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2 - Erythropoiesis

from SECTION ONE - THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND GENETIC BASIS OF HEMOGLOBIN DISORDERS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2010

Martin H. Steinberg ,
Bernard G. Forget ,
Douglas R. Higgs  and
David J. Weatherall
By
Sjaak Philipsen  and
William G. Wood
Martin H. Steinberg
Affiliation:
Boston University
Bernard G. Forget
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Douglas R. Higgs
Affiliation:
MRC Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford
David J. Weatherall
Affiliation:
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Erythropoiesis involves the production of mature enucleated erythrocytes from committed erythroid progenitor cells, which in turn are derived from multilineage progenitors and ultimately from the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). In human the mature erythrocytes turn over at a rate of approximately 1% per day and it can be estimated that maintaining the red blood cell count in an adult requires approximately 2.4 × 106 new erythrocytes to be produced each second. It is not surprising, therefore, that the regulation of erythropoiesis is a complex, multifaceted process that has to cope with not only maintaining the steady state but also with providing reserves to cope rapidly with increased demand as a result of physiological or pathological demands. In this chapter we will consider the developmental origins of red cell production, their differentiation from HSCs as well as production of the hormone erythropoietin. We will examine how erythropoietin responds to tissue hypoxia and exerts its effect through cell surface receptors on erythroid cells to trigger a number of cell signaling cascades to maintain, through critical transcription factors, the survival, proliferation, and maturation of the erythron.

ERYTHROPOIESIS DURING DEVELOPMENT

The first erythrocytes appearing during vertebrate development are known as primitive erythrocytes. These cells are produced by a transient first wave of hematopoiesis, which is almost entirely dedicated to the production of primitive red cells. Primitive erythropoiesis has been studied in evolutionary distant vertebrates, in particular in fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals.

Type
Chapter
Information
Disorders of Hemoglobin
Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management
 , pp. 24 - 45
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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