Commission Socialization

Years in Commission service. Source: Biographical data from The European Companion (London: DPR Publishing, 1992, 1994); Euro's Who's Who (Brussels: Editions Delta, 1991); and from interviews by the author.

ERC-Soc

I calculate how many years each official spent in DGs dealing with European regulated capitalism. I use a restrictive definition of services for European regulated capitalism: social regulation (social policy, culture, environment, vocational training and education, consumer services: DGs V, X, XI, XXII, XXIV) and redistribution (agriculture, third world development, fisheries, regional policy: DGs VI, VIII, XIV, XVI). Source: biographical data and interviews.

Cabinet Experience

A dummy, with a value of 1 for those who served in a Commission cabinet. Source: biographical data and interviews.

National Administration

Years in national service. These concern positions in the executive branch of the state and hierarchically subordinate to central government: civil servants in line ministries, diplomats (excluding EU postings), and government ministers (but not national parliamentarians). For public officials with some autonomy from central authorities (courts, central bank, parliament, public companies, local government) or in positions with a strong European component (European desks in foreign affairs or near the head of government), I divide the number of years by two. Source: Biographical data and interview data.

Type of National Administration: Strong/Medium/Weak Weberian

Three dummies that tap strong/medium/weak Weberian bureaucratic tradition. I compare bureaucracies along four dimensions developed by Edward Page, and use these comparisons to categorize bureaucratic traditions along a consociational–Weberian dimension.