Abbreviations

AB

appellate body (WTO)

ABNJ

areas beyond national jurisdiction

ABPMM

area-based protection and management measures

ABS

access and benefit-sharing

AC

Arctic Council

AHTEG

The Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group

AMOC

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

AOA

agreement on agriculture (WTO)

ATS

Antarctic Treaty System

Basel Convention

Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

BBNJ

biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction

BMSY

biomass that enables a fish stock to deliver the maximum sustainable yield

BSAP

Baltic Sea Action Plan

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity

CCAMLR

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

CCSBT

Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna

CIGI

Centre for International Governance Innovation

CJEU

Court of Justice of the European Union

CLCS

Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf

CMAR

The Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor

CMM

conservation and management measures

CMS

Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals

CO₂

carbon dioxide

COC

ASEAN code of conduct

COFI

The FAO Committee on Fisheries

COLREG

Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs)

COP

conference of parties

COPUOS

UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

COSIS

Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law

CPPS

Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (Comisión Permanente del Pacifico Sur)

CTE

Committee on Trade and Environment (WTO)

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DOALOS

United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea

DOC

China–ASEAN Declaration on Conduct of the Parties in the South China Sea

DSI

digital sequence information

DSM

dispute settlement mechanism

EA

ecosystem approach

EAF

ecosystem approach to fisheries

EBSA

ecologically and biologically significant area

ECHR

European Convention on Human Rights

ECtHR

European Court of Human Rights

EEZ

exclusive economic zone

EIA

environmental impact assessment

ESA

European Space Agency

Espoo Convention

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context

ETP

Eastern Tropical Pacific

ETPO

Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

EU

European Union

EU IUU Regulation

Council Regulation (EC) No 1005/2008 of 29 September 2008 establishing a Community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, amending Regulations (EEC) No 2847/93, (EC) No 1936/2001 and (EC) No 601/2004 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1093/94 and (EC) No 1447/1999

FAA

fisheries access agreement

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

FMSY

fishing mortality consistent with achieving Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

FTA

free trade agreement

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GES

good environmental status

GESAMP

Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection

GFCM

General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean

GHG

green house gas emissions

GLT

green legal theory

GPA

The Global Programme of Action for Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities

Gt

gross tonnage

HELCOM

Helsinki Commission / Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission

HRCD

Human Rights Case Digest

IACtHR

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

IASC

International Arctic Science Committee

IASS

Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies

IATTC

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission

IAU

International Astronomic Union

ICC

International Chamber of Commerce

ICES

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

ICISS

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty

ICJ

International Court of Justice

ICJ Rep.

ICJ reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders

ICRW

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

IDDRI

Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations

IEBMM

integrated ecosystem-based marine management

IHRL

international human rights law

ILC

International Law Commission

ILM

international legal materials

IMO

International Maritime Organization

INTERPOL

The International Criminal Police Organization

IOC

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO

IPBES

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPOA IUU

FAO international plan of action to prevent, deter, and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

ISA

International Seabed Authority

ITLOS

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

ITLOS Rep.

ITLOS reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders

ITPGRFA

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature

IUCN-ELC

IUCN Environmental Law Centre

IUU fishing

illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

IWC

International Whaling Commission

Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

LDC

least developed country

LME

large marine ecosystem

London Convention

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

MAFF

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

MARPOL

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

MC

ministerial conference (WTO)

MGRs

marine genetic resources

MLRs

marine living resources

Montreal Protocol

Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer

MPAs

marine protected areas

MSFD

marine strategy framework directive

MSP

maritime spatial planning

MSPD

maritime spatial planning directive

MSR

marine scientific research

MSY

maximum sustainable yield

NAMCCO

North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission

NDC

nationally determined contribution

NEAFC

North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission

NGR

negotiating group on rules (WTO)

nm

nautical miles

NOAA

The United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPS

UN principles relevant to the use of nuclear power in outer space

OECD

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OJ

Official Journal of the European Union

OSPAR Convention

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic

OZ

ocean zoning

PA

Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

PAG

Pacific Arctic Group

PAME

Arctic Council Working Group on Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment

PCA

Permanent Court of Arbitration

PCIJ

Permanent Court of International Justice

PCIJ Rep.

PCIJ collection of judgment and advisory opinions

PICES

North Pacific Marine Science Organization

PSMA

agreement on port state measures

PSSA

particularly sensitive sea areas

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (US Law)

RECIEL

Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law

RFB

regional fisheries bodies

RFMA

regional fisheries management arrangement

RFMO

Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

RIIA

United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards

RMC

regional ministerial committee

RMP

revised management procedure

RNA

ribonucleic acid

ROG

regional ocean governance

RSP

Regional Seas Programme

RTC

regional technical committee

SBT cases

southern bluefin tuna cases

SCM

subsidies and countervailing measures

SCS

South China Sea

SDG

sustainable development goal

SDT

special and differential treatment

SJD

San José Declaration

SOLAS

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

SPS

sanitary and phytosanitary measures

TAC

ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia

TBT

technical barriers to trade

TFEU

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

TMG

think tank for sustainability

TOC

the ocean cleanup

TRIPS Agreement

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

UKTS

The United Kingdom Treaty Series

UN

United Nations

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNCLOS III

The 3rd United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982)

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNEA

United Nations Environmental Assembly

UNECE

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

UNEP-WCMC

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNFSA

United Nations Agreement Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Migratory Fish Stocks

UNGA

United Nations General Assembly

UNISPACE

United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

UNODC

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UNTOC

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

UNTS

United Nations Treaty Series

USC

United States code

USCA

United States code annotated

USD

United States dollar

VLCT

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

WFD

Water Framework Directive

WTO

World Trade Organization

WWF

World Wide Fund for Nature