Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T02:56:30.063Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Eastern and Western Writings up to the Ninth Century

from Part I - To 900 ce

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2024

Edward Kessler
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

This chapter shows the Jewish context of the New Testament and discusses the implications of the fact that while these writings are primarily Jewish, they have become Christian scripture. The documents highlight continuities and discontinuities between Judaism and Christianity, including themes found throughout the Documentary History, such as covenant and the identity of the people of Israel.

Type
Chapter
Information
A Documentary History of Jewish–Christian Relations
From Antiquity to the Present Day
, pp. 65 - 112
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Becker, Adam, and Reed, A. Y. (eds.), The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003).Google Scholar
Blumenkranz, Bernard, Juifs et Chrétiens dans le monde Occidental, 430–1096 (Paris: Mouton, 1960).Google Scholar
Bonfil, Robert, Stroumsa, , , Guy, Irshai, Oded, and Talgam, Rina (eds.), The Jews of Byzantium: Dialectics of Majority and Minority Cultures (Leiden: Brill, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lange, Nicholas, ‘Jews in the Age of Justinian’, in Maas, Michael (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 401–26.Google Scholar
Elukin, Jonathan, Living Together, Living Apart: Rethinking Jewish–Christian Relations in the Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva, ‘Jewish Christians, Judaizers, and Christian anti-Judaism’, in Burrus, Virginia (ed.), A People’s History of Christianity, Vol. 2: Late Ancient Christianity (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2010), 234–54.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, Paula, and Irshai, Oded, ‘Christian Anti-Judaism: Polemics and Policies’, in Katz, Steven T. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 4: The Late Roman Rabbinic Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 9771034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horbury, William, Jews and Christians in Contact and Controversy (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998).Google Scholar
Kraemar, Ross, The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity: What Christianity Cost the Jews (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieu, Judith, Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996).Google Scholar
Malkiel, David, ‘Jewish–Christian Relations in Europe, 840–1096’, Journal of Medieval History 29 (2003), 5583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, James, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Anti-Semitism (London: Soncino, 1934).Google Scholar
Reed, Annette Yoshiko, Jewish-Christianity and the History of Judaism (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2022).Google Scholar
Ruether, Rosemary Radford, Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism (London and New York: Seabury Press, 1974).Google Scholar
Simon, Marcel, Verus Israel: A Study of the Relations between Christians and Jews in the Roman Empire, AD 135–425 (Oxford: publ. for the Littmann Library of Jewish Civilization by Oxford University Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Stroumsa, Guy G., ‘Religious Dynamics between Christians and Jews in Late Antiquity’, in Casiday, Augustin, and Norris, Frederick W. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Christianity, Vol. 2: Constantine to c. 600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 151–72.Google Scholar
Holmes, Michael (ed. and trans.), The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations, 3rd ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), 423.Google Scholar
Hvalvik, Reidar, ‘The Epistle of Barnabas’, in Bird, Michael F., and Harrower, Scott D. (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to the Apostolic Fathers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 268–89.Google Scholar
Kok, Michael, ‘The True Covenant People: Ethnic Reasoning in the Epistle of Barnabas’, Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 40 (2011), 8197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lookadoo, Jonathan, The Epistle of Barnabas: A Commentary (Eugene: Cascade, 2022).Google Scholar
Ciccolini, Laetitia, ‘La Controverse de Jason et Papiscus: le témoignage de l’Ad Vigilium episcopum de Iudaica incredulitate faussement attribué à Cyprien de Carthage’, in Morlet, Sébastien, Munnich, Olivier, and Pouderon, Bernard (eds.), Les Dialogues ADVERSVS IVDAEOS: Permanences et mutations d’une tradition polémique (Paris: Institut d’Études Augustiniennes, 2013), 163. Author’s own translation from the French.Google Scholar
Bovon, François, and Duffy, John M., ‘A New Fragment from Ariston of Pella’s Dialogue of Jason and Papiscus’, Harvard Theological Review 105 (2012), 457–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Averil, Dialoguing in Late Antiquity, Hellenic Studies 65 (Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, 2014).Google Scholar
Lahey, Lawrence, ‘Evidence for Jewish Believers in Christian–Jewish Dialogues through the Sixth Century’, in Hvalvik, Reidar, and Skarsaune, Oskar (eds.), Jewish Believers in Jesus: The Early Centuries (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2007), 585–91.Google Scholar
Tolley, Harry, ‘The Jewish–Christian Dialogue Jason and Papiscus in Light of the Sinaiticus Fragment’, Harvard Theological Review 114 (2021), 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Alexander, and Donaldson, James (eds.), The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A. D. 325, vol. 1 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996), 218–19. (Square-bracketed words are part of the original.)Google Scholar
Edsall, Benjamin A., ‘Justin Martyr without the “Parting” of the Ways’, in Schröter, Jens, Edsall, Benjamin A., and Verheyden, Joseph (eds.), Jews and Christians – Parting Ways in the First Two Centuries: Reflections on the Gains and Losses of a Model (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2021), 249–72.Google Scholar
Lieu, Judith, ‘Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho, in Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century (London and New York: T&T Clark, 1996), 103–54.Google Scholar
White, B. L., ‘Justin between Paul and the Heretics: The Salvation of Christian Judaizers in the Dialogue with Trypho’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 26 (2018), 163–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Stuart G. (ed. and trans.), Melito of Sardis: On Pascha and Fragments (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), 53–5. (Square-bracketed words are part of the original.)Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart G. (ed.), Melito of Sardis: On Pascha and Fragments (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979).Google Scholar
Lieu, Judith, ‘Melito of Sardis: The Peri Pascha, in Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996), 199240.Google Scholar
Stewart-Sykes, Alistair, ‘Melito’s Anti-Judaism’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 5 (1997), 271–83.Google Scholar
Roberts, Alexander, and Donaldson, James (eds.), The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, vol. 8 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1989), 271.Google Scholar
Carleton Paget, James, ‘Pseudo-Clementine Homilies 4–6: Rare Evidence of a Jewish Literary Source from the Second Century c.e.?’, in Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010), 427–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, Annette Yoshiko, ‘Historiography and Identity in the Pseudo-Clementines’, in Jewish Christianity and the History of Judaism (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2022), 3842.Google Scholar
Stanton, Graham, ‘Jewish Christian Elements in the Pseudo-Clementine Writings’, in Hvalvik, Reidar, and Skarsaune, Oskar (eds.), Jewish Believers in Jesus: The Early Centuries (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2007), 307–24.Google Scholar
Chadwick, Henry (trans.), Origen: Contra Celsum (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), 28. Italics used by the translator to indicate quotations or thoughts attributed to Celsus’ Jew.Google Scholar
Alexander, Philip, ‘Celsus’ Judaism’, in Carleton Paget, James, and Gathercole, Simon (eds.), Celsus in His World: Philosophy, Polemic, and Religion in the Second Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 327–55.Google Scholar
Alexander, Philip, ‘Narrative and Counter-Narrative: The Jewish Anti-Gospel (The Toledot Yeshu) and the Christian Gospels’, in Baron, Lori, Hicks-Keeton, Jill, and Thiessen, Matthew (eds.), The Ways That Often Parted (Atlanta: SBL Press, 2018), 377402.Google Scholar
Lieu, Judith, ‘The Multiple Personalities of Celsus’ Jew’, in Carleton Paget, James, and Gathercole, Simon (eds.), Celsus in His World: Philosophy, Polemic, and Religion in the Second Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 360–85.Google Scholar
Niehoff, Maren, ‘A Jewish Critique of Christianity from Second-Century Alexandria: Revisiting the Jew Mentioned in Contra Celsum’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 21 (2013), 151–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Alexander, Donaldson, James, and Coxe, A. Cleveland (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 4, trans. Frederick Crombie (Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing, 1885). Rev. and ed. for New Advent by Kevin Knight, www.newadvent.org/fathers/0414.htm.Google Scholar
de Lange, Nicholas, ‘The Letter of Africanus: Origen’s Recantation?’, Studia Patristica 16, no. 2 (1985), 242–7.Google Scholar
De Lange, Nicholas, Origen and the Jews (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).Google Scholar
Kamesar, Adam, Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvesen, Alison, ‘A Convergence of the Ways? The Judaizing of Christian Scripture by Origen and Jerome’, in Becker, Adam, and Reed, A. Y. (eds.), The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003), 233–48.Google Scholar
Musurillo, Herbert (ed. and trans.), The Acts of the Christian Martyrs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 139–41, 153–5. (Biblical references are footnotes in the original.)Google Scholar
Gibson, E. Leigh, ‘Jewish Antagonism or Christian Polemic: The Case of the Martyrdom of Pionius’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 (2001), 339–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horbury, William, ‘Jewish–Christian Polemic in Martyrium Pionii, in Friedman, David A. and Czajkowski, Kimberley (eds.), Looking In, Looking Out: Jews and Non-Jews in Mutual Contemplation, Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 212 (Leiden: Brill, 2024), 267–96.Google Scholar
Nicklas, Tobias, Jews and Christians? Second Century ‘Christian’ Perspectives on the ‘Parting of the Ways’ (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014), 5761.Google Scholar
Author’s translations, based on those of Boddens Hosang, F. J. E., Establishing Boundaries: Christian–Jewish Relations in Early Council Texts and the Writings of Church Fathers (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 40, 45, 51, 56, 93, 99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boddens Hosang, F. J. E., Establishing Boundaries: Christian–Jewish Relations in Early Council Texts and the Writings of Church Fathers (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 23108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trebilco, Paul, ‘Beyond “The Parting of the Ways” between Jews and Christians in Asia Minor to a Model of Variegated Interaction’, in Schröter, Jens, Edsall, Benjamin A., and Verheyden, Joseph (eds.), Jews and Christians – Parting Ways in the First Two Centuries ce? Reflections on the Gains and Losses of a Model (Berlin and Boston: de Gruyter, 2021), 279–80.Google Scholar
Van der Horst, Pieter, ‘Jews and Christians in Aphrodisias in the Light of Their Relations in Other Cities of Asia Minor’, Nederlands Teologisk Tijdskrift 43 (1989), 106–21.Google Scholar
Lehto, Adam, The Demonstrations of Aphrahat, the Persian Sage (Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2010), 438–9. (Square-bracketed words are part of the original.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koltun-Fromm, Naomi, ‘A Jewish–Christian Conversation in Fourth Century Mesopotamia’, Journal of Jewish Studies 47 (1996), 4563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nedungatt, George, Covenant Life, Law and Ministry According to Aphrahat, Kanonika 26 (Rome: Orientalia Christiana & Valore Italiano, 2018).Google Scholar
Neusner, Jacob, Aphrahat and Judaism: The Christian–Jewish Argument in Fourth-Century Iran (Leiden: Brill, 1972).Google Scholar
Harkins, Paul W. (trans.) Saint John Chrysostom: Discourses against Judaizing Christians (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1979), 1819, 78–9.Google Scholar
Fonrobert, ‘Jewish Christianity, Judaizers, and Ancient Christianity’, in Burrus, A People’s History of Christianity, 236–43.Google Scholar
Shepardson, Christine C., Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversy (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2014), 92117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilken, Robert L., John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late Fourth Century (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1983).Google Scholar
Fremantle, W. H., Lewis, G., and Martley, W. G. (trans.), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd series (Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1893). (Biblical reference is a footnote in the original.)Google Scholar
Graves, Michael, Jerome’s Hebrew Philology: A Study (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 7692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamesar, Adam, ‘Jerome’, in Carleton Paget, James, and Schaper, Joachim (eds.), The New Cambridge History of the Bible, Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to 600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 653–75.Google Scholar
Salvesen, Alison, ‘A Convergence of the Ways? The Judaizing of Christian Scripture by Origen and Jerome’, in Becker, Adam, and Reed, A. Y. (eds.), The Ways That Never Parted (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003), 233–48.Google Scholar
Greene, William Chase (trans.), Augustine: City of God, Volume VI: Books 18.36–20, Loeb Classical Library 416 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960).Google Scholar
Cohen, Jeremy, ‘Revisiting Augustine’s Doctrine of Jewish Witness’, Journal of Religion 89, no. 4 (Oct. 2009), 564–78, esp. 578.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jeremy, ‘“Slay them not”: Augustine and the Jews in Modern Scholarship’, Medieval Encounters 4 (1998), 7892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredriksen, Paula, Augustine and the Jews: A Christian Defense of Jews and Judaism (New York and London: Doubleday, 2008).Google Scholar
Fredriksen and Irshai, ‘Christian Anti-Judaism’, 977–1034, esp. 1014–20.Google Scholar
Linder, Amnon (ed. and trans.), The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 288.Google Scholar
Kraemar, The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity, 241–2, 245–6.Google Scholar
Levine, Lee, Visual Judaism and Late Antiquity: Historical Contexts of Jewish Art (New Haven: Yale University Press), 187–93.Google Scholar
Linder, Amnon (ed. and trans.), The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 287–9.Google Scholar
Évieuz, Pierre, with Vinel, Nicolas (ed. and trans.), Isidore de Péluse. Lettres, Tome III: Lettres 1701–2000, Sources chrétiennes 586 (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 2017), 263–5. Author’s own translation.Google Scholar
Millar, Fergus, ‘Christian Emperors, Christian Church and the Jews of the Diaspora in the Greek East’, in Empire, Church and Society in the Late Roman Near East: Greeks, Jews and Saracens (Collected Studies, 2004–2014) (Leuven: Peeters, 2015), 476–7.Google Scholar
Millar, Fergus, ‘Rebuilding the Temple: Pagan, Jewish and Christian Conceptions’, in Empire, Church and Society in the Late Roman Near East: Greeks, Jews and Saracens (Collected Studies, 2004–2014) (Leuven: Peeters, 2015), 121–46.Google Scholar
Walker, P. W. L., Holy City, Holy Places? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Wilken, Robert L., Judaism and the Early Christian Mind: A Study of Cyril of Alexandria’s Exegesis and Theology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), 503.Google Scholar
Wilken, Robert L., The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), esp. 131–5 and 153–8.Google Scholar
Noy, David (ed.), The Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, Vol. 1: Italy (Excluding the City of Rome), Spain and Gaul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 13.Google Scholar
Kraemar, The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity, 273–5.Google Scholar
Noy, David (ed.), The Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, Vol. 1: Italy (Excluding the City of Rome), Spain and Gaul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 1316.Google Scholar
Brock, Sebastian P. (ed. and trans.), The People and the Peoples: Syriac Dialogue Poems from Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, 2019), 4751.Google Scholar
Brock, Sebastian P. (ed. and trans.), The People and the Peoples: Syriac Dialogue Poems from Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, 2019).Google Scholar
Cerbelaud, Dominique, ‘Les pères syriaques et les juifs’, in Auwers, Jean-Marie, Burnet, Régis, and Luciani, Didier (eds.), L’antijudaïsme des pères. Mythe et/ou réalité? (Paris: Beauchesne, 2017), 183–96.Google Scholar
Shepardson, Christine, Anti-Judaism and Christian Orthodoxy: Ephrem’s Hymns in Fourth-Century Syria (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Linder, Amnon (ed. and trans.), The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 408–9.Google Scholar
de Lange, Nicholas, Japheth in the Tents of Shem: Greek Bible Translations in Byzantine Judaism (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015), 60–7.Google Scholar
Kraemar, The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity, 308–14.Google Scholar
Levine, Lee, Visual Judaism and Late Antiquity: Historical Contexts of Jewish Art (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 183–5.Google Scholar
Linder, Amnon (ed. and trans.), The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 402–11.Google Scholar
Rutgers, Leonard, ‘Justinian’s Novella 146 between Jews and Christians’, in Kalmin, Richard, and Schwartz, Seth (eds.), Jewish Culture and Society under the Christian Roman Empire (Leuven: Peeters, 2002), 381403.Google Scholar
Linder, Amnon (ed. and trans.), The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997), 486–8. (Biblical reference is a footnote in the original.)Google Scholar
Abulafia, Anna Sapir, ‘Medieval Church Doctrines and Policies’, in Chazan, Robert (ed.), The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 3253, esp. 33–4.Google Scholar
Bronisch, Alexander, Die Judengesetzgebung im katholischen West-gotenreich von Toledo (Hanover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2005).Google Scholar
Linder, Amnon (ed. and trans.), The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997), 485–91.Google Scholar
Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue, 347–59.Google Scholar
Nelson, Janet L. (ed. and trans.), The Annals of St-Bertin: Ninth Century Histories, vol. 1 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), 41–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, Bat-Sheva, ‘Adversus Iudaeos in the Carolingian Empire’, in Limor, Ora, and Stroumsa, Guy (eds.), Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics between Christians and Jews (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996), 119–42.Google Scholar
Cabaniss, Allen, ‘Bodo/Eleazar: A Famous Jewish Convert’, Jewish Quarterly Review 43 (1953), 313–28.Google Scholar
Malkiel, ‘Jewish–Christian Relations in Europe, 840–1096’.Google Scholar
Riess, Frank, The Journey of Deacon Bodo from the Rhine to the Guadalquivir: Apostasy and Conversion to Judaism in Early Medieval Europe (New York: Peter Lang, 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tartakoff, Paola, Conversion, Circumcision, and Ritual Murder in Medieval Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), esp. ch. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×