Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes
- Part III Diatoms as indicators in Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine lacustrine environments
- Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments
- Part V Other applications
- 24 Diatoms of aerial habitats
- 25 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in wetlands and peatlands
- 26 Tracking fish, seabirds, and wildlife population dynamics with diatoms and other limnological indicators
- 27 Diatoms and archeology
- 28 Diatoms in oil and gas exploration
- 29 Forensic science and diatoms
- 30 Toxic marine diatoms
- 31 Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport
- 32 Diatoms as non-native species
- 33 Diatomite
- 34 Stable isotopes from diatom silica
- 35 Diatoms and nanotechnology: early history and imagined future as seen through patents
- Part VI Conclusions
- Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations
- Index
- References
28 - Diatoms in oil and gas exploration
from Part V - Other applications
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes
- Part III Diatoms as indicators in Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine lacustrine environments
- Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments
- Part V Other applications
- 24 Diatoms of aerial habitats
- 25 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in wetlands and peatlands
- 26 Tracking fish, seabirds, and wildlife population dynamics with diatoms and other limnological indicators
- 27 Diatoms and archeology
- 28 Diatoms in oil and gas exploration
- 29 Forensic science and diatoms
- 30 Toxic marine diatoms
- 31 Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport
- 32 Diatoms as non-native species
- 33 Diatomite
- 34 Stable isotopes from diatom silica
- 35 Diatoms and nanotechnology: early history and imagined future as seen through patents
- Part VI Conclusions
- Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Diatoms constitute an important rock-forming microfossil group. They evolved rapidly during the Cenozoic, and unlike other microfossils, diatoms are found in marine, brackish, and lacustrine sediments, and are thus useful for age dating and correlating sediments that accumulated in a variety of environments. Their fossil assemblages are reflective of the environments in which they lived, and their recovery in wells and outcrops can provide information on paleochemistry and paleobathymetry. They are most useful to the oil and gas industry in age dating and correlating rocks that lack or have poor recovery of calcareous microfossils, such as “cold-water” Tertiary marine rocks, and sediments that accumulated in lacustrine basins and in brackish-water settings.
Age dating and correlation of sedimentary rocks are important for hydrocarbon exploration in order to understand the geologic history of a basin as it relates to formation of source rocks, reservoirs, structures, and seals. The timing of expulsion of oil and gas is a critical factor in determining the prospect potential of a basin for hydrocarbon, and necessitates an understanding of the geochronology of events. The ability to correlate subsurface rocks is a prerequisite to mapping the distribution of reservoir facies and the interpretation of sequence stratigraphy.
Environmental data pertaining to paleobathymetry and paleochemistry provide important information on the geologic history of a basin and predictability of reservoir distribution. For example, shales that are barren of calcareous microfossils may have accumulated in deep water, beneath the carbonate compensation depth, or in brackish or freshwater.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The DiatomsApplications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, pp. 523 - 533Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2010
References
, , , et al. (2003). Palaeocene. In The Millenium Atlas: Petroleum Geology of the Central and Northern North Sea, ed. , , , & , London: Geological Society, pp. 235–59.Google Scholar
, , , , , , , , & (1995). Worldwide and local composite standards: optimizing biostratigraphic data. SEPM Special Publication, 53, 117–30.Google Scholar
, & , (1995). Neogene diatom biostratigraphy for the eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Leg 138. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 138, 105–28.Google Scholar
, (1985a). Late Eocene to Holocene diatom biostratigraphy of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 85. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 85, 413–56.Google Scholar
, (1985b). Miocene to Holocene planktic diatom stratigraphy. In Plankton Stratigraphy, ed. , , & , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 641–91.Google Scholar
, (2005). Diatom biochronology for the early Miocene of the equatorial Pacific. Stratigraphy, 2 (4), 281–309.Google Scholar
, , & . (2004). Oligocene and earliest Miocene diatom biostratigraphy of ODP Leg 199 Site 1220, equatorial Pacific. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 199. See http://www-odp.tamu/edu/publications/199_SR/2004/204.htm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1995). Early Miocene to Pleistocene diatom stratigraphy of Leg 145. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 145, 3–20.Google Scholar
(2002). Oil and gas source rock potential and the presence of oil and gas in Sakhalin. In The Cenozoic Geology and the Oil and Gas Presence in Sakhalin, ed., , Moscow: GEOS publishers, pp. 137–94 (in Russian).Google Scholar
, , , , , , & (1995). A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. SEPM Special Publication, 54, 129–212.Google Scholar
, , , , , , & (1962). Tertiär Norddeutschlands. In Arbeitskreis deutscher Mikropaläontologen: Leitfossilien der Mikropaläontologie, & , Berlin: Gebruder Bontrager.Google Scholar
, , , , , , & (1999). Towards a stable and agreed nomenclature for North Sea Tertiary diatom floras – the ‘Coscinodiscus’ problem. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 152, 139–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1985). Carbonate concretions: An ideal sedimentary host for microfossils. Geology, 13, 212–15.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1982). Neogene and Quaternary lacustrine diatoms of the western Snake River Basin, Idaho-Oregon, U.S.A. Acta Geologicamiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 25, 97–122.Google Scholar
, & , (1995). Fossil continental diatoms: paleolimnology, evolution, and biochronology. In Siliceous Microfossils ed. , , & , Paleontological Society Short Course 8, Knoxville, TN: The Paleontological Society, pp. 119–38.Google Scholar
, (1946). The Monterey Formation of California and the origins of its siliceous rocks. US Geological Professional Paper, 212.Google Scholar
, & , (1995). Graphic correlation and composite standard databases as tools for the exploration biostratigrapher. SEPM Special Publication, 53, 23–44.Google Scholar
(1991). Porosity reduction and burial history of siliceous rocks from the Monterey and Sisquoc formations, Point Pedernales area, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103, 625–36.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). Supplemented graphic correlation: a powerful tool for paleontologists and nonpaleontologists. Palaios, 4 (2), 127–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, (1987). Diatomées néogènes d'Afrique; approche biostratigraphique en milieux marin (sud-ouest africain) et continental. Ph.D thesis, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Fonteney Saint-Cloud, Fontenay Saint-Cloud, France.
, , , , , , & (1993). Miocene non-marine diatoms from the western Cordilleran basins of northern Peru. Diatom Research, 8, 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). Oligocene and lower Miocene diatom zonation in the North Pacific. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 6 (2), 150–63.Google Scholar
& (1995). Oligocene and Early Miocene Diatom Biostratigraphy of Hole 884B. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 145, 21–41.Google Scholar
(2001). The Cenozoic of Sakhalin: modern stratigraphic schemes and correlation of geological events. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 9 (2), 177–90.Google Scholar
, , , , & (2002). The Cenozoic Geology and Oil and Gas Presence in Sakhalin. Moscow: GEOS publishers (in Russian).Google Scholar
, , , & (1981). Neogene siliceous sediments and rocks off southern California, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 63. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 63, 579–93.Google Scholar
, & , (1992). Middle Eocene to Pleistocene diatom biostratigraphy of Southern Ocean sediments from the Kerguelen Plateau, Leg 120. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 120, 683–733Google Scholar
, , , , , , , , & (1978). Diagenesis of late Cenozoic diatomaceous deposits and formation of the bottom simulating reflector in the southern Bering Sea. Sedimentology, 25, 155–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1981). Silica diagenesis of Neogene diatomaceous and volcaniclastic sediments in northern Japan. Sedimentology, 28, 185--200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, (1981). Origin of Neogene diatomites around the North Pacific Rim. Pacific Section, SEPM Special Publication, 15, 159–79.Google Scholar
, (1981). Porosity reduction during diagenesis of the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara coastal area, California. Pacific Section, SEPM Special Publication, 15, 257–71.Google Scholar
, (1982). Influence of rock composition on kinetics of silica phase changes in the Monterey Formation. Santa Barbara area, California. Geology, 10, 304–8.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, (1983). Compositional variation and sequence in the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara coastal area, California. Pacific Section, SEPM Special Publication, 28, 117–32.Google Scholar
, & , (1975). Lower Tertiary tuffs and volcanic activity in the North Sea. In Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of Northwest Europe, Volume 1: Geology, ed. , Barking: Elsevier, pp. 455–65.Google Scholar
, , , , , , et al. (2003). In The Millenium Atlas: Petroleum Geology of the Central and Northern North Sea, ed. , , , & P. , London: Geological Society, pp. 261–77.Google Scholar
, (1983). Cainozoic Micropalaeontological Biostratigraphy of the North Sea. Institute of Geological Sciences Report 82/7. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
, & , (1996). Neogene diatom biostratigraphy of the Iceland Sea Site 907. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 151, 61–74.Google Scholar
, & , (1995). Geologic ranges of lacustrine Actinocyclus species, western United States. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1543-B, 53–73.Google Scholar
, , , & , (1987). Neogene and Quaternary lacustrine diatom biochronology, western USA. Palaios, 2, 505–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , , , & (1997). Graphic correlation and sequence stratigraphy of Neogene rocks in the Gulf of Suez. Bulletin, Société Géologique de France, 168(1), 63–71.Google Scholar
, (1984). Recovery of siliceous microfossils by the disaggregation of dolomite. Pacific Section, SEPM Special Publication, 41, 185–94.Google Scholar
(1984). Origin of hemipelagic source rocks during the early and middle Miocene, Salinas Basin, California. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 73 (4), 510–24.Google Scholar
, (1977). The graphic correlation method in biostratigraphy. In Concepts and Methods in Biostratigraphy, ed. & , Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchison, and Ross, pp. 165–86.Google Scholar
, (1994). The occurrence and preservation of diatoms in the Paleogene of the North Sea Basin. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University College, London.
, (1996). Palaeoenvironments in the North Sea Basin around the Paleocene–Eocene boundary: evidence from diatoms and other siliceous microfossils. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 101, 255–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1992a). Revised lower Paleogene lithostratigraphy for the outer Moray Firth, North Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9, 53–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1992b). Lower Paleogene stratigraphy of the Northern North Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9, 287–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1975). Diagenesis of Miocene siliceous shale, Temblor Range, California. US Geological Survey Journal of Research, 3, 553–66.Google Scholar
, (1981). Diagenetic trends in the siliceous facies of the Monterey Shale in the Santa Maria region, California. Sedimentology, 28, 547–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & , (1996). Late Paleogene diatom biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the northern Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 151, 75–99.Google Scholar
, (1987). Lithology, petrophysics, and hydrocarbons in cyclic Belridge Diatomite, south Belridge oil field, Kern Co., California. Fourth International Congress on Pacific Neogene Stratigraphy, Berkeley, CA, July 29–31, abstract volume, 102.
, (1967). Neogene Marine Diatoms from Sakhalin and Kamchatka, Leningrad: Leningrad State University Press (in Russian).Google Scholar
, & , (1983). Petrology and diagenetic changes of Neogene siliceous rocks in northern Japan. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 53, 911–30.Google Scholar
, , , , , , & , (1999). Upper Oligocene diatomaceous deposits of the northern North Sea – silica diagenesis and paleogeographic implications. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 79, Issue 1, December, 3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , & (2004). Pyritized diatoms: a good fossil marker in the Upper Paleocene–Lower Eocene sediments from the Belgian and Dieppe–Hampshire basins. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 83 (3), 173–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , & (2000). Miocene brackish water and lacustrine deposition in the Suez Rift, Sinai, Egypt. Palaios, 15, 65–72.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5
- Cited by