INTRODUCTION

CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND END-OF-WASTE STATUS

The circular economy action plan promotes more efficient utilisation of material resources. In order to pursue the objectives of the circular economy, the use of waste-based substances and objects should be promoted by creating a level playing field between them and virgin raw materials. However, due to the lack of legal certainty in the commodification of waste materials, many operators prefer virgin raw materials over waste-based ones. Nonetheless using waste-based materials often provides environmentally better outcomes when one takes into account the whole lifecycle of the product.

Due to the scope of application of the waste legislation, the question of whether a substance or object is considered to be waste is crucial. Essentially, waste legislation applies to “waste”, whereas product legislation applies to “non-waste”. Article 3(1) of Directive 2008/98/EC (Waste Framework Directive, WFD) defines waste as any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. However Article 6 of the WFD provides a set of criteria to determine whether the material has ceased to be waste (end-of-waste, EoW):

These criteria introduce a clear distinction between waste and non-waste: they separate safe recovered materials from those that still require the governance of waste legislation in order to control the risks involved in their utilisation. Therefore, the EoW criteria and their interpretation play a key role in the stemisation of circular economy.

The legislation that applies to similar non-waste products applies, instead of waste legislation, to materials after they cease to be waste. Usually this legislation regulates both the suitability of the material for the use to which it is being put and, through various kinds of product standards and limit values, the risks related to such use.