Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:16:15.415Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - Extension Programming to Enhance Urban Well-Being

from Part I - Overview of Extension and the Social Sciences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2024

Maria Rosario T. de Guzman
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Holly Hatton
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Get access

Summary

Extension’s commitment to improving the quality of life through nonformal education remains apparent across the rural–urban continuum. While urban, suburban, and rural communities share common issues such as food access and health disparities, addressing concerns of well-being in urban areas requires approaches that recognize the scale, diversity, complexity, and urban–rural interface of metropolitan areas. This chapter provides an overview of Extension’s strategy in metropolitan areas. It describes and discusses the National Urban Extension Leaders (NUEL) network, which is a steering council developed to guide Extension’s approach to urban programming. NUEL’s focus areas include improving our health, enriching youth, feeding the future, strengthening communities, and protecting the environment. Using a case study approach, the chapter then includes examples of Extension programs across the country that address issues relevant to urban populations. The chapter concludes with insights from earlier programming and scholarship, and provides recommendations based on a synthesis of common threads and unique considerations in urban programming.

Type
Chapter
Information
Extension Education and the Social Sciences
Uplifting Children, Youth, Families, and Communities
, pp. 64 - 94
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addie, J. P. D. (2017). From the urban university to universities in urban society. Regional Studies, 51(7), 10891099. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1224334Google Scholar
Argabright, K., McGuire, J., & King, J. (2012). Extension through a new lens: Creativity and innovation now and for the future. Journal of Extension, 50(2). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2012april/comm2.phpGoogle Scholar
Bai, X., Nath, I., Capon, A., Hasan, N., & Jaron, D. (2012). Health and well-being in the changing urban environment: Complex challenges, scientific responses, and the way forward. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(4), 465472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.009Google Scholar
Bamberger, P. (2008). From the editors beyond contextualization: Using context theories to narrow the micro-macro gap in management research. Academy of Management Journal, 51(5), 839846. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.34789630Google Scholar
Beaulieu, L. J., & Cordes, S. (2014). Extension community development: Building strong, vibrant communities. The Journal of Extension, 52(5), Article 23. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2014october/comm1.phpGoogle Scholar
Biehl, E., Buzogany, S., Baja, K., & Neff, R. A. (2018). Planning for a resilient urban food system: A case study from Baltimore City, Maryland. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 8(B), 3953. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2018.08B.008Google Scholar
Borich, T. O. (2001). The department of housing and urban development and cooperative extension: A case for urban collaboration. Journal of Extension, 39(6). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2001december/a2.phpGoogle Scholar
Bretschneider, P. J., Cirilli, S., Jones, T., Lynch, S., & Wilson, N. A. (2017). Document review as a qualitative research data collection method for teacher research. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957435Google Scholar
Byrnes, J. (2023). Well connected communities. https://extension.psu.edu/well-connected-communitiesGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). National health education standards. www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/sher/standards/index.htmGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). About diabetes. www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chiappinelli, K. B., Moss, B. L., Lenz, D. S., Tonge, N. A., Joyce, A., Holt, G. E., … Woolsey, T. A. (2016). Evaluation to improve a high school summer science outreach program. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 17(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i2.1003Google Scholar
Christenson, J. A., & Warner, P. D. (1985). Extension’s future is today. Journal of Extension, 23(2). https://archives.joe.org/joe/1985summer/a6.phpGoogle Scholar
Contreras, F. (2011). Strengthening the bridge to higher education for academically promising underrepresented students. Journal of Advanced Academics, 22(3), 500526. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X1102200306Google Scholar
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.Google Scholar
Crossgrove, J., Scheer, S. D., Conklin, N. L., Jones, J. M., & Safrit, R. D. (2005). Organizational values perceived as evident among Ohio State University Extension personnel. Journal of Extension, 43(5). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2005october/rb6.phpGoogle Scholar
De Ciantis, D., Fox, J., Gaolach, B., Jacobsen, J., Obropta, C., Proden, P., Ruemenapp, M. A., Squires, J., Vavrina, C., Wagoner, S., Willis, M. J., & Young, J. (2015). A national framework for urban extension. https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/c34867_668cd0780daf4ea18cb1daddad557c72.pdfGoogle Scholar
Desilver, D. (2017). 5 ways the U.S. workforce has changed, a decade since the Great Recession began. Pew Research. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/30/5-ways-the-u-s-workforce-has-changed-a-decade-since-the-great-recession-beganGoogle Scholar
DuPuis, N. (2019). America’s fastest growing cities are becoming more diverse, but face rising inequity. CitiesSpeak, National League of Cities, April 5. www.nlc.org/article/2019/04/05/americas-fastest-growing-cities-are-becoming-more-diverse-but-face-rising-inequity/Google Scholar
Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3), 327350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9165-0Google Scholar
Farrell, C. R., & Lee, B. A. (2011). Racial diversity and change in metropolitan neighborhoods. Social Science Research, 40(4), 11081123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.04.003Google Scholar
Fehlis, C. P. (1992). Urban extension programs. Journal of Extension, 30(2). https://archives.joe.org/joe/1992summer/a3.phpGoogle Scholar
Fields, N. I. (2017). The contribution of urban 4-H to social capital and the implications for social justice. Journal of Extension, 55(6), 52. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol55/iss6/52Google Scholar
Fox, J. (2021). Staffing: Preparing the urban Extension workforce. In Aitken, M. E., Norman, J, & Gaolach, B. (Eds.), National urban extension conference: Leading edge dialogue series. Western Center for Metropolitan Extension and Research. https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/2164/2021/01/Workforce-LED-1.19.21.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fox, J. M., Ruemenapp, M. A., Proden, P., & Gaolach, B. (2017). A national framework for urban Extension. Journal of Extension, 55(5). https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol55/iss5/21Google Scholar
Franz, N. (2014). Measuring and articulating the value of community engagement: Lessons learned from 100 years of Cooperative Extension work. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 18(2), 518. http://openjournals.libs.uga.edu/index.php/jheoe/article/view/1231/75Google Scholar
Franz, N., & Townson, L. (2008). The nature of complex organizations: The case of Cooperative Extension. In Braverman, M. T., Engle, M., Arnold, M. E., & Rennekamp, R. A. (Eds.), Program evaluation in a complex organizational system: Lessons from Cooperative Extension (pp. 514). New Directions for Evaluation, 120. Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.272Google Scholar
Franz, N. K. (2015). Programming for the public good: Ensuring public value through the Cooperative Extension program development model. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 3(2), 13. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/edu_pubs/13Google Scholar
Furlong, J., & Lawn, M. (Eds.). (2010). Disciplines of education: Their role in the future of education research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844137Google Scholar
Gagnon, R. J., Garst, B. A., & Franz, N. K. (2015). Looking ahead: Envisioning the future of the Extension program development model. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 3(2), 170. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/edu_pubs/10Google Scholar
Galea, S., & Vlahov, D. (2015). Urban health: Evidence, challenges, and directions. Annual Review of Public Health. 2005, 26, 341365. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144708Google Scholar
Gaolach, B., Kern, M., & Sanders, C. (2017). Urban Extension: Aligning with the needs of urban audiences through subject-matter centers. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 5(2). www.jhseonline.com/article/view/713Google Scholar
Gleeson, B. (2014). The urban condition. Routledge.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, M., White, A. J., Vega, L., Howard, J., Kokozos, M., & Soule, K. E. (2020). “Making the Best Better” for Youths: Cultivating LGBTQ+ Inclusion in 4-H. Journal of Extension, 58(4), Article 3. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol58/iss4/3Google Scholar
Gould, F. I., Steele, D., & Woodrum, W. (2014). Cooperative extension: A century of innovation. Journal of Extension, 52(1). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2014february/comm1.phpGoogle Scholar
Graham, S., Munniksma, A., & Juvonen, J. (2014). Psychosocial benefits of cross ethnic friendships in urban middle schools. Child Development, 85(2), 469483. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12159Google Scholar
Hains, K., Young, J., Reinhard, A., & Hains, B. (2021). Reconsidering Extension: Defining urban Extension in Kentucky. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 9(2), 191205.Google Scholar
Hallal, B. (2016, August 17). Cleaving the crooked mirror: What’s really behind the East & West side rivalry. Thrillist. www.thrillist.com/lifestyle/cleveland/cleveland-ohio-east-west-side-historyGoogle Scholar
Hancock, D. R., & Algozzine, B. (2017). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Hartley, J. F. (1994). Case studies in organizational research. In Cassell, C. and Symon, G. (Eds.), Qualitative methods in organizational research: A practical guide (pp. 208229). Sage.Google Scholar
Haynes, D., Michaels, A., & Fox, J. (2021). OSU Extension in urban communities: A case study [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of Extension, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Henning, J., Buchholz, D., Steele, D., & Ramaswamy, S. (2014). Milestones and the future for cooperative extension. Journal of Extension, 52(6). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2014december/comm1.phpGoogle Scholar
Howard, J., McCoy, T., & Wang, C. (2021). Nationwide perspectives and experiences of gay and bisexual male 4-H alums. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 9(3), 107132. www.jhseonline.com/article/view/1152Google Scholar
Jacob, S. G., Willtis, F. K., & Crider, D. M. (1991). Citizen use of cooperative extension in Pennsylvania: An analysis of statewide survey data. Pennsylvania State University College of Agriculture.Google Scholar
John, S., Lyerly, R., Wilde, P., Cohen, E. D., Lawson, E., & Nunn, A. (2021). The case for a National SNAP Fruit and Vegetable Incentive Program. American Journal of Public Health, 111(1), 2729. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305987Google Scholar
Jongbloed, B., Enders, J., & Salerno, C. (2008). Higher education and its communities: Interconnections, interdependencies and a research agenda. Higher Education, 56(3), 303324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9128-2Google Scholar
Kaur, H., & Garg, P. (2019). Urban sustainability assessment tools: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 210, 146158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.009Google Scholar
Kellogg Commission on the Future of State, Land-Grant Universities, National Association of State Universities, & Land-Grant Colleges. (1999). Returning to our roots: The engaged institution (Vol. 3). National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, Office of Public Affairs.Google Scholar
King, D. A., & Boehlje, M. D. (2013). A return to the basics: The solution for eXtension. Journal of Extension, 51(5), 5. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2013october/comm2.phpGoogle Scholar
Kinsey, J. (2019). Workplace wellness: Ways to increase your physical activity on the job. Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet FS1107. Accessed from https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1107/Google Scholar
Kosciw, J. G., Clark, C. M., Truong, N. L., & Zongrone, A. D. (2020). The 2019 national school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation’s schools. GLSEN. www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/NSCS19-FullReport-032421-Web_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
Krehl, A., & Weck, S. (2020). Doing comparative case study research in urban and regional studies: What can be learnt from practice? European Planning Studies, 28(9), 18581876. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1699909Google Scholar
Krofta, J., & Panshin, D. (1989). Big-city imperative: Agenda for action. Journal of Extension, 27(3). https://archives.joe.org/joe/1989fall/a1.phpGoogle Scholar
Krohn, J., Davis-Manigaulte, J., Fulcher, C., & Tiffany, J. S. (2022). Visualizing Diversity: Spatial Data as a Resource Enabling Extension to Better Engage Communities. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 10(2), 4.Google Scholar
Larson, L. R., Jennings, V., & Cloutier, S. A. (2016). Public parks and well-being in urban areas of the United States. PLOS One, 11(4), Article e0153211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153211Google Scholar
Lauckner, H., Paterson, M., & Krupa, T. (2012). Using constructivist case study methodology to understand community development processes: Proposed methodological questions to guide the research process. Qualitative Report, 17, Article 25.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8Google Scholar
Lyon, L., & Driskell, R. (2011). The community in urban society. Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Maggino, F. (2016). Challenges, needs, and risks in defining well-being indicators. A life devoted to quality of life (pp. 209233). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20568-7_13Google Scholar
Mays, N., & Pope, C. (1995). Qualitative research: Rigour and qualitative research. BMJ, 311(6997), 109112. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6997.109Google Scholar
McDonnell, J., Staffenova, M., Ripberger, C., Shernoff, D., et al. (2019). Promoting STEM interest and identity through the 4-H STEM Ambassadors Program. Accessed from www.nsta.org/connected-science-learning/connected-science-learning-january-march-2019/promoting-stem-interestGoogle Scholar
Meissner, F., & Vertovec, S. (2015). Comparing super-diversity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(4), 541555. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.980295Google Scholar
Merriam, S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Morgan, S. J., Pullon, S. R., Macdonald, L. M., McKinlay, E. M., & Gray, B. V. (2017). Case study observational research: A framework for conducting case study research where observation data are the focus. Qualitative Health Research, 27(7), 10601068. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316649160Google Scholar
Morrison, E., Hutcheson, S., Nilsen, E., Fadden, J., & Franklin, N. (2019). Strategic doing: Ten skills for agile leadership. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Narine, L. K., Ali, A. D., & Hill, P. A. (2021). Assessing rural and urban community assets and needs to inform Extension program planning. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 9(1), 109122. www.jhseonline.com/article/view/1012Google Scholar
National Center for Healthy Housing. (2011). Seven principles of healthy homes. Retrieved from www.nchh.org/WhatWeDo/HealthyHomesPrinciples.aspxGoogle Scholar
National Center for Healthy Housing. (2013). State of healthy housing. Retrieved from www.nchh.org/Policy/2013StateofHealthyHousing.aspxGoogle Scholar
National Extension Urban Task Force. (1996). Urban extension: A national agenda. Extension Committee on Organization and Policy National Extension Urban Task Force.Google Scholar
National Urban Extension Leaders (NUEL). (2015). A national framework for urban Extension: A report from the National Urban Extension Leaders. http://media.wix.com/ugd/c34867_668cd0780daf4ea18cb1daddad557c72.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ohio State University. (2021). Community connectors: Susan Colbert. https://engage.osu.edu/community-connectors-susan-colbertGoogle Scholar
Prilleltensky, I., Dietz, S., Prilleltensky, O., Myers, N. D., Rubenstein, C. L., Jin, Y., & McMahon, A. (2015). Assessing multidimensional well‐being: Development and validation of the I COPPE scale. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(2), 199226. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21674Google Scholar
Raison, B. (2014). Doing the work of Extension: Three approaches to identify, amplify, and implement outreach. Journal of Extension, 52(2). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2014april/a1.phpGoogle Scholar
Rath, T., Harter, J. K., & Harter, J. (2010). Well-being: The five essential elements. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Reine, I, Novo, M, & Hammarström, A. (2012). Unemployment and ill health – A gender analysis: Results from a 14-year follow-up of the northern Swedish cohort. Public Health (London), 127(3), 214222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.12.005Google Scholar
Robert Woods Johnson Foundation. (2013). How does employment – Or unemployment – Affect health? Health Policy Snapshot. www.rwjf.org/en/insights/our-research/2012/12/how-does-employment--or-unemployment--affect-health-.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rosenstock, S., Whitman, S., West, J. F., & Balkin, M. (2014). Racial disparities in diabetes mortality in the 50 most populous US cities. Journal of Urban Health, 91(5), 873885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-013-9861-4Google Scholar
Ruemenapp, M. A. (2018). Factors influencing delivery of Cooperative Extension Service programs to urban audiences. Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Rutgers. (n.d.). Join the 4-H STEM ambassadors program. https://nj4h.rutgers.edu/join-stem-ambassadors/Google Scholar
Schafer, J. M., Huegel, C. N., & Mazzotti, F. J. (1992). Expanding into the urban arena. Journal of Extension, 30(2). https://archives.joe.org/joe/1992summer/a2.phpGoogle Scholar
Sellers, D. M., Meinertz, N. R., & Schainker, L. M. (2020). The development, implementation, and evaluation of a pilot program designed to enhance well-being through self-identified lifestyle changes. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 8(2), 223236. www.jhseonline.com/article/view/1066Google Scholar
Smith, S. D., Rowan, N. L., Arms, T. E., Hohn, K. L., & Galbraith, C. S. (2021). An interdisciplinary approach to enhancing health knowledge and cultural awareness with LGBT older adults. Educational Gerontology, 47(2), 7985. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2021.1876584Google Scholar
Soule, K. E. (2017). Creating inclusive youth programs for LGBTQ+ communities. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 5(2). www.jhseonline.com/article/view/712Google Scholar
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.Google Scholar
Stanton, T. K. (2012). New times demand new scholarship II: Research universities and civic engagement: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 16(4), 271304.Google Scholar
Stanton-Salazar, R. D., & Spina, S. U. (2005). Adolescent peer networks as a context for social and emotional support. Youth and Society, 36(4), 379417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X04267814Google Scholar
Stevenson, H. H. (1983). A perspective on entrepreneurship (Vol. 13). Harvard Business School.Google Scholar
Suarez‐Balcazar, Y. (2020). Meaningful engagement in research: Community residents as co‐creators of knowledge. American Journal of Community Psychology, 65(3–4), 261271. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12414Google Scholar
Taşan-Kok, T., Stead, D., & Lu, P. (2013). Conceptual overview of resilience: History and context. Resilience thinking in urban planning (pp. 3951). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5476-8_3Google Scholar
Thomas, G. (2011). A typology for the case study in social science following a review of definition, discourse, and structure. Qualitative Inquiry, 17(6), 511521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800411409884Google Scholar
Tiffany, J. S. (2017). Extension in the city: Meeting the challenges of scale. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 5(2). www.jhseonline.com/article/view/708Google Scholar
Tiwari, S., & Ambinakudige, S. (2021). Neighborhood food insecurity index to identify food vulnerability and food deserts in the United States. Journal of Food Security, 9(4), 148159. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfs-9-4-2Google Scholar
UN Habitat. (2013). State of the world’s cities 2012/2013: Prosperity of cities. Routledge.Google Scholar
University of Nevada-Reno. (n.d.). Results from a workplace health and wellness program. https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=2516Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. (2020, September 15). Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019. The United States Census Bureau. www.census.gov/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-270.html#:%7E:text=Median%20household%20income%20was%20%2468%2C703,and%20Table%20A%2D1Google Scholar
Warner, L. A., Vavrina, C. S., Campbell, M. L., Elliott, M. L., Northrop, R. J., & Place, N. T. (2017). A strategic plan for introducing, implementing, managing, and monitoring an urban Extension platform. Journal of Extension, 55(3). https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol55/iss3/22/Google Scholar
Warner, P. D., Christenson, J. A., Dillman, D. A., & Salant, P. (1996). Public perception of Extension. Journal of Extension, 34(4). https://archives.joe.org/joe/1996august/a1.phpGoogle Scholar
Webster, N. (2016). 4-H and its relevance in the era of# moments in urban communities. Journal of Extension, 54(1), 29. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol54/iss1/29/Google Scholar
Webster, N., & Ingram, P. (2007). Exploring the challenges for Extension educators working in urban communities. Journal of Extension, 45(3). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2007june/iw3.phpGoogle Scholar
Weinfield, N. S., Mills, G., et al. (2014). Hunger in America Report 2014. Chicago, IL. Feeding America. Accessed from www.feedingamerica.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/hunger-in-america-2014-full-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Western Extension Directors Association Urban Task Force. (2010). Final report of the urban task force. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/weda/reports-publicationsGoogle Scholar
Wickliffe, J., Coates, T., Rodas, J., Pomeroy, M., Carrillo, U., Luaces, M. A., Twillman, N., Ilabaca-Somoza, X., Meyer, M., Williams, L. H., & Ramaswamy, M. (2020). Description of a Twenty-Year Initiative to Bring STEM Career Exploration to Urban Minority Youth in Kansas City, Kansas: Multi-Sector Investment and Program Evolution. JSO, 3(2).Google Scholar
Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1086/217913Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014). Urban population growth. Geneva, Switzerland: Global Health Observatory Database. www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/enGoogle Scholar
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Sage.Google Scholar
Yin, R. K. (2011). Applications of case study research. Sage.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×