Introduction

In the previous pages we have discussed how the increase of molecular complexity may proceed via self-organization, emphasizing, however, that a simple increase of size and/or complexity is not enough – this must be accompanied by the onset of novel properties – up to the point where self-reproduction and eventually life itself arise. In fact, self-organization must be considered in conjunction with corresponding emergent properties.

The term “emergence” describes the onset of novel properties that arise when a higher level of complexity is formed from components of lower complexity, where these properties are not present. This is often summarized in the popular assertion that the “whole is more than the sum of the parts”, and/or with the vague term “holism”.

For a long time, emergence has been an active field of inquiry in the philosophy of science. As noted by McLaughlin (1992), the work of “British emergentism” can be dated back to Mill (1872) and Bain (1870) and flourished in the 1920s with the work of Alexander (1920), Morgan (1923), and Broad (1925); and the inquiry continues up to the present (see, Wimsatt, 1972; 1976a, b), Kim, 1984; Klee, 1984; Sperry, 1986; O'Connor, 1994; Bedau, 1997; Farre and Oksala, 1998; Holland, 1998; Primas, 1998; Schroeder, 1998, and several others).

The possible relevance of chemistry in the notion of emergence was realized as early as the mid-nineteenth century (Mill, 1872); and in 1923, as quoted by McLaughlin (1992), Broad stated that: