The conclusion draws together the analysis of the various aspects of energy market reform and examines how these different reform measures have helped address Central Asia’s energy security challenges. The focus is on the regulation of the reformed energy markets and on resistance to the implementation of that regulatory framework. The analysis is of broader relevance. It contributes to the conceptualization of energy market regulation in developing and transition economies in general, and to the understanding of institutional constraints on the implementation of the reform textbook in regions of particular geopolitical importance.