). Sex differences in the shapes of several parts of the young Japanese face. Applied Human Science 14, 4, 191–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iscan, M. Y. and Helmer, R. P. (1993). Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc.
Jankowsky, W. (1930). Über Unterkiefermasse und ihren rassendiagnostischen Wert. Zeitschrift für morphologie und anthropogie 28, 347–59Google Scholar
Jantz, R. L., Hunt, D. R., Falsetti, A. B. and Key, P. J. (1992). Variation among North American Indians: analysis of Boas's anthropometric data. Human Biology 64, 435–61Google ScholarPubMed
Jenkinson, J. (1997) Face facts: a history of physiognomy from ancient Mesopotamia to the end of the nineteenth century. Journal of Biomedical Communication 24, 3, 2–7Google Scholar
Johnson, D. R., O'Higgins, P., Moore, W. J. and McAndrew, T. J. (1990). Determination of race and sex of human skulls by discriminant function analysis of linear and angular dimensions: an appendix. Forensic Science International 45, 1–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahle, W., Leonhardt, H. and Platzer, W. (1992). Colour Atlas/Text of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers
Kemp, R., Towel, N. and Pike, G. (1997). Recognising own and other race faces from video surveillance footage. Paper at 7th European Conference of Psychology and Law, Stockholm
Kilian, J. and Vlček, E. (1989). Age determination from teeth in adult individuals. In M. Y. Iscan (ed.), Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 255–75
Knight, B. and Whittaker, D. K. (1997). Medical and dental investigations in the Rosemary West case. Medicolegal Journal 65, 107–21Google ScholarPubMed
Kollman, J. (1898). Die Weichteile des Gesichts und die Persistenz der Rassen. Anatomischer Anzeiger 15, 165–77Google Scholar
Kollman, J. and Buchly, W. (1898). Die Persistenz der Rassen und die Reconstruction der Physiognomie prähistorischer Schädel. Archiv für Anthropologie, 25, 329–59Google Scholar
Krogman, W. M. and Iscan, M. Y. (1962). The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, 1st edn. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas Publishers
Krogman, W. M. and Iscan, M. Y. (1986). The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, 2nd edn. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas Publishers
Lanarch, S. L. (1978). Australian aboriginal craniology. Oceania Monographs 21, 1Google Scholar
Landau, T. (1989). About Faces. New York: Anchor Books
Langlois, J. H., Ritter, J. M., Roggman, L. A. and Vaughn, L. S. (1991). Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces. Developmental Psychology 27, 79–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlois, J. H., Roggman, L. A. and Musselman, L. (1994). What is average and what is not average in attractive faces?Psychological Science 5, 214–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, C. S. (1997). Bioarchaeology: interpreting human behaviour from the human skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Latta, G. H. (1988). The midline and its relation to anatomic landmarks in the edentulous patient. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 59, 681–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latta, G. H., Weaver, J. R. and Conkin, J. E. (1991). The relationship between the width of the mouth, interalar width, bizygomatic width and interpupillary distance in edentulous patients. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 65, 250–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauprecht, E., Scheper, J. and Schroder, J. (1957). Messungen der Speckdicke lebender Schweine nach dem Scholotverfahren. Mittel Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche-Gesellschaft 72, 881Google Scholar
Lavater J. C. and Holcroft T. (1789). Essays on Physiognomy. London: G. G. J. & J. Robinson
Lebedinskaya, G. U., Balueva, T. S. and Veselovskaya, E. B. (1993). Development of methodological principles for reconstruction of the face on the basis of skull material. In M. Y. Iscan and R. P. Helmer (eds.), Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc., pp. 183–98
Leopold, D. (1968). Identifikation durch Schädeluntersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Superprojektion. Leipzig: Habilitationsschrift
Liversidge H. M., Herdeg B. and Rosing F. W. (1998). Dental age estimates in non-adults. In K. W. Alt, F. W. Rosing and M. Teschler-Nicola (eds.), Dental Anthropology, Fundamentals, Limits and Prospects. Vienna: Springer, pp. 419–42
Lovejoy, C. O. (1985). Dental wear in the Libben population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 47–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysell, L.Magnusson, B. and Thilander, B. (1962). Time and order of eruption of primary teeth: a longitudinal study. Odontologisk Revy 13, 217–34Google Scholar
McClintock, Robinson J., Rinchose, D. J. and Zullo, T. G. (1986). Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form. American Journal of Orthodontics 89, 499–506Google Scholar
McGregor, J. H. (1926). Restoring Neanderthal man. National History 26, 288–93Google Scholar
McKelvie, S. J. (1978). Sex differences in facial memory. In M. M. Gruneburg, P. E. Morris and R. N. Sykes (eds.), Practical Aspects of Memory. London: Academic Press, pp. 263–9
Macho, G. A. (1986). An appraisal of plastic reconstruction of the external nose. Journal of Forensic Science 31, 4, 1391–1403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malone, D. R., Morris, H. H., Kay, M. C. and Levin, H. S. (1982). Prosopagnosia: a double dissociation between the recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 45, 820–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manhein, M. H., Barsley, R. E., Listi, G. A., Musselman, R., Barrow, N. E. and Ubelaker, D. H. (2000). In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for children and adults. Journal of Forensic Science 45, 1, 48–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, R. W., Jantz, R. L., Bass, W. M. and Willey, P. S. (1991). Maxillary suture obliteration. Journal of Forensic Science 36, 781–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J. G. (1964). Racial ethnocentrism and judgement of beauty. Journal of Social Psychology 63, 59CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mays, S. (1996). The human skeletal remains. In J. R. Timby (ed.), The Anglosaxon Cemetery at Empingham II, Rutland. Monograph 70, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 21–33
Mays, S. and Cox, M. (2000). Sex determination in skeletal remains. In M. Cox and S. Mays, 2000
Meredith, H. V. (1973). Gingival emergence of human deciduous teeth; a synoptic report. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health. Special issue, 195–9Google Scholar
Michael, S. D. and Chen, M. (1996). The 3-D reconstruction of facial features using volume distortion. Proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of Eurographics UK, 297–305
Miles, A. E. W. (1963). The dentition in the assessment of individual age in skeletal material. In D. R. Brothwell (1963). Digging Up Bones. British Museum: Cornell University Press, 191–209CrossRef
Milgrim, L. M., Lawson, W. and Cohen, A. F. (1996). Anthropometrical analysis of the female Latino nose: revised aesthetic concepts and their surgical implications. Archives of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery 122, 10, 109–1086Google Scholar
Molleson, T., Cruse, K. and Mays, S. (1998). Some sexually dimorphic features of the human juvenile skull and their value in sex determination in immature skeletal remains. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 25, 719–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morant, G. M. (1936). A biometric study of the human mandible. Biometrika 28, 84–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, J. P., Linney, A. D., Grindrod, S. R., Arridge, S. R. and Clifton, J. S. (1987). Three-dimensional visualisation of the face and skull using computerised tomography and laser scanning techniques. European Journal of Orthodontics 9, 247–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neave, R. A. H. (1979). Reconstruction of the heads of three Egyptian mummies. Journal of Audiovisual media in Medicine 2, 156–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neave, R. A. H. (1994). Book review — Forensic analysis of the skull. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 4, 163Google Scholar
Neave, R. A. H. (1998). Age changes in the face in adulthood. In J. G. Clement and D. L. Ranson (eds.), Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine, Sydney: Arnold Publications, pp. 215–231
Nelson, L. A. and Michael, S. D. (1998). The application of volume deformation to 3-D facial reconstruction; a comparison with previous techniques. Forensic Science International 94, 167–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nute, S. J. and Moss, J. P. (2000). Three-dimensional facial growth studied by optical surface scanning. Journal of Orthodontics 27, 1, 31–38CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ofodile, F. A., Bokhari, F. J. and Ellis, C. (1993). The Black American nose. Annals of Plastic Surgery 31, 3, 209–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsons, F. G. and Boc, L. R. (1905). The relation of cranial sutures to age. Journal of the Royal Anthropology Institute 25, 30–38Google Scholar
Pearson, K. (1926). The skull and portraits of George Buchanan. Forensic Science International 83, 51–9Google Scholar
Pearson, K. (1928). The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their bearing on relationship to busts. Biometrika 20, 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, H. and Peck, S. (1970). A concept of facial aesthetics. Angle Orthodontist 40, 4, 284–318Google Scholar
Pedersen, P. O. (1949). The East Greenland Eskimo Dentition. Kobenhavn, 1940. Bianco Lunos, Banstrijkken and Meddelsen on Gronland 60, 142–244Google Scholar
Penry, J. (1939). How to Judge Character from the Face. London: Hutchinson
Penry, J. (1971). Looking at Faces. London: Elek Books
Phillips, V. M. and Smuts, N. A. (1996). Facial reconstruction; utilisation of computerised tomography to measure facial tissue thickness in a mixed population. Forensic Science International 83, 51–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. P. and Olsen, K. L. (2001). Anthropometric facial analysis of the African-American woman. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 3, 3, 191–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potclays Ltd (2003). Suppliers of ceramic pot clay. Stoke on Trent
Pounder, D. J. (1984). Forensic aspects of aboriginal skeletal remains in Australia. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 5, 1, 41–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prag, J. and Neave, R. A. H. (1997). Making Faces. London: British Museum Press
Preeyanont, P. (1995). The standard angle between the longitudinal axis of the ear and the bridge of the nose in Thai women. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 78, 3, 127–34Google Scholar
Prokopec, M. and Ubelaker, D. H. (2002). Reconstructing the shape of the nose according to the skull. Forensic Science Communications 4, 1Google Scholar
Ramsey, N., Bull, R. and Gahagan, D. (1982). The effects of facial disfigurement on the proxemic behaviour of the general public. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 12, 137–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathburn, T. A. (1984). Personal Identification: Facial Reproduction in Human Identification Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, pp. 343–56
Redfield, A. (1970). A new aid to aging immature skeletons; development of the occipital bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 33, 207–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhine, J. S. and Campbell, H. R. (1980). Thickness of facial tissues in American Blacks. Journal of Forensic Science 25, 4, 847–58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhine, J. S., Moore, C. E. and Westin, J. T. (eds.) (1982). Facial Reproduction: Tables of Facial Tissue Thickness of American Caucasoids in Forensic Anthropology. Maxwell Museum, Technical Series, no. 1, University of New Mexico
Rhine, S. (1983). Tissue thickness for South-western Indians. Ph.D. thesis. Physical Anthropology Laboratories. Maxwell Museum, University of New Mexico
Riola, M. L., Moyers, R. E., Macnamara, J. A. and Hunter, W. S. (1974). An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth. Monograph 2, Craniofacial Growth Series. Ann Arbor, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
Rushton, M. A. (1933). On the fine contour lines of the enamel of milk teeth. Dental Record 53, 170–1Google Scholar
Sahni, D. (2002). Preliminary study on facial soft tissue thickness by magnetic resonance imaging in Northwest Indians. Forensic Science Communications 4, 1Google Scholar
Samuels, C. A., Butterworth, G., Roberts, T., Grauper, L. and Hole, G. (1994). Facial aesthetics: babies prefer attractiveness to symmetry. Perception 23, 823–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, A. E. (1980). Rhinoplasty on the mestizo nose. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 77, 239–52Google Scholar
Sauer, N. J. (1992). Forensic Anthropology and the concept of race — if races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?Social Science and Medicine 34, 2, 107–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnalke, T. (1995). Diseases in Wax — The History of the Medical Moulage. Berlin: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.
Schour, I. (1936). The neonatal line in the enamel and dentin of the human deciduous teeth and first premolar. Journal of the American Dental Association 23, 1946–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schour, I. and Massler, M. (1944). Development of Human Dentition. Chicago University of Illinois School of Dentistry
Schultz, A. H. (1918). Relation of the external nose to the bony nose and nasal cartilages in whites and negroes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1, 3, 329–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutowski, H. (1993). Sex determination of infant and juvenile skeletons: I morphognostic features. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90, 199–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, P. (1998). An investigation into the relationship between hard and soft tissues in the lip—chin region of the face. Anatomical Sciences. B.Sc. thesis, University of Manchester
Secord, P. F., Bevan, W. and Katz, B. (1956). The negro stereotype and perceptual accentuation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53, 78–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, J. (1981). Social factors in face recognition. In G. Davies, H. Ellis and J. Shepherd (eds.), Perceiving and Remembering Faces. London: Academic Press
Sim, R. S. T. and Smith, J. D. (2000). Comparison of the aesthetic facial proportions of Southern Chinese and White Women. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2, 113–20Google ScholarPubMed
Simpson, E. and Henneberg, M. (2002). Variation in soft tissue thicknesses on the human face and their relationship to craniometric dimensions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118, 121–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skiles, M. S. and Randall, P. (1983). The aesthetics of ear placement. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 84, 8, August, 133–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, A., Bremner, G., Johnson, S. P., Sherwood, P., Hayes, R. and Brown, E. (2000). Newborn infants' preference for attractive faces. Infancy 1, 265–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, S. L. and Buschang, P. H. (2001). Midsaggital facial tissue thicknesses of children and adolescents from the Montreal Growth Study. Journal of Forensic Science 46, 6, 1294–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. S. (1961). Ancient Egypt. Boston, MA: Beacon Press
Snow C. E. (1974). Early Hawaiians. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press
Snow, C. C., Gatliff, B. P. and McWilliams, K. R. (1970). Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: an evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 33, 221–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobotta, J. (1983). Atlas of Human Anatomy 1: Head, Neck and Upper Extremities, 10th English edn. Ed. H. Ferner and J. Staubesand. Baltimore-Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg
Spencer, M. A. and Demes, B. (1993). Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neanderthals and Inuits. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 91, 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stadtmuller, F. (1922). Zur Beurteilung der plastischen Rekonstruktionsmethode der Physiognomie auf dem Schädel. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 22, 337–72Google Scholar
Stadtmuller, F. (1923). Plastische Physiognomie-Rekonstruktionen auf den beiden diluvialen Schädeln von Obercassel bei Bonn. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 23, 301–14Google Scholar
Stenstrom, S. (1946). Untersuchungen über die Variation und Kovariation der optischen Elemente des menschlichen Auges. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavia Supplementum 26, 1–103Google Scholar
Stephan, C. N. (2000). Do resemblance ratings measure a facial approximation accuracy? Proceedings of 9th Biennial Conference of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Washington
Stephan, C. N. (2002). Facial approximation: globe projection guideline falsified by exophthalmometry literature. Journal of Forensic Science 47, 4, 730–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephan, C., and Henneberg, M. (2001). Building faces from dry skulls: are they recognised above chance rates?Journal of Forensic Science 46, 3, 432–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, T. D. (1948). Medicolegal aspects of the skeleton — age, sex, race and stature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6, 315–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, T. D. (1979). Essentials of Forensic Anthropology. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas Publications
Stewart, T. D. (1983). The points of attachment of the palpebral ligaments; their use in facial reconstructions on the skull. Journal of Forensic Science 28, 4, 858–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stouffer, J. R. (1963). The relationship of ultrasonic measurements and x-rays to body composition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 110, 31–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suk, V. (1935). Fallacies of anthropological identifications and reconstructions: a critique based on anatomical dissections. Publications of the Faculty of Science, University of Masaryk, Brno, 207, pp. 1–18Google Scholar
Sutton, P. R. N. (1969). Zygomatic diameter: the thickness of the tissues over the zygions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30, 303–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, K. (1948). On the thickness of the soft parts of the Japanese face. Journal of Anthropology of the Society of the Nippon 60, 7–11Google Scholar
Tandler, J. (1909). Über den Schädel Haydns. Mitteilungen der Anthropologie Gesellschaft Wien 39, 260–80Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1952). The assessment of growth and development in children. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 27, 10–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, J. A. and Angel, C. (1998). Facial reconstruction and approximation. In J. G. Clement and D. L. Ranson (eds.), Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine. Sydney: Arnold Publishers
Taylor, K. (2001). Forensic Art and Illustration. Boca Raton: CRC Press
Tian, S., Yasuhiro, N., Isberg, B. and Lennerstrand, G. (2000). MRI measurements of normal extraocular muscles and other orbital structures. Graefe's Archives of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 238, 393–404CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiranti, Alec — Suppliers of sculptural materials. The High Street, Reading
Todd, J. T., Mark, L. S., Shaw, R. E. and Pittenger, J. B. (1980). The perception of human growth. Scientific American 242, 2, 132–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todd, T. W. and Lindala, A. (1928). Thickness of the subcutaneous tissues in the living and the dead. American Journal of Anatomy 41, 2, 153–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, T. W. and Lyon, D. W. Jr (1924). Endocranial suture closure, its progress and age relationship: Part I. Adult males of White stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7, 325–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, T. W. and Lyon, D. W. Jr (1925). Cranial suture closure. Part II: Ectocranial closure in adult males of White stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8, 23–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolleth, H. (1987). Concepts for the plastic surgeon from art and sculpture. Clinical Plastic Surgery 14, 4, 585–98Google ScholarPubMed
Tyrell, A. J., Evison, M. P., Chamberlain, A. T. and Green, M. A. (1997). Forensic three-dimensional facial reconstruction: historical review and contemporary developments. Journal of Forensic Science 42, 4, 653–61Google Scholar
Ubelaker, D. H. (1978). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis and Interpretation. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institute Press
Ubelaker, D. H. and O'Donnell, G. (1992). Computer assisted facial reproduction. Journal of Forensic Science 37, 155–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udry, J. R. (1965). Structural correlates of feminine beauty preferences in Britain and the United States: a comparison. Sociological and Social Research 49, 330Google Scholar
Valentine, T. and Bruce, V. (1986). The effects of distinctiveness in recognising and classifying faces. Perception 15, 525–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosch, W. A., Leenders, I. and Mulder, P. (1999). Topographic anatomy of the eyelids and the effects of sex and age. British Journal of Ophthalmology 83, 347–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beek, M. C. J., Hoeksma, J. B. and Prahl-Andersen, B. (1991). Vertical facial growth: a longitudinal study from seven to 14 years of age. European Journal of Orthodontics 13, 202–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanezis, P., Blowes, R. W., Linney, A. D., Tan, A. C., Richards, R. and Neave, R. (1989). Application of 3-D computer graphics for facial reconstruction and comparison with sculpting techniques. Forensic Science International 42, 69–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanezis, P., Vanezis, M., McCombe, G. and Niblett, T. (2000). Facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics. Forensic Science International 108, 2, 81–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Rensburg, M. S. J. (1993). Accuracy of recognition of 3-D plastic reconstruction of faces from skulls. Abstract. Proceedings of the Anatomical Society of South Africa. 23rd Annual Congress 20
ViÐarsdóttir, U. S. and O'Higgins, P. (2001). Geometric morphometrics and the analysis of variations in facial form: robusticity of biological findings in relation to bilateral versus unilateral and missing landmarks. Statistica 2, 315–33Google Scholar
ViÐarsdóttir, U. S., O'Higgins, P. and Stringer, C. (2002). The development of regionally distinct facial morphologies: a geometric morphometric study of population-specific differences in the growth of the modern human facial skeleton. Journal of Anatomy 201, 211–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virchow, H. (1912). Die anthropologische Untersuchung der Nase. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 44, 289–337Google Scholar
Eggeling, H. (1909), Anatomische Untersuchungen an den Kopfen von vier Hereros, einem Herero-und einem Hottentottenkind. L. Schultze, Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika, ausgeführt 1903–1905. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 15, 323–448Google Scholar
Eggeling, H. (1913). Die Leistungsfähigkeit physiognomischer Rekonstruktionsversuche auf Grundlage des Schädels. Archiv für Anthropologie 12, 44–7Google Scholar
Hagens, G. (1979). Impregnation of soft biological specimens with thermosetting resins and elastomers. Anatomical Record 194, 247–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, D., Qian, G., Zhang, M. and Farkas, L. G. (1997). Differences in horizontal, neoclassical facial canons in Chinese and North American Caucasian populations. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 21, 4, 265–9Google ScholarPubMed
Wei, B., Feng, J. and Fang, Z. (1983). The relationship between the construction of maxillary first molar and age. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 2, 79Google Scholar
Weining, W. (1958). Rontgenologische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Weichteildickenmaße des Gesichts. Dissertation Frankfurt
Welcker, H. (1883). Schiller's Schädel und Todenmaske nebst Mittheilungen über Schädel und Todenmaske Kants. Braunschweig: Vieweg und Sohn 1–160
Wen, I. C. (1934). The development of the upper eyelid of the Chinese with special reference to the mongolic fold. Chinese Medical Journal 48, 1216–27Google Scholar
White, T. D. and Folkens, P. A. (1991). Human Osteology. San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
Whittaker, D. K. (2000). Aging from the dentition. In M. Cox and S. Mays (eds.), Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. GMM Publishers, pp. 83–100
Whittaker, D. K. and Richards, D. (1978). Scanning electron microscopy of the neonatal line in human enamel. Archives of Oral Biology 23, 45–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittaker, D. K., Richards, B. N. and Jones, M. L. (1998). Orthodontic reconstruction in a victim of murder. British Journal of Orthodontics 25, 11–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittingham, P. D. G. V. (1962). Measurement of tissue thickness by ultrasound. Aerospace Medicine 33, 1121–8Google ScholarPubMed
Wilder, H. H. (1912). The physiognomy of the Indians of Southern New England. American Anthropologist 14, 3, 415–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilder, H. H. and Wentworth, B. (1918). Personal Identification. Boston, MA: Richard Badger, Gormon Press
Wilkinson, C. M. (2002). In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for White British children. Journal of Forensic Science 47, 3, 459-65Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, C. M. and Mautner, S. A. (2003). Measurement of eyeball protrusion and its application in facial reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Science 48, 1, 12–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, C. M. and Neave, R. A. H. (2001). Skull reassembly and the implications for forensic facial reconstruction. Science and Justice 41, 3, 5–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M. and Neave, R. A. H. (2003). The reconstruction of faces showing healed wounds. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 1343–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M. and Whittaker, D. K. (2002). Juvenile forensic facial reconstruction — a detailed accuracy study. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Bari, Italy 98–110Google Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M., Motwani, M. and Chiang, E. (2003). The relationship between the soft tissues and the skeletal detail of the mouth. Journal of Forensic Science, 48, 4, 728–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M., Neave, R. A. H. and Smith, D. S. (2002). How important to facial reconstruction are the correct ethnic group tissue depths?Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Bari, Italy 111–21Google Scholar
Williamson, M. A., Nawrocki, S. P. and Rathburn, T. A. (2002). Variation in midfacial tissue thickness of African-American children. Journal of Forensic Science 47, 1, 25–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, 8th edn. Eds: Bron A. J., Tripathi R. C. and Tripathi B. J. (1997). London: Chapman & Hall Medical
Yarmey, A. D. (1975). Social-emotional factors in recall and recognition of faces. Proceedings of Annual Conference of Mid-Western Psychological Association, Chicago
Yeatts, R. P. (1992). Measurement of globe position in complex orbital fractures II patient evaluation utilizing a modified exophthalmometer. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 8, 2, 119–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Y'Edynak, G. J. and Iscan, M. Y. (1993). Craniofacial evolution and growth. In M. Y. Iscan and R. P. Helmer (eds.), Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York: Wiley Liss Inc., pp. 11–29
Young, A. W., Hay, D. C. and Ellis, A. W. (1985). The faces that launched a thousand ships: everyday difficulties and errors in recognising people. British Journal of Psychology 76, 495–523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuhrt, R. (1955). Stomatologische Untersuchungen an spätmittelälterlichen Funden von Reckkahn. I. Die Zahnkaries und ihre Folgen. Deutsche Zahn-, Munds-, und Kieferheilkunds 25, 1–15Google Scholar
Acsadi, G. and Nemeskeri, J. (1970). History of Human Lifespan and Mortality. Budapest: Akademai Kiado
Altemus, L. A. (1963). Comparative integumental relationships. Angle Orthodontics 33, 3, 217–21Google Scholar
Anand, R. S., Basiotis, P. B. and Klein, B. W. (1999). Profile of overweight children. Insight 13: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/Insights/ins13a.PDFGoogle Scholar
Angel, J. L. (1978). Restoration of head and face for identification. Proceedings of Meetings of American Academy of Forensic Science, St Louis, MO
Angel, J. L. and Cherry, D. (1977). Personality reconstruction from unidentified remains. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 12–15 AugustGoogle Scholar
Arridge, S., Moss, J. P., Linney, A. D. and James, D. R. (1985). Three dimensional digitisation of the face and skull. Maxillo-Facial Surgery 13, 136–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aufderheide, A. C. and Rodriguez-Martin, C. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Auslebrook, W. A. and Rensburg, J. H. J. (1982). The significance of race determination in facial reconstruction. Abstract of lecture given at 20th Scientific Congress of International Association of Dental Research, Journal of Dental Research 67, 783Google Scholar
Auslebrook, W. A., Becker, P. J. and Iscan, M. Y. (1996). Facial soft tissue thicknesses in the adult male Zulu. Forensic Science International 79, 83–102Google Scholar
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, P. O. and Wittlinger, R. P. (1975). Fifty years of memory for names and faces: a cross-sectional approach. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 57, 377–96Google Scholar
Baker, M. L. and Dalrymple, G. V. (1978). Biological effects of diagnostic ultrasound: a review. Radiology 126, 479–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bang, G. and Ramm, E. (1970). Determination of age in humans from root dentin transparency. Acta Odontologiea Scandanavica 2, 3–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bankowski, I. M. (1958). Die Bedeutung der Unterkieferform und—stellung für die photographische Schädelidentifizierung. Diss., Frankfurt
Bartlett, J. C., Hurry, S. and Thorley, W. (1984). Typicality and familiarity of faces. Memory and Cognition 12, 3, 219–28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BBC News. (1999). UK Fat camp opens its doors. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid_397000/397323.stm
Behrents, R. (1985). An Atlas of Growth in the Aging Craniofacial Skeleton. Craniofacial Growth Series, Ann Arbor: Needham Press
Bell, C. (1844). The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression, 3rd edn. London: George Bell Publishers
Berger, D. (1965). Untersuchungen über die Weichteildickenmaße des Gesichts. Frankfurt/Main: Diss
Bertillon, A. (1896). The Bertillon System of Identification. In R. W. McClaughry (ed.). Chicago, IL: The Werner Company
Birkner, F. (1903). Beiträge zur Rassenanatomie der Gesichtsweichteile. Deutsche Gesellschaft Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 34, 163–5Google Scholar
Birkner, F. (1905). Beiträge zur Rassenanatomie der Chinesen. Archiv für Anthropologie, n.s. IV, 1–40Google Scholar
Birkner, F. (1907). Die Dicke der Gesichtsweichteile bei verschiedenem Alter, Geschlecht und Rasse. Sitzungsber Gesellschaft Morphologie, Physiologie München 23, 140–6Google Scholar
Bishara, S. E. (1995). Changes in facial dimensions assessed from lateral and frontal photographs. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 108, 489–99CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishara, S. E., Jorgensen, G. J. and Jakobsen, J. R. (2000). Facial and dental changes in adolescents and their clinical implications. The Angle Orthodontist 70, 6, 471–83Google ScholarPubMed
Bjork, A. (1947). The face in profile: an anthropometrical x-ray investigation on Swedish children and conscripts. Svensk Tandlak-T 49 (Suppl.)Google Scholar
Black, T. K. (1978). Sexual dimorphism in the tooth-crown diameters of the deciduous teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48, 77–82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, V. P., (1937). Personal and public reaction to the marred face. Blue Book of International and Spanish-Speaking Association of Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists 8, 14–17Google Scholar
Bogren, H. G., Franti, C. E. and Wilmarth, S. S. (1986). Normal variation of the position of the eye in the orbit. Ophthalmology 93, 1072–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, R. A. D., Goddard, B. A. and Paton, A. (1966). Measurement of fat thickness in man; a comparison of ultrasound, Harpenden calipers and electrical conductivity. British Journal of Nutrition 20, 719–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borman, H., Ozgur, F. and Gursu, G. (1999). Evaluation of soft tissue morphology of the face in 1050 young adults. Annals of Plastic Surgery 42, 3, 280–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, W. C. (1950). Genetics and the Races of Man. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Brennan, S. E. (1985). Caricature generator: the dynamic exaggeration of faces by computer. Leonardo 18, 3, 170–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, T. R. and Mathews, V. L. (1957). Artistic relationships in surface anatomy of the face. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 20, 1, 1–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brothwell, D. R. (1981). Digging up Bones. British Museum: Cornell University Press
Brothwell, D. R. (1989). The relationship of tooth wear to aging. In M. Y. Iscan (ed.), Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Bruce, V. and Green, P. (1985). Visual Perception. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Bruce, V. and Valentine, T. (1986). The effect of race, inversion and encoding activity upon face recognition. Acta Psychologica 61, 259–73Google Scholar
Bruce, V. and Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology 77, 305–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V. and Young, A. (1998). In the Eye of the Beholder. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Bruce, V., Healey, P., Burton, M.et al. (1991). Recognising facial surfaces. Perception 20, 755–69CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V., Burton, A. M., Hanna, E.et al. (1993). Sex discrimination: how do we tell the difference between male and female faces?Perception 22, 131–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V., Henderson, Z., Greenwood, K. and Hancock, P. J. B. (1999). Verification of face identities from images captured on video. Journal of Experimental Psychology 5, 339–60Google Scholar
Brues, A. M. (1958). Identification of skeletal remains. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science. 48, 551–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brues, A. M. (1990). The once and future diagnosis of race. In G. W. Gill, and S. Rhine (eds.), Skeletal Attribution of Race: Methods for Forensic Anthropology. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology: University of New Mexico, pp. 66–87
Bullen, B. A., Quaade, F., Olsen, E. and Lund, S. A. (1965). Ultrasonic reflections used for measuring subcutaneous fat in humans. Human Biology 37, 377–84Google ScholarPubMed
Burke, P. H. and Hughes-Lawson, C. A. (1989). Stereophotogrammetric study of growth and development of the nose. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 96, 144–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, A. M., Bruce, V. and Dench, N. (1993). What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception 22, 153–76CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, M. C. (1981). The Relationship of the Details of the Human Face to the Skull and Its Application. M. A. thesis. Arizona State University
Charney, M. and Coffin, J. C. (1981). Facial reconstruction: a composite procedure. Proceedings of Meetings of American Academy of Forensic Science, St Louis MO
Clement, J. G. and Ranson, D. L. (1998). Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine. Sydney: Arnold Publishers
Clifford, B. R. and Bull, R. (1978). The Psychology of Person Identification. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Cobb, M. W. (1955). The age incidence of suture closure. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, 394Google Scholar
Cole, S. (1965). Races of Man. London: British Museum Press
Cole, S. A. (2001). Suspect Identities: a History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification. London: Harvard University Press
Colledge, H. (1996). Loss of face? The Effect on the Outcome of Craniofacial Reconstruction when Part of the Skull is Missing. M. Sc. thesis. University of Manchester
Cook, S. W. (1939). The judgement of intelligence from photographs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 34, 384–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coon, C. S., Garn, S. M. and Birdsell, J. B. (1950). Races: A Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man. Springfield: C. C. Thomas
Cooper, J. M. and Hutchinson, D. S. (1997). Plato: The Complete Works. Cambridge, IN: Hackett Publishing Company
Cox, M. and Mays, S. (2000). Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. London: Greenwich Medical Media
Czekanowski, J. (1907). Untersuchungen über das Verhaltnis der Kopfmaße zu dem Schädel-maßen. Archiv für Anthropologie 34, 42–89Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray
Davies, A., Ellis, H. and Shepherd, J. (1981). Perceiving and Remembering Faces. London: Academic Press
Davies, D. M. (1972). The Influence of Teeth, Diet and Habits on the Human Face. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.
Dean, M. C. and Beynon, A. D. (1991). Histological reconstruction of crown formation times and initial root formation times in the modern human child. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86, 215–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
della Porta, G. (1586). De humana physiognomonia
Diedrich, F. (1926). Ein Beitrag zur Prüfung der Leistungsfähigkeit der plastischen Rekonstruktionsmethode der Physiognomie bei der Identifizierung von Schädeln. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Gesellschaft Gerichtliche Medizin 8, 365–89Google Scholar
Dibbets, J. M. H. and Nolte, K. (2001). Comparison of linear cephalometric dimensions in Americans of European descent (Ann Arbor, Cleveland, Philadelphia) and Americans of African descent (Nashville). Angle Orthodontist 72, 4, 324–30Google Scholar
Dion, K., Berscheid, E. and Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 24, 285–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ditch, L. E. and Rose, J. C. (1972). A multivariate dental sexing technique. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37, 61–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumont, E. R. (1986). Midfacial tissue depths of white children: an aid in facial feature reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Science 31, 4, 1463–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, K. W. and Harrison, R. K. (1997). Naming of parts: a presentation of facial surface anatomical terms. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 50, 584–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, L. C. (1967). Race and biology. In N. Korn and F. Thompson (eds.), Human Evolution. New York: Holt, Reinhert & Winston
Ekman, P. and Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17, 2, 124–90CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, H. D., Deregowski, I. B. and Shepherd, J. W. (1975). Descriptions of white and black faces by white and black subjects. International Journal of Psychology 10, 2, 119–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W. and Davies, G. M. (1979). Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition. Perception 8, 431–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Nofely, A. (1972). Anthropometric study of growth changes of some head and face measurements in an Egyptian group. Egyptian Dental Journal 18, 2, 141–50Google Scholar
Enlow, D. H. (1982). Handbook of Facial Growth, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders
Enlow D. H. and Hans M. G. (1996). Essentials of Facial Growth. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders
Evenhouse, R. M., Rasmussen, M. and Sadler, L. (1992). Computer-aided forensic facial reconstruction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 19, 22–8Google ScholarPubMed
Evison, M. P. (2002). Torticollis in an unidentified female from Leeds, England. Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Bari, Italy
Evison, M. P., Finegan, O. M. and Blythe, T. C. (1999). Computerised 3-D facial reconstruction: research update. Assemblage 4: http://www.shef.ac.uk/assem/4/evison.htmlGoogle Scholar
Fagan, J. F. (1972). Infants' recognition memory for faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology 14, 453–76Google ScholarPubMed
Farkas, L. G. (1981). Anthropometry of the Head and Face in Medicine. New York: Elsevier
Farkas, L. G. (1994). Asymmetry of the head and face. In Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 103–11
Farkas, L. G and Hreczko, T. A. (1994). Age-related changes in selected linear and angular measurements of the craniofacial complex in healthy North American Caucasians. In L. G. Farkas (ed.), Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 89–102
Farkas, L. G. and Posnick, J. C. (1992). Growth and development of the head. Cleft-Palate Craniofacial Journal 29, 301–292.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farkas, L. G., Hreczko, T. A., Kolar, J. C. and Munro, I. R. (1985a). Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (March) 75, 3, 328–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farkas, L. G., Sohm, P., Kolar, J. C., Katic, M. J. and Munro, I. R. (1985b). Inclinations of the facial profile: art versus reality. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 75, 4, 509–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farkas, L. G., Forrest, C. R. and Litsas, L. (2000). Revision of neoclassical facial canons in young adult Afro-Americans. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 24, 3, 179–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fedosyutkin, B. A. and Nainys, J. V. (1993). The relationship of skull morphology to facial features. In Iscan, M. Y. and Helmer, R. P. (eds.), Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc., pp. 199–213
Feik, S. A. and Glover, J. E. (1998). Growth of children's faces. In Clement and Ranson, 1998
Ferrario, V. F., Sforza, C. and Serrao, G. (2000). A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft-Palate Craniofacial Journal 37, 1, 48–542.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorato, V., Boylston, A. and Knusel, C. (2000). Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton, AD 1461. Oxford: Oxbow Books
Fischer, E. (1903). Anatomische Untersuchungen an den Kopfweichteilen zweier Papua. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 36, 118–22Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, C. M. (1999). Do dental microstructures have a regular time dependency?Journal of Human Evolution 35, 371–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, C. S., Protho, E. T. and Child, I. L. (1966). Some transcultural comparisons of aesthetic judgement. Journal of Social Psychology 68, 19–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funte & Waynalts. Encyclopedia (1961). New York and London
Furuta, M. (2001). Measurement of orbital volume by computed tomography — especially on the growth of the orbit. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 45, 6, 600–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galen, 1956. Galen on Anatomical Procedure [De anatomicis administrationibus], trans. C. Singer. Oxford
Garlie, T. N. and Saunders, S. R. (1999). Midline facial tissue thicknesses of subadults from a longitudinal radiographic study. Journal of Forensic Science 44, 1, 61–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garn, S. M., Lewis, A. B. and Kerewsky, R. S. (1964). Sex difference in tooth size. Journal of Dental Research 43, 306CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatliff, B. P. (1984). Facial sculpture on the skull for identification. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 5, 4, 327–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatliff, B. P. and Snow, C. C. (1979). From skull to visage. Journal of Biocommunication 6, 2, 27–30Google ScholarPubMed
Genecov, J. S., Sinclair, P. M. and Dechow, P. C. (1990). Development of the nose and soft tissue profile. Angle Orthodontist 60, 191–8Google ScholarPubMed
George, R. M. (1987). The lateral craniographic method of facial reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Sciences 32, 5, 1305–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, R. M. (1993). Anatomical and artistic guidelines for forensic facial reconstruction. In Forensic Analysis of the Skull, Wiley-Liss Inc., pp. 215–27
Gerasimov, M. M. (1971). The Face Finder. New York: Hutchinson
Gerasimov, M. M. (1975). The Reconstruction of the Face from the Basic Structure of the Skull, trans. W. Tshernezky, Russia: Publishers unknown
Giles, E. and Elliot, O. (1962). Race identification from cranial measurements. Journal of Forensic Sciences 7, 147–57Google Scholar
Glaister, J. and Brash, J. C. (1937). Medico-legal Aspects of the Ruxton Case. Edinburgh: Elsevier Ltd.
Glanville, E. V. (1969). Nasal shape, prognathism and adaption in man. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30, 29–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldhamer, K. (1926). Aus dem Rontgenlaboratorium der I. anatomischen Lehrkanzel. Anatome Entwiche Desch 81Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Figueroa, A. (1996). Evaluation of the Optical Laser Scanning System for Facial Identification. Ph.D. thesis. University of Glasgow
Gould, S. J. (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W Norton & Co.
Gray, H. (1973). Gray's Anatomy, 35th edn. Ed. R. Warwick and P. L. Williams. London: Longman Group Ltd.
Gray, H. (1980). Gray's Anatomy, 36th edn. Ed. P. L. Williams and R. Warwick. London: Churchill Livingstone
Greyling, I. H. and Meiring, J. H. (1993). Morphological study on the convergence of the facial muscles at the angle of the mouth. Acta Anatomica 143, 127–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustafson, G. (1950). Age determination on teeth. Journal of the American Dental Association 41, 45–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haglund, W. D. and Reay, D. T. (1991). Use of facial approximation in identification of Green River Serial Murder Victims. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 12, 2, 132–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajnis, K., Farkas, L. G., Ngim, R. C. K., Lee, S. T. and Venkatadri, G. (1994). Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex. In Farkas, 1994
Hanihara, T. (2000). Frontal and facial flatness of major human populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111, 1, 105–343.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon, L. (1973). The recognition of faces. Scientific American 227 November, 71–82Google Scholar
Heglar, R. and Parks, C. R. (1980). Juvenile facial restoration. Pediatric and cephalometric expectations. Proceedings of the American Association of Forensic Science, Annual meeting, New Orleans
Helmer, R. (1984). Schädelidentifizierung durch elektronische Bildmischung. Heidelberg, Kriminalistik-Verlag
Helmer, R., Rohricht, S., Petersen, D. and Moer, F. (1989). Plastische Gesichtsrekonstruktion als Möglichkeit der Identifizierung unbekannter Schädel (II)Archives Kriminology 184, 5–6, 142–60Google Scholar
Helmer, R., Rohricht, S., Petersen, D. and Moer, F. (1993). Assessment of the reliability of facial reconstruction. In Iscan and Helmer, 1993, pp. 229–47
Hill, B., Macleod, I. and Crothers, A. (1996). Rebuilding the face of George Buchanan. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 19, 1, 11–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, B., Macleod, I. and Watson, L. (1993). Facial reconstruction of a 3500-year-old Egyptian mummy using axial computed tomography. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 16, 11–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillson, S. (1996). Dental Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
His, W. (1895). Anatomische Forschungen über Johann Sebastian Bach Gebeine und Antlitz nebst Bemerkungen über dessen Bilder. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der Königlichen Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 22, 379–420Google Scholar
Hjalgrim, H., Lynnerup, N., Liversage, M. and Rosenklint, A. (1995). Stereolithography: potential applications in anthropological studies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97, 329–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodson, G., Lieberman, L. S. and Wright, P. (1985). In vivo measurements of facial tissue thicknesses in American Caucasoid children. Journal of Forensic Science 30, 4, 1100–12CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogarth, B. (1965). Drawing the Human Head. New York: Watson Guptill Publications
Hogarth, W. (1753). The Analysis of Beauty. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hooton, E. A. (1946). Up from the Apes. New York: Macmillan
Houghton, P. (1978). Polynesian mandibles. Journal of Anatomy 127, 251–60Google ScholarPubMed
Howells, W. W. (1970). Multivariate analysis for the identification of race from the crania. In T. D. Stewart (ed.), Personal Identification in Mass Disasters. Philadelphia, PA: American Museum of Natural History
Hunt, E. E. and Gleiser, I. (1955). The estimation of age and sex of preadolescent children from bones and teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, 479–87CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hwang, H., Kim, W. and McNamara, J. A. Jr (2001). Ethnic differences in soft tissue profiles of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthodontist 72, 1, 72–80Google Scholar
Iliffe, A. H. (1960). A study of preferences in feminine beauty. British Journal of Psychology 51, 267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, K. and Tajima, S. (1993). Measurement of normal eyeball position and its application for evaluation of exophthalmos in craniofacial synostosis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 92, 588–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inoue, K., Ichikawa, R., Nagashima, M. and Kodama, G. (1995). Sex differences in the shapes of several parts of the young Japanese face. Applied Human Science 14, 4, 191–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iscan, M. Y. and Helmer, R. P. (1993). Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc.
Jankowsky, W. (1930). Über Unterkiefermasse und ihren rassendiagnostischen Wert. Zeitschrift für morphologie und anthropogie 28, 347–59Google Scholar
Jantz, R. L., Hunt, D. R., Falsetti, A. B. and Key, P. J. (1992). Variation among North American Indians: analysis of Boas's anthropometric data. Human Biology 64, 435–61Google ScholarPubMed
Jenkinson, J. (1997) Face facts: a history of physiognomy from ancient Mesopotamia to the end of the nineteenth century. Journal of Biomedical Communication 24, 3, 2–7Google Scholar
Johnson, D. R., O'Higgins, P., Moore, W. J. and McAndrew, T. J. (1990). Determination of race and sex of human skulls by discriminant function analysis of linear and angular dimensions: an appendix. Forensic Science International 45, 1–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahle, W., Leonhardt, H. and Platzer, W. (1992). Colour Atlas/Text of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers
Kemp, R., Towel, N. and Pike, G. (1997). Recognising own and other race faces from video surveillance footage. Paper at 7th European Conference of Psychology and Law, Stockholm
Kilian, J. and Vlček, E. (1989). Age determination from teeth in adult individuals. In M. Y. Iscan (ed.), Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 255–75
Knight, B. and Whittaker, D. K. (1997). Medical and dental investigations in the Rosemary West case. Medicolegal Journal 65, 107–21Google ScholarPubMed
Kollman, J. (1898). Die Weichteile des Gesichts und die Persistenz der Rassen. Anatomischer Anzeiger 15, 165–77Google Scholar
Kollman, J. and Buchly, W. (1898). Die Persistenz der Rassen und die Reconstruction der Physiognomie prähistorischer Schädel. Archiv für Anthropologie, 25, 329–59Google Scholar
Krogman, W. M. and Iscan, M. Y. (1962). The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, 1st edn. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas Publishers
Krogman, W. M. and Iscan, M. Y. (1986). The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, 2nd edn. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas Publishers
Lanarch, S. L. (1978). Australian aboriginal craniology. Oceania Monographs 21, 1Google Scholar
Landau, T. (1989). About Faces. New York: Anchor Books
Langlois, J. H., Ritter, J. M., Roggman, L. A. and Vaughn, L. S. (1991). Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces. Developmental Psychology 27, 79–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlois, J. H., Roggman, L. A. and Musselman, L. (1994). What is average and what is not average in attractive faces?Psychological Science 5, 214–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, C. S. (1997). Bioarchaeology: interpreting human behaviour from the human skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Latta, G. H. (1988). The midline and its relation to anatomic landmarks in the edentulous patient. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 59, 681–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latta, G. H., Weaver, J. R. and Conkin, J. E. (1991). The relationship between the width of the mouth, interalar width, bizygomatic width and interpupillary distance in edentulous patients. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 65, 250–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauprecht, E., Scheper, J. and Schroder, J. (1957). Messungen der Speckdicke lebender Schweine nach dem Scholotverfahren. Mittel Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche-Gesellschaft 72, 881Google Scholar
Lavater J. C. and Holcroft T. (1789). Essays on Physiognomy. London: G. G. J. & J. Robinson
Lebedinskaya, G. U., Balueva, T. S. and Veselovskaya, E. B. (1993). Development of methodological principles for reconstruction of the face on the basis of skull material. In M. Y. Iscan and R. P. Helmer (eds.), Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc., pp. 183–98
Leopold, D. (1968). Identifikation durch Schädeluntersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Superprojektion. Leipzig: Habilitationsschrift
Liversidge H. M., Herdeg B. and Rosing F. W. (1998). Dental age estimates in non-adults. In K. W. Alt, F. W. Rosing and M. Teschler-Nicola (eds.), Dental Anthropology, Fundamentals, Limits and Prospects. Vienna: Springer, pp. 419–42
Lovejoy, C. O. (1985). Dental wear in the Libben population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 47–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysell, L.Magnusson, B. and Thilander, B. (1962). Time and order of eruption of primary teeth: a longitudinal study. Odontologisk Revy 13, 217–34Google Scholar
McClintock, Robinson J., Rinchose, D. J. and Zullo, T. G. (1986). Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form. American Journal of Orthodontics 89, 499–506Google Scholar
McGregor, J. H. (1926). Restoring Neanderthal man. National History 26, 288–93Google Scholar
McKelvie, S. J. (1978). Sex differences in facial memory. In M. M. Gruneburg, P. E. Morris and R. N. Sykes (eds.), Practical Aspects of Memory. London: Academic Press, pp. 263–9
Macho, G. A. (1986). An appraisal of plastic reconstruction of the external nose. Journal of Forensic Science 31, 4, 1391–1403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malone, D. R., Morris, H. H., Kay, M. C. and Levin, H. S. (1982). Prosopagnosia: a double dissociation between the recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 45, 820–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manhein, M. H., Barsley, R. E., Listi, G. A., Musselman, R., Barrow, N. E. and Ubelaker, D. H. (2000). In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for children and adults. Journal of Forensic Science 45, 1, 48–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, R. W., Jantz, R. L., Bass, W. M. and Willey, P. S. (1991). Maxillary suture obliteration. Journal of Forensic Science 36, 781–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J. G. (1964). Racial ethnocentrism and judgement of beauty. Journal of Social Psychology 63, 59CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mays, S. (1996). The human skeletal remains. In J. R. Timby (ed.), The Anglosaxon Cemetery at Empingham II, Rutland. Monograph 70, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 21–33
Mays, S. and Cox, M. (2000). Sex determination in skeletal remains. In M. Cox and S. Mays, 2000
Meredith, H. V. (1973). Gingival emergence of human deciduous teeth; a synoptic report. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health. Special issue, 195–9Google Scholar
Michael, S. D. and Chen, M. (1996). The 3-D reconstruction of facial features using volume distortion. Proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of Eurographics UK, 297–305
Miles, A. E. W. (1963). The dentition in the assessment of individual age in skeletal material. In D. R. Brothwell (1963). Digging Up Bones. British Museum: Cornell University Press, 191–209CrossRef
Milgrim, L. M., Lawson, W. and Cohen, A. F. (1996). Anthropometrical analysis of the female Latino nose: revised aesthetic concepts and their surgical implications. Archives of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery 122, 10, 109–1086Google Scholar
Molleson, T., Cruse, K. and Mays, S. (1998). Some sexually dimorphic features of the human juvenile skull and their value in sex determination in immature skeletal remains. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 25, 719–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morant, G. M. (1936). A biometric study of the human mandible. Biometrika 28, 84–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, J. P., Linney, A. D., Grindrod, S. R., Arridge, S. R. and Clifton, J. S. (1987). Three-dimensional visualisation of the face and skull using computerised tomography and laser scanning techniques. European Journal of Orthodontics 9, 247–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neave, R. A. H. (1979). Reconstruction of the heads of three Egyptian mummies. Journal of Audiovisual media in Medicine 2, 156–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neave, R. A. H. (1994). Book review — Forensic analysis of the skull. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 4, 163Google Scholar
Neave, R. A. H. (1998). Age changes in the face in adulthood. In J. G. Clement and D. L. Ranson (eds.), Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine, Sydney: Arnold Publications, pp. 215–231
Nelson, L. A. and Michael, S. D. (1998). The application of volume deformation to 3-D facial reconstruction; a comparison with previous techniques. Forensic Science International 94, 167–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nute, S. J. and Moss, J. P. (2000). Three-dimensional facial growth studied by optical surface scanning. Journal of Orthodontics 27, 1, 31–38CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ofodile, F. A., Bokhari, F. J. and Ellis, C. (1993). The Black American nose. Annals of Plastic Surgery 31, 3, 209–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsons, F. G. and Boc, L. R. (1905). The relation of cranial sutures to age. Journal of the Royal Anthropology Institute 25, 30–38Google Scholar
Pearson, K. (1926). The skull and portraits of George Buchanan. Forensic Science International 83, 51–9Google Scholar
Pearson, K. (1928). The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their bearing on relationship to busts. Biometrika 20, 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, H. and Peck, S. (1970). A concept of facial aesthetics. Angle Orthodontist 40, 4, 284–318Google Scholar
Pedersen, P. O. (1949). The East Greenland Eskimo Dentition. Kobenhavn, 1940. Bianco Lunos, Banstrijkken and Meddelsen on Gronland 60, 142–244Google Scholar
Penry, J. (1939). How to Judge Character from the Face. London: Hutchinson
Penry, J. (1971). Looking at Faces. London: Elek Books
Phillips, V. M. and Smuts, N. A. (1996). Facial reconstruction; utilisation of computerised tomography to measure facial tissue thickness in a mixed population. Forensic Science International 83, 51–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. P. and Olsen, K. L. (2001). Anthropometric facial analysis of the African-American woman. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 3, 3, 191–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potclays Ltd (2003). Suppliers of ceramic pot clay. Stoke on Trent
Pounder, D. J. (1984). Forensic aspects of aboriginal skeletal remains in Australia. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 5, 1, 41–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prag, J. and Neave, R. A. H. (1997). Making Faces. London: British Museum Press
Preeyanont, P. (1995). The standard angle between the longitudinal axis of the ear and the bridge of the nose in Thai women. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 78, 3, 127–34Google Scholar
Prokopec, M. and Ubelaker, D. H. (2002). Reconstructing the shape of the nose according to the skull. Forensic Science Communications 4, 1Google Scholar
Ramsey, N., Bull, R. and Gahagan, D. (1982). The effects of facial disfigurement on the proxemic behaviour of the general public. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 12, 137–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathburn, T. A. (1984). Personal Identification: Facial Reproduction in Human Identification Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, pp. 343–56
Redfield, A. (1970). A new aid to aging immature skeletons; development of the occipital bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 33, 207–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhine, J. S. and Campbell, H. R. (1980). Thickness of facial tissues in American Blacks. Journal of Forensic Science 25, 4, 847–58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhine, J. S., Moore, C. E. and Westin, J. T. (eds.) (1982). Facial Reproduction: Tables of Facial Tissue Thickness of American Caucasoids in Forensic Anthropology. Maxwell Museum, Technical Series, no. 1, University of New Mexico
Rhine, S. (1983). Tissue thickness for South-western Indians. Ph.D. thesis. Physical Anthropology Laboratories. Maxwell Museum, University of New Mexico
Riola, M. L., Moyers, R. E., Macnamara, J. A. and Hunter, W. S. (1974). An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth. Monograph 2, Craniofacial Growth Series. Ann Arbor, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
Rushton, M. A. (1933). On the fine contour lines of the enamel of milk teeth. Dental Record 53, 170–1Google Scholar
Sahni, D. (2002). Preliminary study on facial soft tissue thickness by magnetic resonance imaging in Northwest Indians. Forensic Science Communications 4, 1Google Scholar
Samuels, C. A., Butterworth, G., Roberts, T., Grauper, L. and Hole, G. (1994). Facial aesthetics: babies prefer attractiveness to symmetry. Perception 23, 823–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, A. E. (1980). Rhinoplasty on the mestizo nose. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 77, 239–52Google Scholar
Sauer, N. J. (1992). Forensic Anthropology and the concept of race — if races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?Social Science and Medicine 34, 2, 107–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnalke, T. (1995). Diseases in Wax — The History of the Medical Moulage. Berlin: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.
Schour, I. (1936). The neonatal line in the enamel and dentin of the human deciduous teeth and first premolar. Journal of the American Dental Association 23, 1946–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schour, I. and Massler, M. (1944). Development of Human Dentition. Chicago University of Illinois School of Dentistry
Schultz, A. H. (1918). Relation of the external nose to the bony nose and nasal cartilages in whites and negroes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1, 3, 329–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutowski, H. (1993). Sex determination of infant and juvenile skeletons: I morphognostic features. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90, 199–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, P. (1998). An investigation into the relationship between hard and soft tissues in the lip—chin region of the face. Anatomical Sciences. B.Sc. thesis, University of Manchester
Secord, P. F., Bevan, W. and Katz, B. (1956). The negro stereotype and perceptual accentuation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53, 78–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, J. (1981). Social factors in face recognition. In G. Davies, H. Ellis and J. Shepherd (eds.), Perceiving and Remembering Faces. London: Academic Press
Sim, R. S. T. and Smith, J. D. (2000). Comparison of the aesthetic facial proportions of Southern Chinese and White Women. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2, 113–20Google ScholarPubMed
Simpson, E. and Henneberg, M. (2002). Variation in soft tissue thicknesses on the human face and their relationship to craniometric dimensions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118, 121–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skiles, M. S. and Randall, P. (1983). The aesthetics of ear placement. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 84, 8, August, 133–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, A., Bremner, G., Johnson, S. P., Sherwood, P., Hayes, R. and Brown, E. (2000). Newborn infants' preference for attractive faces. Infancy 1, 265–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, S. L. and Buschang, P. H. (2001). Midsaggital facial tissue thicknesses of children and adolescents from the Montreal Growth Study. Journal of Forensic Science 46, 6, 1294–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. S. (1961). Ancient Egypt. Boston, MA: Beacon Press
Snow C. E. (1974). Early Hawaiians. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press
Snow, C. C., Gatliff, B. P. and McWilliams, K. R. (1970). Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: an evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 33, 221–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobotta, J. (1983). Atlas of Human Anatomy 1: Head, Neck and Upper Extremities, 10th English edn. Ed. H. Ferner and J. Staubesand. Baltimore-Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg
Spencer, M. A. and Demes, B. (1993). Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neanderthals and Inuits. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 91, 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stadtmuller, F. (1922). Zur Beurteilung der plastischen Rekonstruktionsmethode der Physiognomie auf dem Schädel. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 22, 337–72Google Scholar
Stadtmuller, F. (1923). Plastische Physiognomie-Rekonstruktionen auf den beiden diluvialen Schädeln von Obercassel bei Bonn. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 23, 301–14Google Scholar
Stenstrom, S. (1946). Untersuchungen über die Variation und Kovariation der optischen Elemente des menschlichen Auges. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavia Supplementum 26, 1–103Google Scholar
Stephan, C. N. (2000). Do resemblance ratings measure a facial approximation accuracy? Proceedings of 9th Biennial Conference of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Washington
Stephan, C. N. (2002). Facial approximation: globe projection guideline falsified by exophthalmometry literature. Journal of Forensic Science 47, 4, 730–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephan, C., and Henneberg, M. (2001). Building faces from dry skulls: are they recognised above chance rates?Journal of Forensic Science 46, 3, 432–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, T. D. (1948). Medicolegal aspects of the skeleton — age, sex, race and stature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6, 315–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, T. D. (1979). Essentials of Forensic Anthropology. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas Publications
Stewart, T. D. (1983). The points of attachment of the palpebral ligaments; their use in facial reconstructions on the skull. Journal of Forensic Science 28, 4, 858–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stouffer, J. R. (1963). The relationship of ultrasonic measurements and x-rays to body composition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 110, 31–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suk, V. (1935). Fallacies of anthropological identifications and reconstructions: a critique based on anatomical dissections. Publications of the Faculty of Science, University of Masaryk, Brno, 207, pp. 1–18Google Scholar
Sutton, P. R. N. (1969). Zygomatic diameter: the thickness of the tissues over the zygions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30, 303–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, K. (1948). On the thickness of the soft parts of the Japanese face. Journal of Anthropology of the Society of the Nippon 60, 7–11Google Scholar
Tandler, J. (1909). Über den Schädel Haydns. Mitteilungen der Anthropologie Gesellschaft Wien 39, 260–80Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1952). The assessment of growth and development in children. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 27, 10–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, J. A. and Angel, C. (1998). Facial reconstruction and approximation. In J. G. Clement and D. L. Ranson (eds.), Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine. Sydney: Arnold Publishers
Taylor, K. (2001). Forensic Art and Illustration. Boca Raton: CRC Press
Tian, S., Yasuhiro, N., Isberg, B. and Lennerstrand, G. (2000). MRI measurements of normal extraocular muscles and other orbital structures. Graefe's Archives of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 238, 393–404CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiranti, Alec — Suppliers of sculptural materials. The High Street, Reading
Todd, J. T., Mark, L. S., Shaw, R. E. and Pittenger, J. B. (1980). The perception of human growth. Scientific American 242, 2, 132–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todd, T. W. and Lindala, A. (1928). Thickness of the subcutaneous tissues in the living and the dead. American Journal of Anatomy 41, 2, 153–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, T. W. and Lyon, D. W. Jr (1924). Endocranial suture closure, its progress and age relationship: Part I. Adult males of White stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7, 325–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, T. W. and Lyon, D. W. Jr (1925). Cranial suture closure. Part II: Ectocranial closure in adult males of White stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8, 23–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolleth, H. (1987). Concepts for the plastic surgeon from art and sculpture. Clinical Plastic Surgery 14, 4, 585–98Google ScholarPubMed
Tyrell, A. J., Evison, M. P., Chamberlain, A. T. and Green, M. A. (1997). Forensic three-dimensional facial reconstruction: historical review and contemporary developments. Journal of Forensic Science 42, 4, 653–61Google Scholar
Ubelaker, D. H. (1978). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis and Interpretation. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institute Press
Ubelaker, D. H. and O'Donnell, G. (1992). Computer assisted facial reproduction. Journal of Forensic Science 37, 155–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udry, J. R. (1965). Structural correlates of feminine beauty preferences in Britain and the United States: a comparison. Sociological and Social Research 49, 330Google Scholar
Valentine, T. and Bruce, V. (1986). The effects of distinctiveness in recognising and classifying faces. Perception 15, 525–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosch, W. A., Leenders, I. and Mulder, P. (1999). Topographic anatomy of the eyelids and the effects of sex and age. British Journal of Ophthalmology 83, 347–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beek, M. C. J., Hoeksma, J. B. and Prahl-Andersen, B. (1991). Vertical facial growth: a longitudinal study from seven to 14 years of age. European Journal of Orthodontics 13, 202–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanezis, P., Blowes, R. W., Linney, A. D., Tan, A. C., Richards, R. and Neave, R. (1989). Application of 3-D computer graphics for facial reconstruction and comparison with sculpting techniques. Forensic Science International 42, 69–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanezis, P., Vanezis, M., McCombe, G. and Niblett, T. (2000). Facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics. Forensic Science International 108, 2, 81–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Rensburg, M. S. J. (1993). Accuracy of recognition of 3-D plastic reconstruction of faces from skulls. Abstract. Proceedings of the Anatomical Society of South Africa. 23rd Annual Congress 20
ViÐarsdóttir, U. S. and O'Higgins, P. (2001). Geometric morphometrics and the analysis of variations in facial form: robusticity of biological findings in relation to bilateral versus unilateral and missing landmarks. Statistica 2, 315–33Google Scholar
ViÐarsdóttir, U. S., O'Higgins, P. and Stringer, C. (2002). The development of regionally distinct facial morphologies: a geometric morphometric study of population-specific differences in the growth of the modern human facial skeleton. Journal of Anatomy 201, 211–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virchow, H. (1912). Die anthropologische Untersuchung der Nase. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 44, 289–337Google Scholar
Eggeling, H. (1909), Anatomische Untersuchungen an den Kopfen von vier Hereros, einem Herero-und einem Hottentottenkind. L. Schultze, Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika, ausgeführt 1903–1905. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 15, 323–448Google Scholar
Eggeling, H. (1913). Die Leistungsfähigkeit physiognomischer Rekonstruktionsversuche auf Grundlage des Schädels. Archiv für Anthropologie 12, 44–7Google Scholar
Hagens, G. (1979). Impregnation of soft biological specimens with thermosetting resins and elastomers. Anatomical Record 194, 247–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, D., Qian, G., Zhang, M. and Farkas, L. G. (1997). Differences in horizontal, neoclassical facial canons in Chinese and North American Caucasian populations. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 21, 4, 265–9Google ScholarPubMed
Wei, B., Feng, J. and Fang, Z. (1983). The relationship between the construction of maxillary first molar and age. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 2, 79Google Scholar
Weining, W. (1958). Rontgenologische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Weichteildickenmaße des Gesichts. Dissertation Frankfurt
Welcker, H. (1883). Schiller's Schädel und Todenmaske nebst Mittheilungen über Schädel und Todenmaske Kants. Braunschweig: Vieweg und Sohn 1–160
Wen, I. C. (1934). The development of the upper eyelid of the Chinese with special reference to the mongolic fold. Chinese Medical Journal 48, 1216–27Google Scholar
White, T. D. and Folkens, P. A. (1991). Human Osteology. San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
Whittaker, D. K. (2000). Aging from the dentition. In M. Cox and S. Mays (eds.), Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. GMM Publishers, pp. 83–100
Whittaker, D. K. and Richards, D. (1978). Scanning electron microscopy of the neonatal line in human enamel. Archives of Oral Biology 23, 45–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittaker, D. K., Richards, B. N. and Jones, M. L. (1998). Orthodontic reconstruction in a victim of murder. British Journal of Orthodontics 25, 11–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittingham, P. D. G. V. (1962). Measurement of tissue thickness by ultrasound. Aerospace Medicine 33, 1121–8Google ScholarPubMed
Wilder, H. H. (1912). The physiognomy of the Indians of Southern New England. American Anthropologist 14, 3, 415–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilder, H. H. and Wentworth, B. (1918). Personal Identification. Boston, MA: Richard Badger, Gormon Press
Wilkinson, C. M. (2002). In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for White British children. Journal of Forensic Science 47, 3, 459-65Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, C. M. and Mautner, S. A. (2003). Measurement of eyeball protrusion and its application in facial reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Science 48, 1, 12–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, C. M. and Neave, R. A. H. (2001). Skull reassembly and the implications for forensic facial reconstruction. Science and Justice 41, 3, 5–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M. and Neave, R. A. H. (2003). The reconstruction of faces showing healed wounds. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 1343–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M. and Whittaker, D. K. (2002). Juvenile forensic facial reconstruction — a detailed accuracy study. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Bari, Italy 98–110Google Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M., Motwani, M. and Chiang, E. (2003). The relationship between the soft tissues and the skeletal detail of the mouth. Journal of Forensic Science, 48, 4, 728–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C. M., Neave, R. A. H. and Smith, D. S. (2002). How important to facial reconstruction are the correct ethnic group tissue depths?Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Bari, Italy 111–21Google Scholar
Williamson, M. A., Nawrocki, S. P. and Rathburn, T. A. (2002). Variation in midfacial tissue thickness of African-American children. Journal of Forensic Science 47, 1, 25–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, 8th edn. Eds: Bron A. J., Tripathi R. C. and Tripathi B. J. (1997). London: Chapman & Hall Medical
Yarmey, A. D. (1975). Social-emotional factors in recall and recognition of faces. Proceedings of Annual Conference of Mid-Western Psychological Association, Chicago
Yeatts, R. P. (1992). Measurement of globe position in complex orbital fractures II patient evaluation utilizing a modified exophthalmometer. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 8, 2, 119–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Y'Edynak, G. J. and Iscan, M. Y. (1993). Craniofacial evolution and growth. In M. Y. Iscan and R. P. Helmer (eds.), Forensic Analysis of the Skull. New York: Wiley Liss Inc., pp. 11–29
Young, A. W., Hay, D. C. and Ellis, A. W. (1985). The faces that launched a thousand ships: everyday difficulties and errors in recognising people. British Journal of Psychology 76, 495–523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuhrt, R. (1955). Stomatologische Untersuchungen an spätmittelälterlichen Funden von Reckkahn. I. Die Zahnkaries und ihre Folgen. Deutsche Zahn-, Munds-, und Kieferheilkunds 25, 1–15Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Caroline Wilkinson, University of Manchester
  • Book: Forensic Facial Reconstruction
  • Online publication: 05 June 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107340961.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Caroline Wilkinson, University of Manchester
  • Book: Forensic Facial Reconstruction
  • Online publication: 05 June 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107340961.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Caroline Wilkinson, University of Manchester
  • Book: Forensic Facial Reconstruction
  • Online publication: 05 June 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107340961.011
Available formats
×