Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:05:53.991Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

from Section 2 - Menstrual Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2021

Tahir Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
Charles Savona-Ventura
Affiliation:
University of Malta, Malta
Ioannis Messinis
Affiliation:
University of Thessaly, Greece
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Affiliation:
Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, UK
Get access

Summary

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common condition that affects 20–30% of women during their reproductive lifetime and has a major impact on women’s quality of life. It is usually defined as, ‘excessive menstrual blood loss which interferes with a woman’s physical, emotional, social wellbeing and/or material quality of life’, which can occur alone or in combination with other symptoms [1].

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NICE. Heavy menstrual bleeding: assessment and management. NICE guideline NG88. 2018.Google Scholar
Munro, MG, Critchley, HOD, Fraser, IS. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018;143:393–408.Google Scholar
Fraser, IS, Mansour, D, Breymann, C, et al. Prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding and experiences of affected women in a European patient survey. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;128:196200.Google Scholar
Chodankar, R, Harpur, A, Mahmood, TA. Heavy menstrual bleeding. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2016;28:196202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hapangama, DK, Bulmer, JN. Pathophysiology of heavy menstrual bleeding. Women Health (Lond) 2016;12:313.Google Scholar
Tsiligiannis, SE, Zaitseva, M, Coombs, PR, et al. Fibroid-associated heavy menstrual bleeding: correlation between clinical features, Doppler ultrasound assessment of vasculature, and tissue gene expression profiles. Reprod Sci 2013;20:361370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bano, R, Datta, S, Mahmood, TA. Heavy menstrual bleeding. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2016;26:167174.Google Scholar
Bryant-Smith, Lethaby, AC Farquhar, A Hickey M, C. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;4:CD000249.Google ScholarPubMed
Davies, J, Kadir, RA. Heavy menstrual bleeding: an update on management. Thromb Res 2017;151(Suppl. 1):S70S77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dockeray, CJ, Sheppard, BL, Daly, L, Bonnar, J. The fibrinolytic enzyme system in normal menstruation and excessive uterine bleeding and the effect of tranexamic acid. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987;24:309318.Google Scholar
Maybin, JA, Critchley, HO. Medical management of heavy menstrual bleeding. Womens Health (Lond) 2016;12:2734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, IT, Haining, R, Lumsden, MA, Thomas, VR, Smith, SK. The effects of mefenamic acid and norethisterone on measured menstrual blood loss. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:8588.Google Scholar
Lethaby, A, Hussain, M, Rishworth, JR, Rees, MC. Progesterone or progestogen‐releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;4:CD002126.Google Scholar
Younas, K, Hadoura, E, Majoko, F, Bunkheila, A. A review of evidence-based management of uterine fibroids. TOG 2016;18:3342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lethaby, A, Wise, MR, Weterings, MAJ, Bofill Rodriguez, M, Brown, J. Combined hormonal contraceptives for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;2:CD000154.Google ScholarPubMed
MacGregor, EA, Guillebaud, J. The 7-day contraceptive hormone-free interval should be consigned to history. BMJ Sex Reprod Health 2018;44:214220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, N, Black, A. Contraception for adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020;12(Suppl. 1):2840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health (FSRH). Clinical guideline: combined hormonal contraception (January 2019, amended July 2019).Google Scholar
Irvine, GA, Campbell-Brown, MB, Lumsden, MA, et al. Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:592598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, IS. Treatment of ovulatory and anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding with oral progestogens. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;30:353356.Google Scholar
Lethaby, A, Irvine, G, Cameron, I. Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD001016.Google Scholar
Day Baird, D, Dunson, DB, Hill, MC, Cousins, D, Schectman, JM. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:100107.Google Scholar
Saridogan, E. Surgical treatment of fibroids in heavy menstrual bleeding. Womens Health (Lond) 2016;12:5362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Famuyide, A. Endometrial ablation. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2018;25:299307.Google Scholar
Moss, J, Christie, A. Uterine artery embolization for heavy menstrual bleeding. Womens Health (Lond) 2016;12:7177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van der Meij, E, Emanuel, MH. Hysterectomy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Womens Health (Lond) 2016;12:6369.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×