Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T03:21:58.564Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Evaluation of tumor treatment response with diffusion-weighted MRI

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2010

By
Andriy M. Babsky ,
Shenghong Ju  and
Navin Bansal
Edited by
Bachir Taouli
Bachir Taouli
Affiliation:
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
Get access

Summary

Abbreviations

Introduction

Prediction and detection of therapeutic response, as well as characterization of residual disease, are very important for effective cancer therapy. Current assessment of tumor treatment response relies on evaluating changes in the maximal cross-sectional area or the diameter of the tumor, weeks to months after the conclusion of a therapeutic protocol. Several non-invasive imaging methods, such as computed tomography (CT), positron-emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), contrast-enhanced MRI and perfusion, and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) are being evaluated for assessing early therapeutic responses that are independent of late changes in tumor volume.

DWI is a well-known diagnostic tool to evaluate central nervous system pathologies. The primary metric used in DWI is the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). The first reported evaluation of mean tumor ADC following chemotherapy of an animal model was performed by Ross et al. in 1994, who studied the effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) treatment on orthotopic 9L glioma in a rat model. For many years, the use of DWI was limited to the brain.

Type
Chapter
Information
Extra-Cranial Applications of Diffusion-Weighted MRI , pp. 172 - 197
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ross, B, Chenvert, T, Kim, B, Ben-Yoseph, O. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy: application to experimental neurooncology. Q Magn Reson Biol Med 1994;1:89–106.Google Scholar
Thoeny, HC, Keyzer, F. Extracranial applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2007;17(6):1385–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padhani, A, Liu, G, Koh, DM, et al. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a cancer biomarker: consensus and recommendations. Neoplasia 2009;11 (2):102–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, JF, Artemov, D, Abraham, S, et al. Chemoembolization of liver tumor in a rabbit model: assessment of tumor cell death with diffusion-weighted MR imaging and histologic analysis. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2000;11 (10):1245–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stegman, LD, Rehemtulla, A, Hamstra, DA, et al. Diffusion MRI detects early events in the response of a glioma model to the yeast cytosine deaminase gene therapy strategy. Gene Ther 2000;7 (12):1005–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chenevert, TL, McKeever, PE, Ross, BD. Monitoring early response of experimental brain tumors to therapy using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3 (9):1457–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Galons, JP, Altbach, MI, Paine-Murrieta, GD, Taylor, CW, Gillies, RJ. Early increases in breast tumor xenograft water mobility in response to paclitaxel therapy detected by non-invasive diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Neoplasia 1999;1 (2):113–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poptani, H, Puumalainen, AM, Grohn, OH, et al. Monitoring thymidine kinase and ganciclovir-induced changes in rat malignant glioma in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Gene Ther 1998;5 (2):101–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Ross, BD, Chenevert, TL, Garwood, M, et al. Evaluation of (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene)cytidine on the 9L rat brain tumor model using MRI. NMR Biomed 2003;16 (2):67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, M, Pipe, JG, Bonnett, J, Evelhoch, JL. Early detection of treatment response by diffusion-weighted 1H-NMR spectroscopy in a murine tumour in vivo. Br J Cancer 1996;73 (1):61–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chenevert, TL, Stegman, LD, Taylor, JM, et al. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: an early surrogate marker of therapeutic efficacy in brain tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:2029–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVries, AF, Kremser, C, Hein, PA, et al. Tumor microcirculation and diffusion predict therapy outcome for primary rectal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;56 (4):958–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dzik-Jurasz, A, Domenig, C, George, M, et al. Diffusion MRI for prediction of response of rectal cancer to chemoradiation. Lancet 2002;360 (9329):307–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thoeny, HC, Keyzer, F, Vandecaveye, V, et al. Effect of vascular targeting agent in rat tumor model: dynamic contrast-enhanced versus diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 2005;237 (2):492–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinnaiyan, AM, Prasad, U, Shankar, S, et al. Combined effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and ionizing radiation in breast cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97 (4):1754–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hein, PA, Kremser, C, Judmaier, W, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring diffusion changes in rectal carcinoma during combined, preoperative chemoradiation: preliminary results of a prospective study. Eur J Radiol 2003;45 (3):214–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kremser, C, Judmaier, W, Hein, P, et al. Preliminary results on the influence of chemoradiation on apparent diffusion coefficients of primary rectal carcinoma measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Strahlenther Onkol 2003;179 (9):641–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, BD, Moffat, BA, Lawrence, TS, et al. Evaluation of cancer therapy using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2 (6):581–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Koh, DM, Collins, DJ. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. Am J Roentgenol 2007;188 (6):1622–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffat, BA, Chenevert, TL, Lawrence, TS, et al. Functional diffusion map: a noninvasive MRI biomarker for early stratification of clinical brain tumor response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102 (15):5524–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babsky, AM, Topper, S, Zhang, H, et al. Evaluation of extra- and intracellular apparent diffusion coefficient of sodium in rat skeletal muscle: effects of prolonged ischemia. Magn Reson Med 2008;59 (3):485–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duong, TQ, Ackerman, JJ, Ying, HS, Neil, JJ. Evaluation of extra- and intracellular apparent diffusion in normal and globally ischemic rat brain via 19F NMR. Magn Reson Med 1998;40 (1):1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schepkin, V, Chenevert, T, Kuszpit, K, et al. Sodium and proton diffusion MRI as biomarkers for early therapeutic response in subcutaneous tumors. Magn Reson Imag 2006;24:273–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schepkin, VD, Lee, KC, Kuszpit, K, et al. Proton and sodium MRI assessment of emerging tumor chemotherapeutic resistance. NMR Biomed 2006;19 (8):1035–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babsky, A, Hekmatyar, S, Zhang, H, Solomon, J, Bansal, N. Application of 23Na MRI to monitor chemotherapeutic response in RIF-1 tumors. Neoplasia 2005;7:658–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babsky, A, Hekmatyar, S, Zhang, H, Solomon, J, Bansal, N. Predicting and monitoring response to chemotherapy by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in subcutaneously implanted 9L glioma using the apparent diffusion coefficient of water and 23Na MRI. J Magn Reson Imag 2006;24 (1):132–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babsky, A, Zhang, H, Hekmatyar, S, Hutchins, G, Bansal, N. Monitoring chemotherapeutic response in RIF-1 tumors by single-quantum and triple-quantum-filtered 23Na MRI, 1H diffusion-weighted MRI and PET imaging. Magn Reson Imag 2007;25:739–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoeny, HC, Keyzer, F, Chen, F, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging allows noninvasive in vivo monitoring of the effects of combretastatin a-4 phosphate after repeated administration. Neoplasia 2005;7 (8):779–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemaire, L, Howe, FA, Rodrigues, LM, Griffiths, JR. Assessment of induced rat mammary tumour response to chemotherapy using the apparent diffusion coefficient of tissue water as determined by diffusion-weighted 1H-NMR spectroscopy in vivo. MAGMA Magn Reson Mater Phys 1999;8 (1):20–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhao, M, Pipe, JG, Bonnett, J, Evelhoch, JL. Early detection of treatment response by diffusion-weighted 1H-NMR spectroscopy in a murine tumour in vivo. Br J Cancer 1996;73 (1):61–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babsky, AM, Zhang, H, Hekmatyar, SK, Hutchins, GD, Bansal, N. Monitoring chemotherapeutic response in RIF-1 tumors by single-quantum and triple-quantum-filtered (23)Na MRI, (1)H diffusion-weighted MRI and PET imaging. Magn Reson Imag 2007;25 (7):1015–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seierstad, T, Folkvord, S, Roe, K, et al. Early changes in apparent diffusion coefficient predict the quantitative antitumoral activity of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and irradiation in HT29 xenografts in athymic nude mice. Neoplasia 2007;9 (5):392–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galons, JP, Altbach, MI, Paine-Murrieta, GD, Taylor, CW, Gillies, RJ. Early increases in breast tumor xenograft water mobility in response to paclitaxel therapy detected by non-invasive diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Neoplasia 1999;1 (2):113–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morse, DL, Galons, JP, Payne, CM, et al. MRI-measured water mobility increases in response to chemotherapy via multiple cell-death mechanisms. NMR Biomed 2007;20 (6):602–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seierstad, T, Roe, K, Olsen, DR. Noninvasive monitoring of radiation-induced treatment response using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in a colorectal tumor model. Radiother Oncol 2007;85 (2):187–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Y, Tichler, T, Kostenich, G, et al. High-b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging for pretreatment prediction and early monitoring of tumor response to therapy in mice. Radiology 2004;232 (3):685–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, BF, Runquist, M, Raghunand, N, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion MRI show rapid and dramatic changes in tumor microenvironment in response to inhibition of HIF-1alpha using PX-478. Neoplasia 2005;7 (5):475–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bihan, D, Delannoy, J, Levin, RL. Temperature mapping with MR imaging of molecular diffusion: application to hyperthermia. Radiology 1989;171 (3):853–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morvan, D, Leroy-Willig, A. Simultaneous measurements of diffusion and transverse relaxation in exercising skeletal muscle. Magn Reson Imag 1995;13:943–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braunschweiger, PG. Effect of cyclophosphamide on the pathophysiology of RIF-1 solid tumors. Cancer Res 1988;48 (15):4206–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Helmer, KG, Meiler, MR, Sotak, CH, Petruccelli, JD. Comparison of the return-to-the-origin probability and the apparent diffusion coefficient of water as indicators of necrosis in RIF-1 tumors. Magn Reson Med 2003;49 (3):468–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thoeny, HC, Keyzer, F, Chen, F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in monitoring the effect of a vascular targeting agent on rhabdomyosarcoma in rats. Radiology 2005;234 (3):756–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tozer, GM, Kanthou, C, Parkins, CS, Hill, SA. The biology of the combretastatins as tumour vascular targeting agents. Int J Exp Pathol 2002;83 (1):21–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welsh, S, Williams, R, Kirkpatrick, L, Paine-Murrieta, G, Powis, G. Antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic properties of PX-478, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Mol Cancer Ther 2004;3 (3):233–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Lyseng-Williamson, KA, Fenton, C. Docetaxel: a review of its use in metastatic breast cancer. Drugs 2005;65 (17):2513–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuan, YH, Xiao, EH, Liu, JB, et al. Characteristics and pathological mechanism on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging after chemoembolization in rabbit liver VX-2 tumor model. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13 (43):5699–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Momparler, RL, Karon, M, Siegel, SE, Avila, F. Effect of adriamycin on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in cell-free systems and intact cells. Cancer Res 1976;36 (8):2891–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Yuan, YH, Xiao, EH, Liu, JB, et al. Characteristics of liver on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging: dynamic and image pathological investigation in rabbit liver VX-2 tumor model. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14 (25):3997–4004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, H, Morgan, , Buchsbaum, DJ, et al. Early therapy evaluation of combined anti-death receptor 5 antibody and gemcitabine in orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res 2008;68 (20):8369–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jennings, D, Hatton, BN, Guo, J, et al. Early response of prostate carcinoma xenografts to docetaxel chemotherapy monitored with diffusion MRI. Neoplasia 2002;4 (3):255–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel-Claussen, J, Gimi, B, Artemov, D, Bhujwalla, ZM. Diffusion-weighted and macromolecular contrast enhanced MRI of tumor response to antivascular therapy with ZD6126. Cancer Biol Ther 2007;6 (9):1469–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Micheletti, G, Poli, M, Borsotti, P, et al. Vascular-targeting activity of ZD6126, a novel tubulin-binding agent. Cancer Res 2003;63 (7):1534–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Dev, SB, Caban, JB, Nanda, GS, et al. Magnetic resonance studies of laryngeal tumors implanted in nude mice: effect of treatment with bleomycin and electroporation. Magn Reson Imag 2002;20 (5):389–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poptani, H, Bansal, N, Graham, RA, et al. Detecting early response to cyclophosphamide treatment of RIF-1 tumors using selective multiple quantum spectroscopy (SelMQC) and dynamic contrast enhanced imaging. NMR Biomed 2003;16 (2):102–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, S, Wehrle, J, Glickson, J, Kumar, N, Braunschweiger, P. Tumor bioenergetics and blood flow in RIF-1 murine tumors treated with 5-fluorouracil. Magn Reson Med 1991;22 (1):47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, JA, Kroenke, CD, Bretthorst, GL, Ackerman, JJ, Neil, JJ. Sodium ion apparent diffusion coefficient in living rat brain. Magn Reson Med 2005;53:1040–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindinger, MI, Heigenhauser, GJ. Intracellular ion content of skeletal muscle measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Appl Physiol 1987;63:426–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balschi, JA, Bittl, JA, Springer, CSJ, Ingwall, JS. 31P and 23Na NMR spectroscopy of normal and ischemic rat skeletal muscle: use of a shift reagent in vivo. NMR Biomed 1990;3:47–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babsky, A, Ju, S, Topper, S, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of the hepatocellular carcinoma growth by 1H and 23Na magnetic resonance imaging. Ukr Biokhim Zh 2009;80 (4):130–7.Google Scholar
Colagrande, S, Carbone, SF, Carusi, LM, Cova, M, Villari, N. Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging: extraneurological applications. Radiol Med (Torino) 2006;111 (3):392–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamel, IR, Bluemke, DA, Eng, J, et al. The role of functional MR imaging in the assessment of tumor response after chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2006;17 (3):505–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, CY, Li, CW, Kuo, YT, et al. Early response of hepatocellular carcinoma to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: choline levels and MR diffusion constants–initial experience. Radiology 2006;239 (2):448–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, J, Miller, FH, Rhee, TK, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging for determination of hepatocellular carcinoma response to yttrium-90 radioembolization. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2006;17 (7):1195–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamel, IR, Reyes, DK, Liapi, E, Bluemke, DA, Geschwind, JF. Functional MR imaging assessment of tumor response after 90Y microsphere treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2007;18 (1 Pt 1):49–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buijs, M, Kamel, IR, Vossen, JA, et al. Assessment of metastatic breast cancer response to chemoembolization with contrast agent enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2007;18 (8):957–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buijs, M, Vossen, JA, Hong, K, et al. Chemoembolization of hepatic metastases from ocular melanoma: assessment of response with contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2008;191 (1):285–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vossen, JA, Kamel, IR, Buijs, M, et al. Role of functional magnetic resonance imaging in assessing metastatic leiomyosarcoma response to chemoembolization. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008;32 (3):347–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickles, MD, Gibbs, P, Lowry, M, Turnbull, LW. Diffusion changes precede size reduction in neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer. Magn Reson Imag 2006;24 (7):843–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, U, Danishad, KK, Seenu, V, Jagannathan, NR. Longitudinal study of the assessment by MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging of tumor response in patients with locally advanced breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. NMR Biomed 2009;22 (1):104–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yankeelov, TE, Lepage, M, Chakravarthy, A, et al. Integration of quantitative DCE-MRI and ADC mapping to monitor treatment response in human breast cancer: initial results. Magn Reson Imag 2007;25 (1):1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takayama, Y, Kishimoto, R, Hanaoka, S, et al. ADC value and diffusion tensor imaging of prostate cancer: changes in carbon-ion radiotherapy. J Magn Reson Imag 2008;27 (6):1331–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, CK, Park, BK, Lee, HM, Kim, SS, Kim, E. MRI techniques for prediction of local tumor progression after high-intensity focused ultrasonic ablation of prostate cancer. Am J Roentgenol 2008;190 (5):1180–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liapi, E, Kamel, IR, Bluemke, DA, Jacobs, MA, Kim, HS. Assessment of response of uterine fibroids and myometrium to embolization using diffusion-weighted echoplanar MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005;29 (1):83–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogt, F, Hinds, N, Zimmerman, RL. Histologic features of uterine leiomyomata treated with microsphere embolization. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102 (3):600–2.Google ScholarPubMed
Banovac, F, Ascher, SM, Jones, DA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging outcome after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata with use of tris-acryl gelatin microspheres. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2002;13 (7):681–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaujeux, R, Laurent, A, Wassef, M, et al. Trisacryl gelatin microspheres for therapeutic embolization. II. Preliminary clinical evaluation in tumors and arteriovenous malformations. Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17 (3):541–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, MA, Herskovits, EH, Kim, HS. Uterine fibroids: diffusion-weighted MR imaging for monitoring therapy with focused ultrasound surgery –preliminary study. Radiology 2005;236 (1):196–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, KH, Hernandez, M. Magnetic resonance diffusion imaging detects structural damage in biological tissues upon hyperthermia. Cancer Res 1992;52 (21):6066–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Graham, SJ, Stanisz, GJ, Kecojevic, A, Bronskill, MJ, Henkelman, RM. Analysis of changes in MR properties of tissues after heat treatment. Magn Reson Med 1999;42 (6):1061–71.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sevick, RJ, Kanda, F, Mintorovitch, J, et al. Cytotoxic brain edema: assessment with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 1992;185 (3):687–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byun, WM, Shin, SO, Chang, Y, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of metastatic disease of the spine: assessment of response to therapy. Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23 (6):906–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Hayashida, Y, Yakushiji, T, Awai, K, et al. Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: Initial results. Eur Radiol 2006;16 (12):2637–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaspersic, N, Sersa, I, Jevtic, V, Tomsic, M, Praprotnik, S. Monitoring ankylosing spondylitis therapy by dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37 (2):123–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudeck, O, Zeile, M, Pink, D, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging allows monitoring of anticancer treatment effects in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas. J Magn Reson Imag 2008;27 (5):1109–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamm, YJ, Heerschap, A, Rosenbusch, G, et al. 5-Fluorouracil metabolite patterns in viable and necrotic tumor areas of murine colon carcinoma determined by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1996;36 (3):445–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koh, DM, Scurr, E, Collins, D, et al. Predicting response of colorectal hepatic metastasis: value of pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficients. Am J Roentgenol 2007;188 (4):1001–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theilmann, RJ, Borders, R, Trouard, TP, et al. Changes in water mobility measured by diffusion MRI predict response of metastatic breast cancer to chemotherapy. Neoplasia 2004;6 (6):831–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manton, DJ, Chaturvedi, A, Hubbard, A, et al.Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: early response prediction with quantitative MR imaging and spectroscopy. Br J Cancer 2006;94 (3):427–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×