Despite a clear understanding that the legend has deep roots in the medieval Welsh literary tradition and, in fact, originated in Wales, comparatively few Arthurian specialists engage with the Welsh materials even in translation. This is unfortunate, as these texts provide a great deal to think with, especially considering the early development of Arthur as legendary and literary king. In this essay, I examine ethical considerations in the earliest longform medieval Arthurian narrative, the c. twelfth-century Welsh Culhwch and Olwen, with an eye to how the narrative constructs Arthur as king in relation to his knights and subjects and how that representation, in turn, forms the contours of an ethics of Arthurian kingship and knighthood that poets in other traditions throughout the medieval period inherited and adapted either to uphold, develop, critique, or reject in favor of more culturally relevant approaches to these characters.

Modern ethical inquiry focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions and ways of being, where medieval ethical inquiry focused more so on the goodness or badness of lives. In both cases, ethics in general deals with the rightness or wrongness of a given course of action, while virtue, essential particularly in questions of medieval ethics, signifies certain specific points – for example in Christianity, the cardinal virtues of prudence, fortitude, justice and temperance – operating within an ethical program. Framed by the writings of philosophers such as Augustine, Boethius, Alcuin, and Eriugena, medieval ethics was preoccupied with ideas about living well, which were also ideas about virtue and human excellence. These ideas were grounded in the understanding that “human beings are metaphysical straddlers” with “one foot in eternity and the other foot in time” and therefore, in most of Western Europe, were not separable from Christian belief and thought. Ultimately, the goal is to transcend mortal, temporal life in favor of the virtue of contemplative life. There is a constant tension between civic and contemplative life that must be mediated, and this tension is certainly observable in the Arthurian legend, particularly in the juxtaposition of the Grail Quest with the program of chivalry in medieval Arthurian romances.