Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T00:42:58.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III - Psychopharmacological Treatment Considerations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2021

Katherine Warburton
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Stephen M. Stahl
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Grove, TB, Tso, IF, Chun, J, et al. Negative affect predicts social functioning across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: findings from an integrated data analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2016; 243: 198206.Google Scholar
Kaneko, K. Negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia: two key symptoms negatively influencing social functioning. Yonago Acta Med. 2018; 61(2): 91102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ullrich, S, Keers, R, Coid, JW. Delusions, anger, and serious violence: new findings from the MacArthur violence risk assessment study. Schizophr Bull. 2014; 40(5): 11741181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fazel, S, Zetterqvist, J, Larsson, H, Langstrom, N, Lichtenstein, P. Antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, and risk of violent crime. Lancet. 2014; 384(9949): 12061214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urs, NM, Peterson, SM, Caron, MG. New concepts in dopamine D2 receptor biased signaling and implications for schizophrenia therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2017; 81(1): 7885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howes, OD, McCutcheon, R, Owen, MJ, Murray, RM. The role of genes, stress, and dopamine in the development of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2017; 81(1): 920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rotter, M, Carr, WA. Targeting criminal recidivism in mentally ill offenders: structured clinical approaches. Community Ment Health J. 2011; 47(6): 723726.Google Scholar
Lopez-Munoz, F, Alamo, C, Cuenca, E, et al. History of the discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2005; 17(3): 113135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melkersson, K, Lewitt, M, Hall, K. Higher serum concentrations of tyrosine and glutamate in schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine, compared to in those treated with conventional antipsychotics. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2015; 36(5): 465480.Google Scholar
Crilly, J. The history of clozapine and its emergence in the US market: a review and analysis. Hist Psychiatry. 2007; 18(1): 3960.Google Scholar
Shen, WW. A history of antipsychotic drug development. Compr Psychiatry. 1999; 40(6): 407414.Google Scholar
Grace, AA. The depolarization block hypothesis of neuroleptic action: implications for the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1992; 36: 91131.Google ScholarPubMed
Miyamoto, S, Duncan, GE, Marx, CE, Lieberman, JA. Treatments for schizophrenia: a critical review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. Mol Psychiatry. 2005; 10(1): 79104.Google Scholar
Howes, O, McCutcheon, R, Stone, J. Glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia: an update for the 21st century. J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(2): 97115.Google Scholar
Veerman, SR, Schulte, PF, de Haan, L. The glutamate hypothesis: a pathogenic pathway from which pharmacological interventions have emerged. Pharmacopsychiatry 2014; 47(4–5): 121130.Google Scholar
Howes, OD, McCutcheon, R, Agid, O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 2017; 174(3): 216229.Google Scholar
Stroup, TS, Gerhard, T, Crystal, S, Huang, C, Olfson, M. Comparative effectiveness of clozapine and standard antipsychotic treatment in adults with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2016; 173(2): 166173.Google Scholar
Yoshimura, B, Yada, Y, So, R, Takaki, M, Yamada, N. The critical treatment window of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of an observational study. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 250: 6570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerwin, R. When should clozapine be initiated in schizophrenia?: some arguments for and against earlier use of clozapine. CNS Drugs. 2007; 21(4): 267278.Google Scholar
Doyle, R, Behan, C, O’Keeffe, D, et al. Clozapine use in a cohort of first-episode psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017; 37(5): 512517.Google Scholar
Galling, B, Roldan, A, Hagi, K, et al. Antipsychotic augmentation vs. monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. World Psychiatry. 2017; 16(1): 7789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stahl, SM, Morrissette, DA, Cummings, M, et al. California state hospital violence assessment and treatment (Cal-VAT) guideline. CNS Spectr. 2014; 19(5): 449465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fond, G, Boyer, L, Favez, M, et al. Medication and aggressiveness in real-world schizophrenia: results from the FACE-SZ dataset. Psychopharmacology. 2016; 233(4): 571578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garriga, M, Pacchiarotti, I, Kasper, S, et al. Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: expert consensus. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 17(2): 86128.Google Scholar
Mossaheb, N, Kaufmann, RM. Role of aripiprazole in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012; 8: 235244.Google Scholar
Veerman, SRT, Schulte, PFJ, de Haan, L. Treatment for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a comprehensive review. Drugs. 2017; 77(13): 14231459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stahl, SM. Drugs for psychosis and mood: unique actions at D3, D2, and D1 dopamine receptor subtypes. CNS Spectr. 2017; 22(5): 375384.Google Scholar
Wulff, S, Pinborg, LH, Svarer, C, et al. Striatal D(2/3) binding potential values in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients correlate with treatment outcome. Schizophr Bull. 2015; 41(5): 11431152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urban, AE, Cubala, WJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of atypical antipsychotics. Psychiatr Pol. 2017; 51(6): 10591077.Google Scholar
Fan, J, de Lannoy, IA. Pharmacokinetics. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014; 87(1): 93120.Google Scholar
Meyer, JM, Cummings, MA, Proctor, G, Stahl, SM. Psychopharmacology of persistent violence and aggression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016; 39(4): 541556.Google Scholar
Dahl, SG. Plasma level monitoring of antipsychotic drugs: clinical utility. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1986; 11(1): 3661.Google Scholar
Tharani, AJ, Farooq, S, Saleem, F, Naveed, A. Compliance to antipsychotic medication: a challenge for client, family and health care providers. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013; 63(4): 516518.Google ScholarPubMed
Pilkinton, PD, Pilkinton, JC. Prescribing in prison: minimizing psychotropic drug diversion in correctional practice. J Correct Health Care. 2014; 20(2): 95104.Google Scholar
Marcus, SC, Zummo, J, Pettit, AR, Stoddard, J, Doshi, JA. Antipsychotic adherence and rehospitalization in schizophrenia patients receiving oral versus long-acting injectable antipsychotics following hospital discharge. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2015; 21(9): 754768.Google ScholarPubMed
McGuire, AB, Bond, GR. Critical elements of the crisis intervention team model of jail diversion: an expert survey. Behav Sci Law. 2011; 29(1): 8194.Google Scholar
Mohr, P, Knytl, P, Vorackova, V, Bravermanova, A, Melicher, T. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics for prevention and management of violent behaviour in psychotic patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2017; 71(9): e12997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taipale, H, Mittendorfer-Rutz, E, Alexanderson, K, et al. Antipsychotics and mortality in a nationwide cohort of 29,823 patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2017; 197: 274280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyer, S, Banks, N, Roy, MA, et al. A qualitative study of experiences with and perceptions regarding long-acting injectable antipsychotics: part II-physician perspectives. Can J Psychiatry. 2013; 58(5 Suppl 1): 23s29s.Google Scholar
Siragusa, S, Saadabadi, A. Fluphenazine. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2018.Google Scholar
Quraishi, S, David, A. Depot haloperidol decanoate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; 1999(2): CD001361.Google Scholar
Park, EJ, Amatya, S, Kim, MS, et al. Long-acting injectable formulations of antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Pharm Res. 2013; 36(6): 651659.Google Scholar
Citrome, L. Sustained-release risperidone via subcutaneous injection: a systematic review of RBP-7000 (PERSERIS™) for the treatment of schizophrenia. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2018; 12(3): 130141.Google Scholar

References

California Assembly Bill 1810. Pretrial Diversion, Section 15. 2018.Google Scholar
Case, B, Steadman, HJ, Dupuis, SA, et al. Who succeeds in jail diversion programs for persons with mental illness?: a multi-site study. Behav Sci Law. 2009; 27(5): 661674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renner, M, Newark, C, Bartos, BJ, et al. Length of stay for 25, 791 California patients found incompetent to stand trial. J Forensic Leg Med. 2017; 51: 2226.Google Scholar
Steadman, HJ, Redlich, A, Callahan, L, et al. Effect of mental health courts on arrests and jail days: a multisite study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 68(2): 167172.Google Scholar
Gill, KJ, Murphy, AA. Jail diversion for persons with serious mental illness coordinated by a prosecutor’s office. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017: 7917616.Google Scholar
Comartin, E, Kubiak, SP, Ray, B, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of mental health court participants by psychiatric diagnosis. Psychiatr Serv. 2015; 66(9): 923929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oueslati, B, Fekih-Romdhane, F, Mrabet, A, et al. Correlates of offense recidivism in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2018; 58: 178183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezansoff, SN, Moniruzzaman, A, Fazel, S, et al. Adherence to antipsychotic medication and criminal recidivism in a Canadian provincial offender population. Schizophr Bull. 2017; 43(5): 10021010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamberti, JS. Understanding and preventing criminal recidivism among adults with psychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58(6): 773781.Google Scholar
Dufort, A, Zipursky, RB. Understanding and managing treatment adherence in schizophrenia. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2019. Jan 3. doi:10.3371/CSRP.ADRZ.121218. [Epub ahead of print]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brain, C, Sameby, B, Allerby, K, et al. Twelve months of electronic monitoring (MEMS) in the Swedish COAST-study: a comparison of methods for the measurement of adherence in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014; 24(2): 215222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Remington, G, Teo, C, Mann, S, et al. Examining levels of antipsychotic adherence to better understand nonadherence. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013; 33(2): 261263.Google Scholar
Byerly, MJ, Thompson, A, Carmody, T, et al. Validity of electronically monitored medication adherence and conventional adherence measures in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58(6): 844847.Google Scholar
Velligan, DI, Wang, M, Diamond, P, et al. Relationships among subjective and objective measures of adherence to oral antipsychotic medications. Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58(9): 11871192.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, R, Beck, K, Bloomfield, MA, et al. Treatment-resistant or resistant to treatment?: antipsychotic plasma levels in patients with poorly controlled psychotic symptoms. J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(8): 892897.Google Scholar
Meyer, JM. Converting oral to long acting injectable antipsychotics: a guide for the perplexed. CNS Spectr. 2017; 22(S1): 1428.Google Scholar
Velligan, DI, Lam, YW, Glahn, DC, et al. Defining and assessing adherence to oral antipsychotics: a review of the literature. Schizophr Bull. 2006; 32(4): 724742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, DR, Gong, W, Gloyd, S, et al. Measuring adherence to antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia: concordance and validity among a community sample in rural China. Schizophr Res. 2018; 201: 307314.Google Scholar
Alphs, L, Mao, L, Rodriguez, SC, et al. Design and rationale of the Paliperidone Palmitate Research in Demonstrating Effectiveness (PRIDE) study: a novel comparative trial of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate versus daily oral antipsychotic treatment for delaying time to treatment failure in persons with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014; 75(12): 13881393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alphs, L, Benson, C, Cheshire-Kinney, K, et al. Real-world outcomes of paliperidone palmitate compared to daily oral antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, review board-blinded 15-month study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015; 76(5): 554561.Google Scholar
Kishimoto, T, Hagi, K, Nitta, M, et al. Effectiveness of long-acting injectable vs oral antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of prospective and retrospective cohort studies. Schizophr Bull. 2018; 44(3): 603619.Google Scholar
Alkermes Inc. Aristada Initio Package Insert. Walltham MA: Alkermes Inc.; 2018.Google Scholar
Indivior Inc. Perseris Package Insert. North Chesterfield, VA: Indivior Inc.; 2018.Google Scholar
Hard, ML, Mills, RJ, Sadler, BM, et al. Aripiprazole lauroxil: pharmacokinetic profile of this long-acting injectable antipsychotic in persons with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017; 37(3): 289295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hard, ML, Mills, RJ, Sadler, BM, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of a 2-month dose regimen of aripiprazole lauroxil: a phase I study and a population pharmacokinetic model. CNS Drugs. 2017; 31(7): 617624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, JM. Understanding depot antipsychotics: an illustrated guide to kinetics. CNS Spectr. 2013; (18 Suppl 1): 5568.Google Scholar
Leucht, S, Cipriani, A, Spineli, L, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013; 382(9896): 951962.Google Scholar
Meyer, JM, Rosenblatt, LC, Kim, E, et al. The moderating impact of ethnicity on metabolic outcomes during treatment with olanzapine and aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009; 70(3): 318325.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, R, Beck, K, D’Ambrosio, E, et al. Antipsychotic plasma levels in the assessment of poor treatment response in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017; 137(1): 3946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, JM, Stahl, SM. The Clozapine Handbook. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2019.Google Scholar
Meyer, JM. A rational approach to employing high plasma levels of antipsychotics for violence associated with schizophrenia: case vignettes. CNS Spectr. 2014; 19(5): 432438.Google Scholar
Iyo, M, Tadokoro, S, Kanahara, N, et al. Optimal extent of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by antipsychotics for treatment of dopamine supersensitivity psychosis and late-onset psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013; 33(3): 398404.Google Scholar
Sparshatt, A, Taylor, D, Patel, MX, et al. A systematic review of aripiprazole – dose, plasma concentration, receptor occupancy, and response: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010; 71(11): 14471556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rostami-Hodjegan, A, Amin, AM, Spencer, EP, et al. Influence of dose, cigarette smoking, age, sex, and metabolic activity on plasma clozapine concentrations: a predictive model and nomograms to aid clozapine dose adjustment and to assess compliance in individual patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004; 24(1): 7078.Google Scholar
Wei, FC, Jann, MW, Lin, HN, et al. A practical loading dose method for converting schizophrenic patients from oral to depot haloperidol therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996; 57(7): 298302.Google Scholar
Ereshefsky, L, Jann, MW, Saklad, SR, et al. Effects of smoking on fluphenazine clearance in psychiatric inpatients. Biol Psychiatry. 1985; 20(3): 329332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishara, D, Olofinjana, O, Sparshatt, A, et al. Olanzapine: a systematic review and meta-regression of the relationships between dose, plasma concentration, receptor occupancy, and response. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013; 33(3): 329335.Google Scholar
Haslemo T, Eikeseth PH, Tanum L, et al. The effect of variable cigarette consumption on the interaction with clozapine and olanzapine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006; 62(12): 1049–1053.Google Scholar
Schoretsanitis G, Spina E, Hiemke C, et al. A systematic review and combined analysis of therapeutic drug monitoring studies for oral paliperidone. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 11(6): 625–639.Google Scholar
Linnet, K, Wiborg, O. Steady-state serum concentrations of the neuroleptic perphenazine in relation to CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996; 60(1): 4147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leon, J, Sandson, NB, Cozza, KL. A preliminary attempt to personalize risperidone dosing using drug-drug interactions and genetics: part II. Psychosomatics. 2008; 49(4): 347361.Google Scholar
de Leon, J, Wynn, G, Sandson, NB. The pharmacokinetics of paliperidone versus risperidone. Psychosomatics. 2010; 51(1): 8088.Google Scholar
Mallikaarjun, S, Kane, JM, Bricmont, P, et al. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly in adult schizophrenia: an open-label, parallel-arm, multiple-dose study. Schizophr Res. 2013; 150(1): 281288.Google Scholar
Marder, SR, Midha, KK, Van Putten, T, et al. Plasma levels of fluphenazine in patients receiving fluphenazine decanoate. Relationship to clinical response. Br J Psychiatry. 1991; 158: 658665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jann, MW, Wei, FC, Lin, HN, et al. Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma concentrations after a loading dose regimen with haloperidol decanoate. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996; 20(1): 7386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoretsanitis, G, Spina, E, Hiemke, C, et al. A systematic review and combined analysis of therapeutic drug monitoring studies for long- acting paliperidone. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 11(12): 12371253.Google Scholar
Fleischhacker, WW, Eerdekens, M, Karcher, K, et al. Treatment of schizophrenia with long-acting injectable risperidone: a 12-month open-label trial of the first long-acting second-generation antipsychotic. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64(10): 12501257.Google Scholar
Ivaturi, V, Gopalakrishnan, M, Gobburu, JVS, et al. Exposure-response analysis after subcutaneous administration of RBP-7000, a once-a-month long-acting Atrigel formulation of risperidone. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017; 83(7): 14761498.Google Scholar
Ereshefsky, L, Mascarenas, CA. Comparison of the effects of different routes of antipsychotic administration on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64(Suppl 16): 16181623.Google Scholar
Samara, MT, Leucht, C, Leeflang, MM, et al. Early improvement as a predictor of later response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a diagnostic test review. Am J Psychiatry. 2015; 172(7): 617629.Google Scholar
Midha, KK, Hubbard, JW, Marder, SR, et al. Impact of clinical pharmacokinetics on neuroleptic therapy in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1994; 19(4): 254264.Google Scholar
Nyberg, S, Dencker, SJ, Malm, U, et al. D(2)- and 5-HT(2) receptor occupancy in high-dose neuroleptic-treated patients. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 1998; 1(2):95101.Google Scholar

References

Citrome, L, Volavka, J. The psychopharmacology of violence: making sensible decisions. CNS Spectr. 2014; 19(5): 411418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, JM, Cummings, MA, Proctor, G, et al. Psychopharmacology of persistent violence and aggression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016; 39(4): 541556.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Gulati, G, Linsell, L, et al. Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(8): e1000120.Google Scholar
Witt, K, van Dorn, R, Fazel, S. Risk factors for violence in psychosis: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of 110 studies. PLoS One. 2013; 8(2): e55942.Google Scholar
Sariaslan, A, Lichtenstein, P, Larsson, H, et al. Triggers for violent criminality in patients with psychotic disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016; 73(8): 796803.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF. Stigma and violence: isn’t it time to connect the dots? Schizophr Bull. 2011; 37(5): 892896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhavsar, V, Bhugra, D. Violence towards people with mental illness: assessment, risk factors, and management. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018; 72(11): 811820.Google Scholar
Walsh, E, Buchanan, A, Fahy, T. Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence. Br J Psychiatry. 2002; 180: 490495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, KA, Volavka, J, Czobor, P, et al. Aggression and psychopathology in treatment-resistant inpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2005; 39(1): 109115.Google Scholar
Quanbeck, CD, McDermott, BE, Lam, J, et al. Categorization of aggressive acts committed by chronically assaultive state hospital patients. Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58(4): 521528.Google Scholar
Sirotich, F. The criminal justice outcomes of jail diversion programs for persons with mental illness: a review of the evidence. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2009; 37(4): 461472.Google Scholar
Volavka, J, Van Dorn, RA, Citrome, L, et al. Hostility in schizophrenia: an integrated analysis of the combined Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and the European First Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST) studies. Eur Psychiatry. 2016; 31: 1319.Google Scholar
Morrissette, DA, Stahl, SM. Treating the violent patient with psychosis or impulsivity utilizing antipsychotic poly pharmacy and high-dose mono therapy. CNS Spectr. 2014; 19: 439448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patchan, K, Vyas, G, Hackman, AL, et al. Clozapine in reducing aggression and violence in forensic populations. Psychiatr Q. 2018; 89(1): 157168.Google Scholar
Ratey, JJ, Leveroni, C, Kilmer, D, et al. The effects of clozapine on severely aggressive psychiatric inpatients in a state hospital. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993; 54(6): 219223.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, J, Avnon, M, Rosenberg, V. Effect of clozapine on physical and verbal aggression. Schizophr Res. 1996; 22(3): 249255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiles, JA, Davidson, P, McBride, D. Effects of clozapine on use of seclusion and restraint at a state hospital. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1994; 45(3): 269271.Google Scholar
Sinyor, M, Remington, G. Is psychiatry ignoring suicide?: the case for clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012; 32(3): 307308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunette, MF, Drake, RE, Xie, H, et al. Clozapine use and relapses of substance use disorder among patients with co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2006; 32(4): 637643.Google Scholar
Misawa, F, Kishimoto, T, Hagi, K, et al. Safety and tolerability of long acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. 2016; 176(2–3): 220230.Google Scholar
Khan, AY, Salaria, S, Ovais, M, et al. Depot antipsychotics: where do we stand? Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2016; 28(4): 289298.Google Scholar
Arango, C, Bombin, I, Gonzalez-Salvador, T, et al. Randomised clinical trial comparing oral versus depot formulations of zuclopenthixol in patients with schizophrenia and previous violence. Eur Psychiatry. 2006; 21(1): 3440.Google Scholar
Correll, CU, Citrome, L, Haddad, PM, et al. The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: evaluating the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016; 77(Suppl 3): 124.Google Scholar
Rezansoff, SN, Moniruzzaman, A, Fazel, S, et al. Adherence to antipsychotic medication and criminal recidivism in a Canadian provincial offender population. Schizophr Bull. 2017; 43(5): 10021010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn Starr, H, Bermak, J, Mao, L, et al. Comparison of long-acting and oral antipsychotic treatment effects in patients with schizophrenia, comorbid substance abuse, and a history of recent incarceration: an exploratory analysis of the PRIDE study. Schizophr Res. 2018; 194: 3946.Google Scholar
Iozzino, L, Ferrari, C, Large, M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of violence by psychiatric acute inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(6): e0128536.Google Scholar
Trudeau, KJ, Burtner, J, Villapiano, AJ, et al. Burden of schizophrenia or psychosis-related symptoms in adults undergoing substance abuse evaluation. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018; 206(7): 528536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alphs, L, Benson, C, Cheshire-Kinney, K, et al. Real-world outcomes of paliperidone palmitate compared to daily oral antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, review board-blinded 15-month study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015; 76(5): 554561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strassnig, M, Bowie, C, Pinkham, AE, et al. Which levels of cognitive impairments and negative symptoms are related to functional deficits in schizophrenia? J Psychiatr Res. 2018; 104: 124129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fu, DJ, Turkoz, I, Walling, D, et al. Paliperidone palmitate once-monthly maintains improvement in functioning domains of the personal and social performance scale compared with placebo in subjects with schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res. 2018; 192: 185193.Google Scholar
Montemagni, C, Frieri, T, Rocca, P. Second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: patient functioning and quality of life. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016; 12: 917929.Google Scholar
Sajatovic, M, Ramirez, LF, Fuentes-Casiano, E, et al. A 6-month prospective trial of a personalized behavioral intervention + long acting injectable antipsychotic in individuals with schizophrenia at risk of treatment non adherence and homelessness. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017; 37(6): 702707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medrano, S, Abdel-Baki, A, Stip, E, et al. Three-year naturalistic study on early use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in first episode psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2018; 48(4): 2561.Google Scholar
Krakowski, MI, Czobor, P. Depression and impulsivity as pathways to violence: implications for antiaggressive treatment. Schizophr Bull. 2014; 40(4): 886894.Google Scholar
Krakowski, MI, Czobor, P, Citrome, L, et al. Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006; 63(6): 622629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krakowski, M, Czobor, P, Citrome, L. Weight gain, metabolic parameters, and the impact of race in aggressive inpatients randomized to double-blind clozapine, olanzapine or haloperidol. Schizophr Res. 2009; 110(1–3): 95102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Citrome, L, Volavka, J, Czobor, P, et al. Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2001; 52(11): 15101514.Google Scholar
Swanson, JW, Swartz, MS, Van Dorn, RA, et al. Comparison of antipsychotic medication effects on reducing violence in people with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2008; 193(1): 3743.Google Scholar
Hodgins, S, Riaz, M. Violence and phases of illness: differential risk and predictors. Eur Psychiatry. 2011; 26(8): 518524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swanson, JW, Swartz, MS, Elbogen, EB. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications in reducing violent behavior among persons with schizophrenia in community-based treatment. Schizophr Bull. 2004; 30(1): 320.Google Scholar
Chengappa, KN, Vasile, J, Levine, J, et al. Clozapine: its impact on aggressive behavior among patients in a state psychiatric hospital. Schizophr Res. 2002; 53(1–2): 16.Google Scholar
Fond, G, Boyer, L, Boucekine, M, et al. Illness and drug modifiable factors associated with violent behavior in homeless people with severe mental illness: results from the French Housing First (FHF) program. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019; 90: 9296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kranzler, H, Roofeh, D, Gerbino-Rosen, G, et al. Clozapine: its impact on aggressive behavior among children and adolescents with schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005; 44(1): 5563.Google Scholar
Chalasani, L, Kant, R, Chengappa, KN. Clozapine impact on clinical outcomes and aggression in severely ill adolescents with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 2001; 46(10): 965968.Google Scholar
Cohen, SA, Underwood, MT. The use of clozapine in a mentally retarded and aggressive population. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994; 55(10): 440444.Google Scholar
Hotham, JE, Simpson, PJ, Brooman-White, RS, et al. Augmentation of clozapine with amisulpride: an effective therapeutic strategy for violent treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients in a UK high security hospital. CNS Spectr. 2014; 19(5): 403410.Google Scholar
Ifteni, P, Szalontay, AS, Teodorescu, A. Reducing restraint with clozapine in involuntarily admitted patients with schizophrenia. Am J Ther. 2017; 24(22): 222226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volavka, J. The effects of clozapine on aggression and substance abuse in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60: 4346.Google Scholar
Balbuena, L, Mela, M, Wong, S, et al. Does clozapine promote employability and reduce offending among mentally disordered offenders? Can J Psychiatry. 2010; 55(1): 5056.Google Scholar
Kraus, JE, Sheitman, BB. Clozapine reduces violent behavior in heterogeneous diagnostic groups. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005; 17(1): 3644.Google Scholar
Kelly, DL, Conley, RR, Feldman, S, et al. Adjunct divalproex or lithium to clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q. 2006; 77(1): 8195.Google Scholar
Kisely, SR, Campbell, LA. Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2015; 41(3): 542543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swartz, MS, Bhattacharya, S, Robertson, AG, et al. Involuntary outpatient commitment and the elusive pursuit of violence prevention. Can J Psychiatry. 2017; 62(2): 102108.Google Scholar
Barnett, P, Matthews, H, Lloyd-Evans, B, et al. Compulsory community treatment to reduce readmission to hospital and increase engagement with community care in people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018; 5(12): 10131022.Google Scholar
Swartz, MS, Wilder, CM, Swanson, JW, et al. Assessing outcomes for consumers in New York’s assisted outpatient treatment program. Psychiatr Serv. 2010; 61(10): 976981.Google Scholar
Segal, SP, Rimes, L, Hayes, SL. The utility of outpatient commitment: reduced-risks of victimization and crime perpetration. Eur Psychiatry. 2019; 56: 97104.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×