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2 - Introduction to site-specific recombination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2009

By
Makkuni Jayaram  and
Ian Grainge
Edited by
Peter Mullany
Makkuni Jayaram
Affiliation:
Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin
Ian Grainge
Affiliation:
Blanch Lane, South Mimms
Peter Mullany
Affiliation:
University College London
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Summary

Recombination provides a means for creating genetic variety. Exchange of information within gene pools expands their diversity and enhances the choices available for natural selection to act on. Recombination can be broadly divided into two classes: the highly pervasive “homologous” recombination and the more specialized “site-specific recombination.”

HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION

Before we discuss site-specific recombination, a brief overview of general (or homologous) recombination is useful for an appreciation of the distinctions between the two systems. Homologous recombination is a nearly universal mechanism employed by living organisms to reshuffle their genetic information. Within a cell, recombination can occur between two homologous chromosomes, between two sister chromatids formed by DNA replication, and between extrachromosomal elements such as plasmids or viral genomes. In eukaryotes, the rate of recombination during mitosis is relatively low and is markedly increased during meiosis. In fact, genetic exchange between homologs and chiasma formation appear to be a prerequisite for the proper reductional segregation of chromosomes and the generation of haploid gametes. The consequences of the resulting genetic configuration and the corresponding fitness contribution to an individual will be manifested directly, and almost immediately, in a haploid organism. For a diploid organism, the expression of the novel genetic makeup must await the fusion between the male and female gametes to produce a zygote. Recombination is therefore one of the forces that drive Darwinian evolution.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Dynamic Bacterial Genome , pp. 33 - 82
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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