Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women during reproductive life. The aetiology of the syndrome is unknown; however, many endocrine changes occur, such as insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, hyperandrogenaemia, elevated LH and increased anti-Müllerian hormone, which contribute to the pathogenesis of the syndrome. There are three main characteristics which play key roles in the definition of the syndrome – menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism and polycystic morphology of the ovaries – but there is no consensus as to the gravity of each of these features. The management of the syndrome depends on the prevailing symptom and whether the woman is interested in becoming pregnant or not. Combined oral contraceptive pills, diet, lifestyle changes, ovulation-inducing drugs and in-vitro fertilization are the main means of treating the syndrome. Treatment should also take into account possible long-term consequences of this condition, such as metabolic syndrome and cancer development.