Index

doi:10.1017/9781009453981.021

Index

Abizadeh, Arash, 77, 95, 123–124

access to decision-making, 161–162, 247–248, 252–254, 258

affectedness, 5

All-Affected Principle and, 40–41, 149, 165, 178, 180–181, 233

All-Subjected Principle and, 39–40

allocation of influence and, 4, 8

climate change and, 12–13

equities and equalities and, 47–48

expanded domain of, 96

identifying demoi of, 41, 187, 219

mutual, 78, 79

proportional inclusion and, 46, 60–61, 132–133

tracking of power and, 14

Affinity Principle (AP), 125, 134

African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP), 247–249

All-Affected Interests Principle (AAIP), 72–74

All-Affected Principle (AAP)

affected outsiders and, 165–167

boundary problem and, 58–60, 131–132, 148–151

challenges to, 42–44, 148–151, 232–235

citizen powers as vectors of, 49–51

climate change and, 12–13, 163, 211

Common Activities Principle and, 164–165

conceptual challenges to, 148–151

constituencies of inclusion and, 40–42

democratic ideals and, 56–57

democratic inclusion and, 38–40, 67, 162–167, 177, 232

democratic input, delimitation of, 166–167

democratic rights of participation and, 162, 232

indeterminacy problem and, 180–181

justification of interests and, 96–98

Kant’s categorical imperative and, 45–46

nation-state supremacy and, 41, 164, 232

normative interpretations of, 5–6, 40–41, 177

objections to, 42–44

overinclusiveness issue and, 93–96, 166–167, 180–181

overview, 58–60

pluralistic account of, 149–151

political inclusion and, 177

relational interpretation of, 57, 61–62, 65, 67–68, 271

types of, 3–6

workability of, 40, 49

All-Considered Principle, 67–68

All-Subjected Principle (ASP), 44, 72–73, 75–77, 132–134

boundary problem and, 60–61, 132–134

complaints about, 60–61

deterritorializing equal freedom and, 75–77

drawbacks of, 163

expanded polity and, 27

in democratic theory, 72–73

interdependency and, 39–40

problems with, 57, 60–61, 63–65

social justice and, 46

voting enfranchisement, 44

voting enfranchisement and, 27, 28–29, 132–134

Althusius, Johannes, 30

Anderson, Elizabeth, 10

Aristotle, 45

Arrhenius, Gustaf, 128

associative governance, 13–15

asymmetric power relationships, 7–8, 11–12, 62–65, 149, See also domination

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 14–15, 247–249, 252

Bosniak, Linda, 232

boundaries and boundary problem

Affinity Principle and, 134

All-Affected Principle and, 58–60, 131–132, 148–151

All-Subjected Principle and, 60–61, 132–134

alternative principles for establishing, 61–63, 104–106

asymmetries, remedies for, 67–68

background, 22–23, 58

constituent power and, 75, 86

determination of, 61–63, 104–106, 153

of economic institutions, 165

geographic, 22–23

global interdependence and, 26–28, 72

of governance, 183, 261

justifications of political structures and, 138, 151

of membership, 38–39, 142–144, 261

Milliken v. Bradley and, 234–236

of political communities, 142, 153

Proximity Principle and, 23–25

scope of jurisdiction and, 142–143

undemocratic exclusion and, 66–67

voting enfranchisement and, 56–57, 60, 138, 261

Bourdieu, Pierre, 236, 238, 239

Bracton, Henry, 213, 221–222

Brettschneider, Corey, 129

Brexit, 134–138

Brighouse, Harry, 46

Broome, John, 218

Brutus, Stephanus Junius (possibly Philippe du Plessis), 79–80

Burger, Chief Justice Warren, 234–235, 238, 242

Care (organization). See international non-governmental organizations (INGOs)

Carens, Joseph H., 9

Christiano, Thomas, 5, 11–12, 48

citizenship, 38, 46, 51, 113–118, 199, See also non-citizens

climate change

All-Affected Principle and, 12–13, 163, 211

All-Subjected Principle and, 77

atmosphere as global commons, 215

collective agents and, 41, 43

democratic deficits of global structures and, 7–8, 73

global carbon budget and, 215–217

institutional mechanisms of representation and, 221–222

movements, 2, 86

social justice and, 38–39, 203–204

Stephenson on, 1

unjust harm and, 217–221

Coase, Ronald, 24

Codex (Justinian), 2

coercive power, 60–61, 75–77, 145, 148

Cole, Luke, 220

collective bargaining and unions, 171–172

Common Activities Principle, 164, 174

All-Affected Principle and, 161–162, 164–165, 174

collective bargaining and, 172

corporate firms and, 168–169

equal positive freedom and, 162–163

community engagement, 52

complete markets, 207

constituencies

All-Affected Principle and, 49

defined, 48–49

of inclusion, 40–42

constituent power, 8, 73

as collective democratic agency, 73, 79–84

defined, 8

democratic legitimacy and, 86

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programmes, 187

Corpus Iuris Civilis, 211, 224

COVID-19 pandemic, 2

cross-jurisdiction governance, 52, 235

Dahl, Robert A., 2–5, 9, 16, 143, 149–150, 263

on demos, 9, 143

polyarchy and, 16

proportionality and, 2–5

voting enfranchisement and, 149–150

decentralization, 30–31, 48

decision-making processes

access to, 161–162, 247–248, 252–254, 258

All-Affected Principle and, 58–60, 115, 120, 123–124, 165, 263

allocating decision-making power, 4, 130–134, 138

asymmetric power relationships and, 7–8, 62–65

background conditions for, 7–8, 56–57, 61–62

centralized, 196–197

collective self-determination and, 103–104, 182–183

decentralized, 196–197

decision-making structures and, 148–151, 153

democratic deficits in, 169–170

democratic, implications of, 97–98

expanded polity and, 27, 32

global democracy and, 97–98

influence over, 4–5

labor and, 161–162, 173–174

moral dimensions of, 126–128

oversights in, 65

philanthropic organizations and, 247

power, allocation of, 4, 138

Proximity Principle and, 188

social justice organizations and, 269–270

structures of, 148–151, 153

tracking power in, 7–8, 61–63

universal inclusion in, 180

democracy and democratic inclusion, 27, See also global democracy; decision-making processes; voting enfranchisement

All-Affected Principle and, 38–40, 67, 162–167, 177, 232

alternative formulas for, 56–57, 62–63

constituencies of, 40–42

definitions of, 57, 102, 128–129, 178–179, 186

domination and, 64–65

economic, 11

expanded polity and, 27, 28–32

global interdependence and, 187–188

ideal, 48

immigration policy and, 9, 116

nation-state supremacy and, 3

pluralist institutional approach to, 178, 184–187

political empowerment and, 187–189, 232

proportionality and, 2–5, 46, 60, 94

‘real’ governance practices and, 181

‘realist’ normative conception of, 177

relationship-based, 61–63

self-determination and, 92–106

social justice and, 45–46, 53

state-centered, 53, 78–79

as ultimate value, 125–126, 129–130

democratic equities vs. equalities, 39–40, 46–48

democratic legitimacy

Affected Interests Principle, 74

All Subjected Principle and, 75

All-Affected Interests Principle and, 74

collective political agency and, 8, 77–78

constituent power and, 85, 86

constitutive requirements of, 65

democratic agency and, 83–84

non-governmental organizations and, 11, 264

preconditions of, 96

territorial boundedness and, 72–73

democratization

All-Affected Principle and, 38, 232–233

All-Subjected Principle and, 44

collective political agency and, 186

demands for, 7

governance-driven, 51

social power and, 146

unjust collective political agendas and, 190

demos/demoi, 81

All-Affected Principle and, 153

boundaries and boundary problem and, 22

citizenship and, 75

collective agency and, 81

collective self-determination and, 102, 104

Dahl on, 9, 143

defined, 178, 186

global, 43, 95–96

self-governing, 77

unbounded, 123

desegregation, 234–236, 239

Dewey, John, 45

Dicey, A.V., 21

Doctors Without Borders. See international non-governmental organizations (INGOs)

domination, 8, 63–65

All-Affected Principle and, 57, 62–67, 231

All-Subjected Principle and, 75–76

climate change and, 220

empowerment of workers versus, 170

labor rights and, 168

self-determination and, 99–100

systemic relations of, 231, 238–241, 267–268

Donellus, Hugo, 79–80

doxa, 239–240

Dworkin, Ronald, 129

economic democracy, 11, 167, 170

economic power, 10–11

Edbuild, 237

Einstein, Albert, 26

embeddedness of effects, 42–43

empowerment, democratic, 42, 46, 49–51

All-Affected Principle and, 41, 43, 48, 56–57, 178

collective agency and, 42, 191–192

democratic equalities and, 40

inclusive, 171, 186, 189

indirect, 49–50

individual, 188, 189

influence over rule-making processes and, 185

institutional collaboration and, 189

proportional, 46

‘realist’ account of, 191–192

social justice and, 46

state-centered, 84

types of, 42, 189

workers, 170

empowerment, political

All-Affected Principle and, 187–188

collective, 178, 186

democracy and democratic inclusion and, 187–189, 232

sites of affectedness and, 187–189

as voting alternative, 4, 232

equities vs. equalities, 39–40, 46–48, 52–53

Extinction Rebellion, 2

Farrell, Caroline, 220

Fleurbaey, Marc, 46

Foreign Direct Investment, 172

Fraser, Nancy, 75

Fricker, Miranda, 144

Frug, Gerald, 240–241

Fung, Archon, 46, 148, 163, 261

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 10

GiveDirectly, 266, 270

Global Carbon Project, 215–216

global democracy

All-Affected Principle, as outcome of, 96–99

alternatives to, 106

collective autonomy rights and, 96

self-determination and, 99–100

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, 247–249

global governance institutions, 189–192

All-Affected Principle and, 177, 183

alternative institutional sites of, 189

democratic deficit in, 161–166

empowerment and, 171, 186, 189

Human Rights Impact Assessments/INGOs and, 168

institutional pluralism and, 183–184

‘real’ governance practices and, 181

global governance order, 192

global interdependence

All-Affected Principle and, 96

as ‘action’ at a ‘distance’, 26

boundary problem and, 26–28

collective political agency and, 78, 79

democracy and democratic inclusion and, 187–188

inclusion, democratic and, 56, 232

nation-state supremacy versus, 15–16, 72, 74, 85, 232

substantive and procedural justification and, 96

Goodin, Robert E., 5, 43, 59, 163, 180, 217

All-Affected Principle, 5

human interaction vs. Proximity Principle, 7

scope of affected, limitations on, 217

tracking human interaction vs. proximity principle, 7

universal voting enfranchisement, 4, 43, 59, 163, 180

voting enfranchisement, 4

Gould, Carol C., 5, 11

governance practices

associative, 13–15

community engagement and, 52

cross-jurisdiction and, 52, 235

democracy and democratic inclusion and, 181

limited government, 28, 30, 31

multi-stakeholder, 11, 187, 189

single issue jurisdictions, 52

stakeholder engagement and, 52

governance, transformations of, 52

Gray, Sean W. D., 5, 7–8

Great Reform Act (1832), 21

Grosse Pointe (Detroit, MI), 237, 239–240

Habermas, Jürgen, 144, 211–212, 214

Haslanger, Sally, 239

Hayward, Clarissa, 6, 13–14, 263

Hobbes, Thomas, 81, 143

Human Rights Impact Assessments, 168

immigrants and immigration

access to citizenship and, 113–116

All-Affected Principle and, 111–112, 116, 118–121

boundaries problem and, 144

democracy and democratic inclusion and, 9, 116

inclusion policy and, 9, 116

irregular migrants as, 118–119

legal rights of, 116–118

open borders and, 122–124

overview, 9

refugees as, 121–122

selection and exclusion of, 119–120

temporary workers as, 117–118

inclusion, democratic, 61–63, 67–68, See also undemocratic exclusion

constituencies of, 40–42

democratic equities and, 39–40

global interdependence and, 56, 232

membership-based, 38, 232

proportional affectedness and, 67–68

Indignados (Spain), 2

INGOs, 168, 261–262, 271–272

institutional sites

of democratic inclusion, 184–186

interdependence. See boundaries and boundary problems; democracy and democratic inclusion; global interdependence; political agency

International Finance Corporation Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (IFC-CAO), 184

International Labor Organization (ILO), 171

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 66, 161

international non-governmental organizations (INGOs). See also philanthropic organizations; social justice organizations

All-Affected Principle and, 271–272

GiveDirectly, 266, 270

global governance institutions and, 168

inclusive vs. exclusive faces of, 262–268

outsider elites and, 268–271

social justice organizations and, 271–272

undemocratic tendencies of, 261–262

James, Susan, 216

Jefferson, Thomas, 45

jurisdictional authority

extended, 28–32

jurisdictions

single issue, 52

justice. See also racial injustice; social justice

climate change and, 38–39, 203–204

labor rights and, 167

philanthropic organizations and, 250–251

political, 144, 146

Justinian code, 2, 38, 211

Kant, Immanuel, 45–46, 75–77

Keith, David, 1

Keynes, John Maynard, 199

Khokhar, Mustafa Nawaz, 223

Kolodny, Niko, 57, 250

La Vía Campesina, 86

labor rights. See also economic democracy

access to decision-making and, 161–162

All-Affected Principle and, 163–167, 170–174

background, 161

democratic rights of participation and, 162

economic democracy and, 11, 167, 170

International Labor Organization, 171

justice and, 167

living wage and, 172–173

structural transformation and, 174

transnational borders and, 172

uncompensated work and, 173

unions and collective bargaining and, 171–172, 208

worker management of firms and, 170

Lane, Melissa, 2, 5, 11, 12–13, 74

Law of the Constitution (Dicey), 21

Lee, Daniel, 79–80, 212

limited government, 28, 30, 31

Locke, John, 6

Lukes, Steven, 145, 146, 240

Macdonald, Terry, 6, 11

Mansbridge, Jane, 77–78, 84

Markell, Patchen, 65

market institutions, 207

Marx, Karl, 206–207

McKinnon, Catriona, 219–220

Mill, Charles, 235

Mill, J.S, 146

Mill, John Stuart, 45, 146, 196

Miller, David, 233

Milliken v. Bradley, 234–236

Montanaro, Laura, 51

Nagel, Thomas, 181

Näsström, Sofia, 74

nation-state supremacy

All-Affected Principle and, 41, 164, 232

All-Subjected Principle and, 39–40

democracy and, 3

early modern period of, 38

versus global interdependence, 15–16, 72, 74, 85, 232

versus polyarchy, 15–16

nation-state supremacy vs. polyarchy, 15–16

Navajo Nation, 96

non-citizens. See also citizenship

Brexit and, 10

empowerment of, 75, 187

exclusion of, 148–149

legal rights of, 6, 114, 116–118

nondomination, 64–65, 75–77, 240–241

norms, cultural, 145

Nozick, Robert, 43, 93–94, 112–113, 133–134

#Occupy movements, 2

O’Neil, Onora, 44–45

Ober, Josiah, 186

Oxfam, 261–262, 265

Parent-Teacher Associations, 4

Paris Accords, 41

Perry, Tomer J., 10

Pettit, Philip, 76, 240

philanthropic organizations. See also international non-governmental organizations (INGOs); social justice organizations

All-Affected Principle and, 246, 248–252

beneficiary access to decision-making and, 247–248, 252–254, 258

decision-making processes and, 247

justice and, 250–251

paternalism and, 256

‘point voting’, 29–30

political agency, 11

collective, 73, 81–83, 192

common will and, 82, 83

democratic legitimacy and, 8, 77–78

empowered collective, 178–180, 182–183

social and material interdependence and, 81–85

political communities, 147–148

political inclusion. See democracy and democratic inclusion

political institutions

All-Affected Principle and, 249

control of, 103

‘realist’ political theories and, 191

self-determination and, 103

social power and, 144–146, 149

voting and, 150

political legitimacy, 191–192

political value judgments, 181–182

polity, expanded, 27–32

polyarchy, 15–16

popular sovereignty, 73

bounded political communities and, 73, 78–79

history of, 212

Rousseauean/Kantian tradition of, 75–76

Post, Gaines, 74, 212

power. See also power versus effects; social power

coercive, 75–78, 83, 148

constituent, 148

defined, 83

dimensions of, 145–146

distribution of, 201–207

social, 144–145, 150

social processes productive of, 240–242

structural, 243

suprastate political, 75

power relationships, asymmetric, 7–8, 11–12, 62–65, 149

power versus effects

tracking, 7, 59, 61–63

proportionality, 2–5, 46, 60, 94

Proportionality Principle, 46, 197, 201–206

Proximity Principle

‘action at a distance’ and, 26–28

background, 22

consequentialistic concerns and, 23–24

decision-making processes and, 188

efficiency argument and, 24–25

Goodin on, 7

mutual interest and, 24

public equality, 98–99, 103

quod omnes tangit, 2, 38, 211

racial injustice, 13–14, 271, See also Showing Up for Racial Justice (SURJ); Thousand Currents (organization)

asymmetric power relationships and, 149

decision-making processes and, 13–14, 239

Federal Housing Authority and, 236–237

outsider elites and, 268–271

structural conditions leading to, 220–221

structural power leading to, 235–238

Rawls, John, 57, 201

Reich, Rob, 6, 14–15

Rosanvallon, Pierre, 47

Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), 184

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 6, 75–77, 81

Rubenstein, Jennifer C., 5, 6, 15, 185

Rubinelli, Lucia, 81

Saunders-Hastings, Emma, 6, 14–15

Saward, Michael, 51

Schattschneider, E.E., 239

Schmitt, Carl, 81

Schweickart, David, 170

self-determination, 7, 8–9, 63, 103–105

All-Affected Principle and, 40–41

collective political action and, 100

collectivities’ right to, 242

Dahl on, 57

democracy and democratic inclusion and, 178

expansive demoi and, 43

global democracy and, 99–100

immigration and, 111

social justice and, 44–45

summary of, 8

self-development

affected interests and, 93

All-Affected Principle and, 40–41

human rights fulfillment and, 166

influence over decision-making and, 5

social justice and, 44–45

Sewell, William, 239

Shapiro, Ian, 62–63, 74

Showing Up for Racial Justice (SURJ)(advocacy INGO), 268–271

Sieyès, Emmanuel, 73, 79, 80–84

Simon, Herbert A., 24

Smith, Adam, 199

social justice

All-Affected Principle and, 38–39, 44–46

-based interests, 46–48

defined, 40

democracy and, 45–46, 53

labor rights and, 167

‘non-ideal’ theory of, 190

organizations, 14–15, 268–272, See also international non-governmental organizations; philanthropic organizations

social orders, 145, 146

social power, 144–145

All-Affected Principle and, 151

equal opportunity and, 201

operations of, 150

political institutions/structure and, 147, 152

political justice and, 144–146

social institutions and, 149

social processes and, 240–242

Solidaire Network, 268–271

stakeholder engagement, 52

stakeholders

co-determination by, 168–170, 188

community engagement and, 52

multinational supply chains and, 11

multi-stakeholder governance by, 11, 187, 189

political inclusion of, 187

theory of, 166

usurpation, 66

states as political communities, 147–148

Stephenson, Neal, 1

Stewart, Justice Potter, 238

Stilz, Anna, 5, 8–9, 66

structural power

affectedness patterns and, 14

All-Affected Principle and, 235–238

institutional decision-making versus, 161

political responsibility and, 240

racial injustice and, 235–238

Sunrise (movement), 2

suprastate political power, 75

Termination Shock (Stephenson), 1

territorial states, 73

Thompson, Dennis F., 222

Thousand Currents, 271

Thousand Currents (organization), 268–271

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 45

Trump, Donald, 2, 119, 135

U.S. Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 236–237

U.S. presidential election (2016), 134–138

U.S. Supreme Court, 129, 234–236

Ulpian, D., 212

undemocratic exclusion, 57, 63, 66–68

unions and collective bargaining, 171–172, 208

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 86

Universal Declaration (1948), 171

usurpation, 66–67, See also undemocratic exclusion

All-Affected Principle and, 7–8, 57, 63, 66–68

climate change and, 216, 217

Valentini, Laura, 5, 9–10, 98, 112–113

value judgments (political), 181–182

Vancouver Coastal Health, 52

voluntary transactions

All-Affected Principle and, 48, 196–197

fairness in, 199, 208–209

social effect of, 197–199

voting enfranchisement

All-Affected Principle and, 4

allocation of influence and, 4

All-Subjected Principle and, 27, 28–29, 44, 132–134

alternatives to, 4

common activities criterion and 163

‘point voting’ and, 29–30

political change beyond, 241

Proportionality Principle and, 46

social power and, 138

universal, 4, 43, 59, 96, 98–99, 163, 180

Waldron, Jeremy, 129

Walzer, Michael, 233, 234

Warren, Mark E., 5, 7–8, 148, 201, 211

Weber, Max, 143

Wellman, Kit, 233–234

White, Stuart, 153

Williams, Melissa S., 5, 8

worker management of firms, 170. See also labor rights

World Bank, 161, 184

World Trade Organization (WTO), 161, 171, 172

Yamada, Tadataka, 247–249

Young, Iris Marion, 40, 44–45, 47, 240

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