Acemoglu, , Daron, , James, A. Robinson and Thierry, Verdier. 2017. “Asymmetric growth and institutions in an interdependent world.” Journal of Political Economy 125(5):1245–1305.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, , Daron, , Suresh, Naidu, Pascual, Restrepo and Robinson, James A.. 2015. “Democracy, redistribution and inequality.” In Handbook of Income Distribution, eds. Anthony B. Atkinson and Francois Bourguignon, Vol. 2. Elsevier, pp. 1885– 1966.Google Scholar

Akbas¸, , Merve, , Dan, Ariely and Sevgi, Yuksel. 2019. “When is inequality fair? an experiment on the effect of procedural justice and agency.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 161:114–127.Google Scholar

Akesson, , Jesper, , Robert, W. Hahn, Robert, D. Metcalfe and Itzhak, Rasooly. 2022. “Race and redistribution in the United States: An experimental analysis.” NBER Working Paper (w30426). www.nber.org/papers/w30426.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Glaeser, Edward L.. 2006. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Alesina, , Alberto, , Armando, Miano and Stefanie, Stantcheva. 2023. “Immigration and redistribution.” The Review of Economic Studies 90(1):1–39.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Eliana, La Ferrara. 2002. “Who trusts others?” Journal of Public Economics 85(2):207–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Eliana, La Ferrara. 2005. “Preferences for redistribution in the land of opportunities.” Journal of Public Economics 89(5–6):897–931.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and George-Marios, Angeletos. 2005. “Fairness and redistribution.” American Economic Review 95(4):960–980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Almås, , Ingvild, , Alexander, Cappelen and Bertil, Tungodden. 2020. “Cutthroat capitalism versus cuddly socialism: Are Americans more meritocratic and efficiency-seeking than Scandinavians?” Journal of Political Economy 128(5):1753–1788.Google Scholar

Almås, , Ingvild, , Alexander, W. Cappelen, Erik, Ø Sørensen and Bertil, Tungod-den. 2010. “Fairness and the development of inequality acceptance.” Science 328(5982):1176–1178.Google Scholar

American National Election Studies. 2017. ANES 2016 Time Series Study Initial Release [dataset and documentation]. May 7, 2017 version. www.electionstudies.orgGoogle Scholar

Andersen, , Steffen, , Seda, Ertaç, Uri, Gneezy, Moshe, Hoffman and List, John A.. 2011. “Stakes matter in ultimatum games.” American Economic Review 101(7):3427– 3439.Google Scholar

Ansolabehere, , Stephen, , Jonathan, Rodden and Snyder, James M.. 2008. “The strength of issues: Using multiple measures to gauge preference stability, ideological constraint, and issue voting.” American Political Science Review 102(2):215–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkinson, , Anthony, Barnes. 2008. The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Autor, David. 2010. “The polarization of job opportunities in the US labor market: Implications for employment and earnings.” Community Investments 23(2):11–16.Google Scholar

Axelrod, Robert. 1980. “More effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 24(3):379–403.Google Scholar

Axelrod, Robert and Douglas, Dion. 1988. “The further evolution of cooperation.” Science 242(4884):1385–1390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldassarri, Delia and Andrew, Gelman. 2008. “Partisans without constraint: Political polarization and trends in American public opinion.” American Journal of Sociology 114(2):408–446.Google Scholar

Ballard-Rosa, , Cameron, , Mashail, A. Malik, Stephanie, J. Rickard and Kenneth, Scheve. 2021. “The economic origins of authoritarian values: evidence from local trade shocks in the United Kingdom.” Comparative Political Studies 54(13):2321–2353.Google Scholar

Barber, , Michael, , Nolan, McCarty, Jane, Mansbridge and Cathie, Jo Martin. 2015. “Causes and consequences of polarization.” In Political Negotiation: A Handbook, eds. Jane Mansbridge and Cathie Jo Martin. Brookings Institution Press, pp. 37–90.Google Scholar

Barrett, H. Clark, Alexander, Bolyanatz, Alyssa, N. Crittenden et al. 2016. “Small-scale societies exhibit fundamental variation in the role of intentions in moral judgment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(17):4688–4693.Google Scholar

Bartels, Larry. 2005. “Homer gets a tax cut: Inequality and public policy in the American mind.” Perspectives on Politics 3(1):15–31.Google Scholar

Baumard, Nicolas. 2016. The Origins of Fairness: How Evolution Explains Our Moral Nature. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bawn, , Kathleen, , Martin, Cohen, David, Karol, Seth, Masket, Hans, Noel and John, Zaller. 2012. “A theory of political parties: Groups, policy demands and nominations in American politics.” Perspectives on Politics 10(03):571–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bechtel, Michael M. and Kenneth, Scheve. 2014. “Who cooperates? Reciprocity, and the causal effect of expected cooperation in representative samples.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 4(3):206–228Google Scholar

Bénabou, Roland and Jean, Tirole. 2006. “Belief in a just world and redistributive politics.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(2):699–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bénabou, Roland and Jean, Tirole. 2011. “Identity, morals, and taboos: Beliefs as assets.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(2):805–855.Google Scholar

Bénabou, Roland and Jean, Tirole. 2016. “Mindful economics: The production, consumption, and value of beliefs.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 30(3):141–164.Google Scholar

Beramendi, Pablo and Philipp, Rehm. 2016. “Who gives, who gains? Progressivity and preferences.” Comparative Political Studies 49(4):529–563.Google Scholar

Berg, , Joyce, John Dickhaut and Kevin, McCabe. 1995. “Trust, reciprocity, and social history.” Games and Economic Behavior 10(1):122–142.Google Scholar

Bergman, Manfred Max and Dominique, Joye. 2001. “Comparing social stratification schemas: CAMSIS, CSP-CH, Goldthorpe, ISCO-88, Treiman, and Wright.” Cambridge Studies in Social Research. Available at: www.sociology.cam.ac.uk/ system/files/documents/cs10.pdf.Google Scholar

Berlin, Isaiah. 1958. Two Concepts of Liberty: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958. Oxford University Press, pp. 33–57.Google Scholar

Betz, Hans-Georg. 2016. “The Revenge of the Plouc: The Revival of Radical Populism Under Marine Le Pen in France.” In Economic Growth in Europe since 1945, eds. Hanspeter Kriesi and Takis S. Pappas. ECPR Press.Google Scholar

Bicchieri, Cristina. 2005. The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bicchieri, Cristina. 2016. Norms in the Wild: How to Diagnose, Measure, and Change Social Norms. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Binmore, Ken G. 1994. Game Theory and the Social Contract: Just Playing, MIT Press.Google Scholar

Blair, Tony and Gerhard, Schroeder. 2000. “The third way/Die neue mitte.” Dissent 47(2):51–65.Google Scholar

Blanchard, Olivier. 2019. “Public debt and low interest rates.” American Economic Review 109(4):1197–1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borghans, , Lex, Anne C. Gielen and Erzo, F.P. Luttmer. 2014. “Social support substitution and the earnings rebound: Evidence from a regression discontinuity in disability insurance reform.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6(4):34–70.Google Scholar

Bornschier, Simon. 2010. “The new cultural divide and the two-dimensional political space in Western Europe.” West European Politics 33(3):419–444.Google Scholar

British Social Attitudes Survey, longitudinal survey. N.d. Cumulative file compiled by the authors NatCen Social Research [data collection]. UK Data Service [distributor]. https://ukdataservice.ac.uk.Google Scholar

Bullock, John and Gabriel, Lenz. 2019. “Partisan bias in surveys.” Annual Review of Political Science 22:325–342.Google Scholar

Busemeyer, Marius R., Philip, Rathgeb and Alexander, H.J. Sahm. 2022. “Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters.” West European Politics 45(1):77–101.Google Scholar

Cappelen, Alexander W., Astri, Drange Hole, Erik, Ø Sørensen and Bertil, Tungodden. 2007. “The pluralism of fairness ideals: An experimental approach.” American Economic Review 97(3):818–827.Google Scholar

Cappelen, Alexander W., James, Konow, Erik, Ø Sørensen and Bertil, Tungodden. 2013. “Just luck: An experimental study of risk-taking and fairness.” American Economic Review 103(4):1398–1413.Google Scholar

Cappelen, Alexander W., Karl, O Moene, Siv-Elisabeth, Skjelbred and Bertil, Tungodden. 2017. “The merit primacy effect.” https://ssrn.com/abstract=2963504. Economics Discussion Paper No. 06/2017. NHH Department.Google Scholar

Card, , David, Jörg Heining and Patrick, Kline. 2013. “Workplace heterogeneity and the rise of West German wage inequality.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 128(3):967–1015.Google Scholar

Castel, Robert. 1995. Les métamorphoses de la question sociale: une chronique du salariat. Gallimard.Google Scholar

Caughey, , Devin, Tom O’Grady and Christopher, Warshaw. 2019. “Policy ideology in European mass publics, 1981–2016.” American Political Science Review 113(3):674– 693.Google Scholar

Cavaillé, Charlotte. 2022. “Why some care more about free riding than others and why it matters.” IAST Working Paper No. 652.Google Scholar

Cavaillé, Charlotte and Karine, Van der Straeten. 2023. “Immigration and Support for Redistribution: Lessons from Europe.” Journal of Economic Literature. www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20221708&&from=f.Google Scholar

Cavaillé, Charlotte and Anja, Neundorf. 2022. “Elite cues and economic policy attitudes: The mediating role of economic hardship.” Political Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09768-w.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavaillé, Charlotte and Jeremy, Ferwerda. 2023. “How distributional conflict over inkind benefits generates support for far-right parties.” The Journal of Politics 85(1):19–33.Google Scholar

Cavaillé, Charlotte and Kris-Stella, Trump. 2015. “The two facets of social policy preferences.” Journal of Politics 77(1):146–160.Google Scholar

Chase, Elaine and Robert, Walker. 2013. “The co-construction of shame in the context of poverty: Beyond a threat to the social bond.” Sociology 47(4):739–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chetty, Raj. 2005. Why do unemployment benefits raise unemployment durations? Moral hazard vs. liquidity. www.nber.org/papers/w11760. NBER Working Paper (w11760).Google Scholar

Chong, Dennis and Druckman, James N.. 2007. “Framing theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 10:103–126.Google Scholar

Clasen, , Jochen, , Jon, Kvist, Wim, Van Oorschot, et al. 2001. “On condition of work: increasing work requirements in unemployment compensation schemes.” In Nordic Welfare States in the European Context, eds. Johan Fritzell, Bjorn Hvinden, Mikko Kautto, Jon Kvist and Hannu Uusitalo. Routledge, pp. 33–57.Google Scholar

Conditions de vie et aspirations, 1979–2020. N.d. Credoc [producteur]. ADISP [diffuseur].Google Scholar

Converse, Philip E. 2006. “The nature of belief systems in mass publics (1964).” Critical Review 18(1–3):1–74.Google Scholar

Costello, Anna B. and Osborne, Jason W.. 2005. “Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis.” Practical Assessment Research and Evaluation 10(7):1–9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868.Google Scholar

Cramer, Katherine J. 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wiscon-sin and the Rise of Scott Walker. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Cruces, , Guillermo, Ricardo Perez-Truglia and Martin, Tetaz. 2013. “Biased perceptions of income distribution and preferences for redistribution: Evidence from a survey experiment.” Journal of Public Economics 98:100–112.Google Scholar

Curry, , Oliver, Scott, Daniel, Austin Mullins and Harvey, Whitehouse. 2019. “Is it good to cooperate? Testing the theory of morality-as-cooperation in 60 societies.” Current Anthropology 60(1):47–69.Google Scholar

Dahlberg, , Matz, Karin Edmark and Hele`ne, Lundqvist. 2012. “Ethnic diversity and preferences for redistribution.” Journal of Political Economy 120(1):41–76.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J. 2013. The apartisan American: dealignment and changing electoral politics. CQ Press.Google Scholar

Dassonneville, Ruth and Marc, Hooghe. 2018. “Indifference and alienation: Diverging dimensions of electoral dealignment in Europe.” Acta Politica 53(1):1–23.Google Scholar

De, Koster, Willem, , Peter, Achterberg and Jeroen, Van der Waal. 2013. “The new right and the welfare state: The electoral relevance of welfare chauvinism and welfare populism in the Netherlands.” International Political Science Review 34(1):3–20.Google Scholar

DeScioli, Peter and Robert, Kurzban. 2009. “Mysteries of morality.” Cognition 112(2):281–299.Google Scholar

Dickson, Eric S., Sanford, C. Gordon and Huber, Gregory A.. 2009. “Enforcement and compliance in an uncertain world: An experimental investigation.” The Journal of Politics 71(4):1357–1378.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. “An economic theory of political action in a democracy.” Journal of Political Economy 65(2):135–150.Google Scholar

DREES, Barometre d’opinion. N.d. Drees [producteur]. ADISP [diffuseur]. https://drees2-sgsocialgouv.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/431_le-barometre-d-opinion/information/.Google Scholar

Druckman, James N., Erik, Peterson and Rune, Slothuus. 2013. “How elite partisan polarization affects public opinion formation.” American Political Science Review 107(1):57–79.Google Scholar

Durante, , Ruben, Louis Putterman and Joël, Van der Weele. 2014. “Preferences for redistribution and perception of fairness: An experimental study.” Journal of the European Economic Association 12(4):1059–1086.Google Scholar

Emmenegger, , Patrick, Silja Häusermann, Bruno, Palier and Martin, Seeleib-Kaiser. 2012. The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Enders, Adam M. and Scott, Jamil S.. 2019. “The increasing racialization of American electoral politics, 1988-2016.” American Politics Research 47(2):275–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Enke, , Benjamin, Ricardo Rodríguez-Padilla and Florian, Zimmermann. 2020. “Moral universalism and the structure of ideology.” NBER Working Paper (w27511). www.nber.org/papers/w27511.Google Scholar

Enke, , Benjamin, Ricardo Rodríguez-Padilla and Florian, Zimmermann. 2022. “Moral universalism: Measurement and heterogeneity.” Management Science 68(5): 3590–3603.Google Scholar

Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press. European Social Survey, Round 4 Data. 2008. Data file edition 4.5. Sikt NorwegianGoogle Scholar

Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD- ESS4-2008.Google Scholar

European Social Survey, Round 8 Data. 2016. Data file edition 2.2. Sikt Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD- ESS8-2016.Google Scholar

European Social Survey, Round 9 Data. 2018. Data file edition 3.1. Sikt Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD- ESS9-2018.Google Scholar

European Social Survey, Rounds 1 through 9 Data. 2022. Data file generated by combining data from individual rounds Sikt – Norwegian Agency for Shared ServicesGoogle Scholar

in Education and Research, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. www.europeansocialsurvey.org/data/.Google Scholar

Evans, , Geoffrey, Anthony Heath and Mansur, Lalljee. 1996. “Measuring left-right and libertarian-authoritarian values in the British electorate.” British Journal of Sociology 47(1):93–112.Google Scholar

Evans, Geoffrey and James, Tilley. 2012. “How parties shape class politics: Explaining the decline of the class basis of party support.” British Journal of Political Science 42(1):137–161.Google Scholar

Ewald, François. 2014. L’Etat providence. Grasset.Google Scholar

Falk, , Armin, Ernst Fehr and Urs, Fischbacher. 2003. “On the nature of fair behavior.” Economic Inquiry 41(1):20–26.Google Scholar

Farber, Henry S., Daniel, Herbst, Ilyana, Kuziemko and Suresh, Naidu. 2021. “Unions and inequality over the twentieth century: New evidence from survey data.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 136(3):1325–1385.Google Scholar

Fehr, Ernst and Schmidt, Klaus M.. 2006. “The economics of fairness, reciprocity and altruism–experimental evidence and new theories.” In Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity, eds. Serge-Christophe Kolm and Jean Mercier Ythier, Vol. 1. Elsevier Science, pp. 615–691.Google Scholar

Fehr, Ernst and Simon, Gächter. 2000. “Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments.” American Economic Review. 90(4):980–994Google Scholar

Fischbacher, Urs and Simon, Gachter. 2010. “Social preferences, beliefs, and the dynamics of free riding in public goods experiments.” American Economic Review 100(1):541–556.Google Scholar

Fischbacher, , Urs, Simon Gächter and Ernst, Fehr. 2001. “Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment.” Economics Letters 71(3): 397–404.Google Scholar

Fong, Christina. 2001. “Social preferences, self-interest, and the demand for redistribution.” Journal of Public Economics 82(2):225–246.Google Scholar

Fong, Christina M. and Erzo, F. P. Luttmer. 2009. “What determines giving to Hurricane Katrina victims? Experimental evidence on racial group loyalty.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1(2):64.Google Scholar

Fong, Christina M. and Panu, Poutvaara. 2019. “Redistributive politics with targetspecific beliefs.” IFO Working Paper No. 297. www.ifo.de/DocDL/wp-2019- 297-fong-poutvaara-redistributive-politcs.pdf.Google Scholar

Fong, Christina M., Samuel, Bowles and Herbert, Gintis. 2006. “Strong reciprocity and the welfare state.” In Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity, ed. Serge-Christophe, Kolm and Jean, Mercier Ythier, Vol. 2. Elsevier, pp. 1439–1464.Google Scholar

Ford, Robert and Will, Jennings. 2020. “The changing cleavage politics of Western Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science 23:295–314.Google Scholar

Forst, Rainer. 2014. Justification and Critique: Towards a Critical Theory of Politics. Polity.Google Scholar

Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago press.Google Scholar

Frohlich, , Norman, Joe Oppenheimer and Anja, Kurki. 2004. “Modeling other-regarding preferences and an experimental test.” Public Choice 119(1–2):91–117.Google Scholar

Galbraith, John K. 1967. The New Industrial State. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Ganzeboom, Harry B.G. 2015. “International Social Survey Programme: Social Inequality IV ISSP 2009.” GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA5995 Data file Version 1.0.0.Google Scholar

Garthwaite, Kayleigh. 2016. “Stigma, shame and’people like us’: An ethnographic study of foodbank use in the UK.” Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 24(3):277–289.Google Scholar

Gelfand, Michele. 2019. Rule Makers, Rule Breakers: Tight and Loose Cultures and the Secret Signals that Direct Our Lives. Scribner.Google Scholar

Georgiadis, Andreas and Alan, Manning. 2012. “Spend it like Beckham? Inequality and redistribution in the UK, 1983–2004.” Public Choice 151(3–4):537–563.Google Scholar

Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Gintis, Herbert. 2016. “Homo Ludens: Social rationality and political behavior.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 126:95–109.Google Scholar

Gintis, , Herbert, , Samuel, Bowles, Robert, T. Boyd, et al. 2005. Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life. MIT Press.Google Scholar

Goren, Paul. 2001. “Core principles and policy reasoning in mass publics: A test of two theories.” British Journal of Political Science 31(1):159–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graham, , Jesse, Jonathan Haidt and Nosek, Brian A.. 2009. “Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5):1029.Google Scholar

Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and transl. Quentin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. Lawrence and Wishart.Google Scholar

Grasso, , Maria, Teresa, Stephen, Farrall, Emily, Gray, Colin, Hay and Will, Jennings. 2019. “Thatcher’s children, Blair’s babies, political socialization and trickle-down value change: An age, period and cohort analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 49(1):17–36.Google Scholar

Gross, Justin H. and Daniel, Manrique-Vallier. 2014. “A mixed membership approach to the assessment of political ideology from survey responses.” In Handbook of Mixed Membership Models and Their Applications, eds. Edoardo M. Airoldi, David M. Blei, Elena A. Erosheva and Stephen E. Fienberg. CRC Press, Routledge Handbooks Online.Google Scholar

Gubrium, Erika K. and Ivar, Lødemel. 2013. “‘Not good enough’: Social assistance and shaming in Norway.” In The Shame of It: Global Perspectives on Anti-poverty Policies, eds. Erika K. Gubrium, Sony Pellissery and Ivar Lødemel. Policy Press, pp. 85–110.Google Scholar

Güth, , Werner, , Rolf, Schmittberger and Bernd, Schwarze. 1982. “An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 3(4):367–388.Google Scholar

Haderup, Larsen, Mikkel, and Merlin, Schaeffer. 2020. “Healthcare chauvinism during the COVID-19 pandemic.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47(7): 1455–1473.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter A. 1993. “Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: The case of economic policymaking in Britain.” Comparative Politics 25:275–296.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter A., Miles, Kahler and Lake, David A.. 2013. The Political Origins of Our Economic Discontents. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Hay, Colin. 2018. “The ‘Crisis’ of Keynesianism and the rise of neoliberalism in Britain: An ideational institutionalist approach.” In The Rise of Neoliberalism and Institutional Analysis, eds. John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen. Princeton University Press, pp. 193–218.Google Scholar

Helgason, Agnar Freyr and Philipp, Rehm. 2022. “Long-term income trajectories and the evolution of political attitudes.” European Journal of Political Research 62(1): 264–284.Google Scholar

Henrich, , Joseph, , Robert, Boyd, Samuel, Bowles, Colin, Camerer, Ernst, Fehr, Herbert, Gin-tis and Richard, McElreath. 2001. “In search of Homo economicus: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies.” American Economic Review 91(2):73–78.Google Scholar

Henry, P. J. and Sears, David O.. 2009. “The crystallization of contemporary racial prejudice across the lifespan.” Political Psychology 30(4):569–590.Google Scholar

Hetherington, Marc J. and Weiler, Jonathan D.. 2009. Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2018. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. The New Press.Google Scholar

Holland, Alisha C. 2018. “Diminished expectations: Redistributive preferences in truncated welfare states.” World Politics 70(4):555–594.Google Scholar

Horton, Tim. 2010. “Solidarity lost? Labour and the politics of the welfare state.” The Political Quarterly 81(1):S31–S45.Google Scholar

Hout, Michael. 2004. “Getting the most out of the GSS income measures.” GSS Methological Report #101.Google Scholar

Hvidberg, Kristoffer B., Claus, Kreiner and Stefanie, Stantcheva. 2020. Social Position and fairness views. NBER Working Paper (w28099). www.nber.org/papers/ w28099.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald. 2007. Postmaterialist Values and the Shift from Survival to SelfExpression Values. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Inglehart, R., Haerpfer, C., Moreno, A., et al. (eds.). 2020. World Values Survey: All Rounds – Country-Pooled Datafile. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat [Version: www.worldvaluessurvey.org/ WVSDocumentationWVL.jsp].Google Scholar

ISSP Research Group. 2008. “International Social Survey Programme: Role of Government I-IV ISSP 1985-1990-1996-2006.” GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA4747 Data file Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.4232/1.4747.Google Scholar

ISSP Research Group (2014). “International Social Survey Programme: Social Inequality I-IV ISSP 1987-1992-1999-2009.” GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA5890 Data file Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.4232/1.11911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ISSP Research Group. 2018. “International Social Survey Programme: Role of Government V ISSP 2016.” GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA6900 Data file Version 2.0.0, https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13052.Google Scholar

ISSP Research Group. 2021. “International Social Survey Programme: Social Inequality V ISSP 2019.” GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA7600 Data file Version 2.0.0, https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13829.Google Scholar

Iversen, Torben and David, Soskice. 2001. “An asset theory of social policy preferences.” American Political Science Review 95(4):875–894.Google Scholar

Jacobs, Alan M. and Scott Matthews, J.. 2017. “Policy attitudes in institutional context: Rules, uncertainty, and the mass politics of public investment.” American Journal of Political Science 61(1):194–207.Google Scholar

Jacoby, William G. 1991. “Ideological identification and issue attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science 27(1):178–205.Google Scholar

Jaeger, Mads Meier. 2006. “Welfare regimes and attitudes towards redistribution: The regime hypothesis revisited.” European Sociological Review 22(2):157–170.Google Scholar

Jaeger, Mads Meier. 2009. “United but divided: Welfare regimes and the level and variance in public support for redistribution.” European Sociological Review 25(6):723–737.Google Scholar

Johnston, Christopher D., Howard, G. Lavine and Federico, Christopher M.. 2017. Open versus Closed: Personality, Identity, and the Politics of Redistribution. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis N. 1994. “Hegemony breakdown: The collapse of nationalization in Britain and France.” Politics & Society 22(3):316–348.Google Scholar

Kato, Junko. 2003. Regressive Taxation and the Welfare State: Path Dependence and Policy Diffusion. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kinder, Donald R. and Sears, David O.. 1981. “Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40(3):414.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1997. The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert and Philipp, Rehm. 2014. “Occupations as a site of political preference formation.” Comparative Political Studies 47(12):1670–1706.Google Scholar

Kiviat, Barbara. 2019. “The moral limits of predictive practices: The case of creditbased insurance scores.” American Sociological Review 84(6):1134–1158.Google Scholar

Kluegel, James R., Gyorgy, Csepeli, Tamas, Kolosi, Antal, Orkeny and Maria, Nemenyi. 1995. “Accounting for the rich and the poor: Existential justice in comparative perspective.” In Social Justice and Political Change, Public Opinion in Capitalist and Post-communist States, eds. James R. Kluegel, David S. Mason and Bernd Wegener. Routledge, pp. 179–207.Google Scholar

Knight, Frank H. 2012. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Courier Corporation.Google Scholar

Konow, James. 2003. “Which is the fairest one of all? A positive analysis of justice theories.” Journal of Economic Literature 41(4):1188–1239.Google Scholar

Konow, , James, Tatsuyoshi Saijo and Kenju, Akai. 2008. “Morals and mores? Experimental evidence on equity and equality from the US and Japan.” www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4122247000000002055.pdf.Google Scholar

Kootstra, Anouk. 2016. “Deserving and undeserving welfare claimants in Britain and the Netherlands: Examining the role of ethnicity and migration status Using a Vignette Experiment.” European Sociological Review 32(3):325–338.Google Scholar

Korpi, Walter and Joakim, Palme. 1998. “The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality: Welfare state institutions, inequality, and poverty in the Western countries.” American Sociological Review 63(5):661–687.Google Scholar

Kriesi, , Hanspeter, , Edgar, Grande, Martin, Dolezal, Marc, Helbling, Dominic, Hoglinger, Swen, Hutter and Bruno, Wuest. 2012. Political Conflict in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kristov, , Lorenzo, Peter Lindert and Robert, McClelland. 1992. “Pressure groups and redistribution.” Journal of Public Economics 48(2):135–163.Google Scholar

Kuziemko, , Ilyana, , Michael, Norton, Emmanuel, Saez and Stefanie, Stantcheva. 2013. “How elastic are preferences for redistribution? Evidence from randomized survey experiments.” American Economic Review 105(4):1478–1508.Google Scholar

Lambert, Paul S. and Ken, Prandy. 2012. “CAMSIS project webpages: Cambridge Social Interaction and Stratification Scales.” www.camsis.stir.ac.uk/.Google Scholar

Lamont, Michèle. 2002. The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Lamont, Michèle and Virag, Molnar. 2002. “The study of boundaries in the social sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 28:167–195.Google Scholar

Larsen, Christian Albrekt and Thomas, Engel Dejgaard. 2013. “The institutional logic of images of the poor and welfare recipients: A comparative study of British, Swedish and Danish newspapers.” Journal of European Social Policy 23(3):287–299.Google Scholar

Lenz, Gabriel S. 2009. “Learning and opinion change, not priming: Reconsidering the priming hypothesis.” American Journal of Political Science 53(4):821–837.Google Scholar

Lenz, Gabriel S. 2013. Follow the Leader?: How Voters Respond to Politicians’ Policies and Performance. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Lerner, Melvin J. 1980. The Belief in a Just World. Springer.Google Scholar

Levendusky, Matthew. 2009. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Levi, Margaret. 1991. Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Levitt, Steven D. and List, John A.. 2007. “What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(2):153–174.Google Scholar

List, John A. 2007. “On the interpretation of giving in dictator games.” Journal of Political Economy 115(3):482–493.Google Scholar

Lukes, Steven. 2004. Power : A Radical View. Macmillan International Higher Education.Google Scholar

Lupu, Noam and Jonas, Pontusson. 2011. “The structure of inequality and the politics of redistribution.” American Political Science Review 105(2):316–336.Google Scholar

Margalit, Yotam. 2013. “Explaining social policy preferences: Evidence from the Great Recession.” American Political Science Review 107(1):80–103.Google Scholar

Marshall, John. 2016. “Education and voting conservative: Evidence from a major schooling reform in Great Britain.” The Journal of Politics 78(2):382–395.Google Scholar

Martinsen, Dorte Sindbjerg. 2020. “Migrants’ access to social protection in Denmark.” In Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 1), ed. Jean-Michel, Lafleur and Daniela, Vintila. Springer International Publishing, pp. 123– 135.Google Scholar

Matsunaga, Masaki. 2010. “How to factor-analyze your data right: Dos, donts, and howtos.” International Journal of Psychological Research 3(1):97–110.Google Scholar

Matthijs, Matthias M. 2012. Ideas and Economic Crises in Britain from Attlee to Blair (1945–2005). Routledge.Google Scholar

Maxwell, Rahsaan. 2019. “Cosmopolitan immigration attitudes in large European cities: Contextual or compositional effects?” American Political Science Review 113(2):456–474.Google Scholar

McCarty, Nolan M., Keith, T. Poole and Howard, Rosenthal. 1997. Income Redistribution and the Realignment of American Politics. AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar

McCarty, Nolan M., Keith, T. Poole and Howard, Rosenthal. 2008. Polarized America. MIT Press.Google Scholar

McClendon, Gwyneth. 2018. Envy in Politics: How Envy, Spite, and the Pursuit of Admiration Influence Politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Méda, Dominique. 2012. “La flexicurité à la française : un échec avéré.” Les Politiques Sociales 3–4(2):86–97.Google Scholar

Meier, Stephan. 2007. “A survey of economic theories and field evidence on pro-social behavior.” In Economics and Psychology: A Promising New Cross-disciplinary Field, ed. Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A.. MIT Press, pp. 51–87.Google Scholar

Meltzer, Allan H. and Richard, Scott F.. 1981. “A rational theory of the size of government.” The Journal of Political Economy 89(5):914–927.Google Scholar

Mewes, Jan and Steffen, Mau. 2012. “Unraveling working-class welfare chauvinism.” In Contested Welfare States: Welfare Attitudes in Europe and Beyond, ed. Stefan, Svallfors. Stanford University Press, pp. 119–157.Google Scholar

Milazzo, , Caitlin, James Adams and Jane, Green. 2012. “Are voter decision rules endogenous to parties’ policy strategies? A model with applications to elite depolarization in post-Thatcher Britain.” The Journal of Politics 74(1):262–276.Google Scholar

Miller, Charles E. and Komorita, Samual S.. 1995. “Reward allocation in taskperforming groups.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(1):80.Google Scholar

Miller, Gary and Norman, Schofield. 2003. “Activists and partisan realignment in the United States.” American Political Science Review 97(2):245–260.Google Scholar

Moene, Karl O. and Michael, Wallerstein. 2001. “Inequality, social insurance, and redistribution.” American Political Science Review 95(04):859–874.Google Scholar

Mudge, Stephanie L. 2018. Leftism Reinvented: Western Parties from Socialism to Neoliberalism. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

OECD. 2008. Growing Unequal?: Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Google Scholar

O’Grady, Tom. 2019. “How do economic circumstances determine preferences? Evidence from long-run panel data.” British Journal of Political Science 49(4): 1381–1406.Google Scholar

O’Grady, Tom. 2021. The Transformation of British Welfare Policy: Politics, Discourse and Public Opinion. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 1998. “A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1997.” American Political Science Review 92(1):1–22.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor and James, Walker. 2003. Trust and Reciprocity: Interdisciplinary Lessons for Experimental Research. Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Oxoby, Robert J. and John, Spraggon. 2008. “Mine and yours: Property rights in dictator games.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 65(3–4):703–713.Google Scholar

Paolino, Philip. 2020. “Predicted probabilities and inference with multinomial logit.” Political Analysis 29(3):1–6.Google Scholar

Park, , Alison, , Elizabeth, Clery, John, Curtice, Miranda, Phillips and David, Utting. 2012. British Social Attitudes 29. London, NatCen Social Research.Google Scholar

Petersen, , Michael, Bang, Daniel, Sznycer, Leda, Cosmides and John, Tooby. 2012. “Who deserves help? evolutionary psychology, social emotions, and public opinion about welfare.” Political Psychology 33(3):395–418.Google Scholar

Pew, Research Center. 2007. “1987-2007 Values Surveys Combined Dataset.” www.pewresearch.org/politics/dataset/1987-2007-values-surveys-combined-dataset/.Google Scholar

Pierson, Paul. 2001. The New Politics of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Piketty, Thomas. 2020. Capital and Ideology. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Poole, Keith T. and Howard, Rosenthal. 1997. Congress: A Political-economic History of Roll Call Voting. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam and John, Sprague. 1986. Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rehm, Philipp. 2009. “Risks and redistribution: An individual-level analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 42(7):855–881.Google Scholar

Rehm, , Philipp, Jacob S. Hacker and Mark, Schlesinger. 2012. “Insecure alliances: Risk, inequality, and support for the welfare state.” American Political Science Review 106(2):386–406.Google Scholar

Richardson, Heather Cox. 2004. The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-civil War North, 1865–1901. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan A. 2019. Why Cities Lose: The Deep Roots of the Urban-rural Political Divide. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan A. 2021. “Keeping your enemies close: Electoral rules and partisan polarization.” In Who Gets What? The New Politics of Insecurity, ed. Frances McCall Rosenbluth and Margaret Weir. SSRC Anxieties of Democracy Cambridge University Press, pp. 129–160.Google Scholar

Roth, , Christopher, Sonja Settele and Johannes, Wohlfart. 2022. “Risk exposure and acquisition of macroeconomic information.” American Economic Review: Insights 4(1):34–53.Google Scholar

Rueda, David. 2007. Social Democracy Inside Out: Partisanship and Labor Market Policy in Advanced Industrialized Democracies. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Rueda, David. 2018. “Food comes first, then morals: Redistribution preferences, parochial altruism, and immigration in Western Europe.” The Journal of Politics 80(1):225–239.Google Scholar

Rueda, David and Daniel, Stegmueller. 2015. “The externalities of inequality: Fear of crime and preferences for redistribution in Western Europe.” American Journal of Political Science 60(2):472–489.Google Scholar

Rueda, David and Daniel, Stegmueller. 2019. Who Wants What? Redistribution Preferences in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Runst, Petrik. 2018. “Does immigration affect demand for redistribution? An experimental design.” German Economic Review 19(4):383–400.Google Scholar

Safra, , Lou, , Yann, Algan, Teodora, Tecu, Julie, Grèzes, Nicolas, Baumard and Coralie, Chevallier. 2017. “Childhood harshness predicts long-lasting leader preferences.” Evolution and Human Behavior 38(5):645–651.Google Scholar

Saint-Paul, Gilles. 1999. “Toward a theory of labor market institutions.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=224564. UPF Economics and Business Working Paper Number 433.Google Scholar

Sands, Melissa L. 2017. “Exposure to inequality affects support for redistribution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(4):663–668.Google Scholar

Sands, Melissa L. and Daniel, de Kadt. 2020. “Local exposure to inequality raises support of people of low wealth for taxing the wealthy.” Nature 586(7828):257–261.Google Scholar

Scheidel, Walter. 2018. TThe Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-first Century. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Scheve, Kenneth and David, Stasavage. 2006. “Religion and preferences for social insurance.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1(3):255–286.Google Scholar

Scheve, Kenneth and David, Stasavage. 2012. “Democracy, war, and wealth: Lessons from two centuries of inheritance taxation.” American Political Science Review 106(1):81–102.Google Scholar

Scheve, Kenneth and David, Stasavage. 2016. Taxing the Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Schram, Sanford F., Joe, Brian Soss and Richard, Carl Fording. 2010. Race and the Politics of Welfare Reform. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Schumacher, Gijs and Kees, Van Kersbergen. 2016. “Do mainstream parties adapt to the welfare chauvinism of populist parties?” Party Politics 22(3):300–312.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3rd Ed. Harper.Google Scholar

Sears, David O. and Funk, Carolyn L.. 1991. “The role of self-interest in social and political attitudes.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 24(1):1–91.Google Scholar

Sears, David O., Colette, Van Laar, Mary, Carrillo and Rick, Kosterman. 1997. “Is it really racism?: The origins of white Americans’ opposition to race-targeted policies.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 61(1):16–53.Google Scholar

Shayo, Moses. 2009. “A model of social identity with an application to political economy: Nation, class, and redistribution.” American Political Science Review 103(2):147–174.Google Scholar

Sherman, Jennifer. 2009. Those Who Work, Those Who Don’t: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America. University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Shweder, Richard A., Nancy, C. Much, Manamohan, Mahapatra and Lawrence, Park. 1997. “The big three of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the big three explanations of suffering.” Morality and Health, pp. 119–169.Google Scholar

Skitka, Linda J. and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1993. “Providing public assistance: Cognitive and motivational processes underlying liberal and conservative policy preferences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(6):1205.Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda and Vanessa, Williamson. 2011. The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Tom W., Peter, Marsden, Hout, Michael and Jibum, Kim. N.d. General Social Surveys, 1972-2014 [machine-readable data file]. 1972-2014 [machine-readable data file] Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden; Co-Principal Investigator, Michael Hout; Sponsored by National Science Foundation. -NORC ed.- Chicago: NORC at the University of Chicago [producer and distributor].Google Scholar

Sniderman, Paul M. and John, Bullock. 2004. “A consistency theory of public opinion and political choice: The hypothesis of menu dependence.” In Studies in Public Opinion, ed. Saris, Willem E. and Sniderman, Paul M.. Princeton University Press, pp. 337–357.Google Scholar

Sniderman, Paul M., Michael, Bang Petersen, Rune, Slothuus and Rune, Stubager. 2014. Paradoxes of Liberal Democracy: Islam, Western Europe, and the Danish cartoon Crisis. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sombart, Werner. 1976. Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? Springer.Google Scholar

Soss, Joe and Schram, Sanford F.. 2007. “A public transformed? Welfare reform as policy feedback.” American Political Science Review 101(01):111–127.Google Scholar

Stoll, Heather. 2010. “Elite-level conflict salience and dimensionality in Western Europe: Concepts and empirical findings.” West European Politics 33(3):445–473.Google Scholar

Svallfors, Stefan. 1997. “Worlds of welfare and attitudes to redistribution: A comparison of eight Western Nations.” European Sociological Review 13(3):283–304.Google Scholar

Svallfors, Stefan. 2012. “Welfare attitudes in context.” In Contested Welfare States, ed. Stefan, Svallfors. Stanford University Press, pp. 222–240.Google Scholar

Sznycer, , Daniel, Maria Florencia Lopez Seal, Aaron, Sell, Julian, Lim, Roni, Porat, Shaul, Shalvi, Eran, Halperin, Leda, Cosmides and John, Tooby. 2017. “Support for redistribution is shaped by compassion, envy, and self-interest, but not a taste for fairness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(31):8420–8425.Google Scholar

Thévenot, Laurent and Luc, Boltanski. 1991. De la justification. Les économies de la grandeur. Gallimard.Google Scholar

Tomasello, Michael. 2016. A Natural History of Human Morality. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Tomasello, Michael and Amrisha, Vaish. 2013. “Origins of human cooperation and morality.” Annual Review of Psychology 64:231–255.Google Scholar

Torfing, Jacob. 1999. “Workfare with welfare: Recent reforms of the Danish welfare state.” Journal of European Social Policy 9(1):5–28.Google Scholar

Trump, Kris-Stella. 2018. “Income inequality influences perceptions of legitimate income differences.” British Journal of Political Science 48(4):929–952.Google Scholar

Turiel, Elliot. 1983. The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

University of Essex, Institute for Social and Economic Research. 2021. British Household Panel Survey: Waves 1–18, 1991–2009. [data collection]. 8th Edition. UK Data Service. SN: 5151, http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5151-2.Google Scholar

Vogel, Steven K. 2018. Marketcraft: How Governments Make Markets Work. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, Michael and Bruce, Western. 2000. “Unions in decline? What has changed and why.” Annual Review of Political Science 3(1):355–377.Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. Basic books.Google Scholar

Weeden, Jason and Robert, Kurzban. 2014. The Hidden Agenda of the Political Mind: How Self-Interest Shapes Our Opinions and Why We Won’t Admit It. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Wegener, Bernard and David, Mason. 2010. “International Social Justice Project, 1991 and 1996.” Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].Google Scholar

Weil, David. 2014. The Fissured Workplace. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Wilensky, Harold L. 1974. The Welfare State and Equality. University of Caliornia Press.Google Scholar

Wilensky, Harold L., Gregory, M. Luebbert, Susan, Reed Hahn and Jamieson, Adrienne M.. 1985. Comparative Social Policy: Theories, Methods, Findings. University of Caliornia Press.Google Scholar

Xiong, , Moulin, Richard G. Greenleaf and Jona, Goldschmidt. 2017. “Citizen attitudes toward errors in criminal justice: Implications of the declining acceptance of Blackstone’s ratio.” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 48:14–26.Google Scholar

Zaller, John R. and Stanley, Feldman. 1992. “A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences.” American Journal of Political Science 36(3):579–616.Google Scholar

Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar