Anckar, Carsten (2004). Determinants of the Death Penalty: A Comparative Study of the World (London: Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Paul N. (2019). “John Bellers (1654–1725): ‘A Veritable Phenomenon in the History of Political Economy’,” in Burton, Nicholas and Turnbull, Richard (eds.), Quakers, Business and Corporate Responsibility: Lessons and Cases for Responsible Management (Cham, Switzerland: Springer).Google Scholar

Antonio, Michael E. (2006). “‘I Didn’t Know It’d Be So Hard’: Jurors’ Emotional Reactions to Serving on a Capital Trial,” 89(5) Judicature 282–88.Google Scholar

Armstrong, William (1834). Observations upon Corporal Punishments in the British Army: Together with a Plan to Provide Seamen for the Navy without Impressment (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Longman).Google Scholar

Badinter, Robert (2008). Abolition: One Man’s Battle against the Death Penalty (Jeremy Mercer, trans.) (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Badinter, Robert and Breyer, Stephen (eds.) (2004). Judges in Contemporary Democracy: An International Conversation (New York: New York University Press).Google Scholar

Baldwin, Robert L. (2009). Life and Death Matters: Seeking the Truth about Capital Punishment (Montgomery, AL: NewSouth Books).Google Scholar

Banner, Stuart (2003). The Death Penalty: An American History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Barak, Aharon (2015). Human Dignity: The Constitutional Value and the Constitutional Right (Daniel Kayros, trans.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Barilan, Yechiel Michael (2012). Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Responsibility: The New Language of Global Bioethics and Biolaw (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, Jamal (2017). A Genealogy of the Torture Taboo (London: Routledge).Google Scholar

Barry, Kevin (2017a). “The Death Penalty & the Dignity Clauses,” 102(2) Iowa L. Rev. 383–444.Google Scholar

Barry, Kevin (2017b). “The Law of Abolition,” 107(4) J. Crim. L. & Criminology 521−59.Google Scholar

Barton, John Cyril (2014). Literary Executions: Capital Punishment and American Culture, 1820–1925 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar

Başoğlu, Metin (ed.) (2017). Torture and Its Definition in International Law: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Başoğlu, Metin (ed.) (1992). Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bașoğlu, Metin and Şalcioğlu, Ebru (2011). A Mental Healthcare Model for Mass Trauma Survivors: Control-Focused Behavioral Treatment of Earthquake, War, and Torture Trauma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bassiouni, M. Cherif (1996). “International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes,” 59(4) Law & Contemp. Probs. 63–74.Google Scholar

Bassiouni, M. Cherif (1993). “Human Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice: Identifying International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutions,” 3(2) Duke J. Comp. & Int’l L. 235–97.Google Scholar

Beatty, Edward Corbyn, Obert (1940). “William Penn, Pragmatist,” 29(1) Bull. of Friends Historical Ass’n. 107–16.Google Scholar

Bedau, Hugo Adam and Radelet, Michael L. (1987). “Miscarriages of Justice in Potentially Capital Cases,” 40(1) Stanford L. Rev. 21–179.Google Scholar

Beirne, Piers (1993). Inventing Criminology: Essays on the Rise of “Homo Criminalis” (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press).Google Scholar

Belmessous, Saliha (ed.) (2015). Empire by Treaty: Negotiating European Expansion, 1600–1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Berman, Paul Schiff (1994). “Rats, Pigs, and Statues on Trial: The Creation of Cultural Narratives in the Prosecution of Animals and Inanimate Objects,” 69(2) N.Y.U. L. Rev. 288–326.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2022). Private Prosecution in America: Its Origins, History, and Unconstitutionality in the Twenty-First Century (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2021a). “The Rule of Law: A Necessary Pillar of Free and Democratic Societies for Protecting Human Rights,” 61(2) Santa Clara L. Rev. 467–587.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2021b). “A Tandem Bicycle: The Rule of Law and the Protection of Human Rights,” in Faedda, Barbara(ed.), Rule of Law: Cases, Strategies and Interpretations (Vicenza, Italy: Ronzani Editori Srl).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2020). “From the Founding to the Present: An Overview of Legal Thought and the Eighth Amendment’s Evolution,” in Ryan, Meghan J. and Berry, William W. III (eds.), The Eighth Amendment and Its Future in a New Age of Punishment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2019a). The Baron and the Marquis: Liberty, Tyranny, and the Enlightenment Maxim that Can Remake American Criminal Justice (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2019b). “A Century in the Making: The Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the Origins of the U.S. Constitution’s Eighth Amendment,” 27(4) Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 989–1077.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2019c). “Taking Psychological Torture Seriously: The Torturous Nature of Credible Death Threats and the Collateral Consequences for Capital Punishment,” 11(1) Ne. U. L. Rev. 1−97.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2019d). “The Marquis Beccaria: An Italian Penal Reformer’s Meteoric Rise in the British Isles in the Transatlantic Republic of Letters,” 4 Diciottesimo Secolo 107–20.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2019e). “Torture and Trauma: Why the Death Penalty Is Wrong and Should Be Strictly Prohibited by American and International Law,” 58(1) Washburn L.J. 1–101.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2019f). “Response: Bucklew v. Precythe: The Supreme Court’s Tortured Death Penalty Jurisprudence,” Geo. Wash. L. Rev. on the Docket (April 17), www.gwlr.org.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2018a). “The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as a Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions,” 79(1) Mont. L. Rev. 7–48.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2018b). “The American Death Penalty: A Short (But Long) History,” in Bohm, Robert M. and Lee, Gavin (eds.), Routledge Handbook on Capital Punishment (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2018c). The Celebrated Marquis: An Italian Noble and the Making of the Modern World (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2018d). “The Concept of ‘Unusual Punishments’ in Anglo-American Law: The Death Penalty as Arbitrary, Discriminatory, and Cruel and Unusual,” 13(4) Nw. J.L. & Soc. Pol’y 307–416.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2018e). “The Long March toward Abolition: From the Enlightenment to the United Nations and the Death Penalty’s Slow Demise,” 29(1) U. Fla. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y 1–72.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2018f). “What I Think about When I Think about the Death Penalty,” 62(4) St. Louis U.L.J. 781–804.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2017a). The Death Penalty as Torture: From the Dark Ages to Abolition (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2017b). “The Law’s Evolution: From Medieval Executions to a Peremptory, International Law Norm against Capital Punishment,” 3 Beccaria: Revue d’histoire du droit de punir 255–83.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2016a). “The Economist and the Enlightenment: How Cesare Beccaria Changed Western Civilization,” 42 Eur. J.L. & Econ. 275–302.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2016b). “The Inequality of America’s Death Penalty: A Crossroads for Capital Punishment at the Intersection of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments,” 73(1) Wash. & Lee L. Rev. Online 487–571.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2016c). “The Italian Enlightenment and the American Revolution: Cesare Beccaria’s Forgotten Influence on American Law,” 37(1) Mitchell Hamline L.J. Pub. Pol’y & Prac. art. 1.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2015). “Beccaria in America: How the Italian Enlightenment Shaped American Law,” in Picotti, Lorenzo (ed.), Alle radici del diritto penale moderno: l’illuminismo giuridico di Cesare Beccaria di fronte al potere di punire (Naples, Italy: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2014a). “The American Enlightenment: Eliminating Capital Punishment in the United States,” in Scherdin, Lill (ed.), Capital Punishment: A Hazard to a Sustainable Criminal Justice System? (Farnham, UK: Ashgate).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2014b). The Birth of American Law: An Italian Philosopher and the American Revolution (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2014c). “Capital Punishment Law and Practices: History, Trends, and Developments,” in Acker, James R., Bohm, Robert M., and Lanier, Charles S. (eds.), Reflections on the Past, Present, and Future of the Ultimate Penal Sanction, 3d ed. (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2014d). “Foreword: The Death Penalty in Decline: From Colonial America to the Present,” 50(2) Crim. L. Bull. 245–62.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2013). “The Anomaly of Executions: The Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause in the 21st Century,” 2(2) Brit. J. Am. Legal Stud. 297–451.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2012a). Cruel and Unusual: The American Death Penalty and the Founders’ Eighth Amendment (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2012b). “Tinkering around the Edges: The Supreme Court’s Death Penalty Jurisprudence,” 49(4) Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1913–43.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2009). “Revisiting Beccaria’s Vision: The Enlightenment, America’s Death Penalty, and the Abolition Movement,” 4(2) Nw. J. Law & Soc. Pol’y 195–328.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2003a). Kiss of Death: America’s Love Affair with the Death Penalty (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (2003b). Legacy of Violence: Lynch Mobs and Executions in Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (1997). Death in the Dark: Midnight Executions in America (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (1996). “The ‘Midnight Assassination Law’ and Minnesota’s Anti-Death Penalty Movement, 1849–1911,” 22(2) Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 577–730.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (1994). “The Public Interest and the Unconstitutionality of Private Prosecutors,” 47(3) Ark. L. Rev. 511–602.Google Scholar

Bessler, John D. (1993). “Televised Executions and the Constitution: Recognizing a First Amendment Right of Access to State Executions,” 45(3) Fed. Comm. L.J. 355–435.Google Scholar

Blackstone, William (1765–69). Commentaries on the Laws of England (4 vols.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press).Google Scholar

Blume, John H. (2005). “Killing the Willing: ‘Volunteers,’ Suicide and Competency,” 103(5) Mich. L. Rev. 939–1009.Google Scholar

Boboc, Andreea (2016). “Work and the Legal Person in Thomas More’s Utopia,” 48(1) U. Pac. L. Rev. 45–61.Google Scholar

Bohm, Robert M. (2017). DeathQuest: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Capital Punishment in the United States, 5th ed. (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Bohm, Robert M. (2012). DeathQuest: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Capital Punishment in the United States, 4th ed. (Waltham, MA: Anderson Publishing).Google Scholar

Bohm, Robert M. (2007). DeathQuest: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Capital Punishment in the United States, 3d ed. (Newark, NJ: LexisNexis).Google Scholar

Botsman, Daniel V. (2005). Punishment and Power in the Making of Modern Japan (Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Boulesbaa, Ahcene (1999). The U.N. Convention on Torture and the Prospects for Enforcement (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff).Google Scholar

Bradford, William (1793). An Enquiry into How Far the Punishment of Death Is Necessary in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA: T. Dobson).Google Scholar

Breyer, Stephen (2016). Against the Death Penalty (Bessler, John D., ed.) (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press).Google Scholar

Breyer, Stephen (2015). The Court and the World: American Law and the New Global Realities (New York: Vintage Books).Google Scholar

Burgers, J. Herman and Danelius, Hans (1988). The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff).Google Scholar

Calisse, Carlo (2001). A History of Italian Law (2 vols.) (Washington, DC: Beard Books).Google Scholar

Calvert, Jane E. (2009). Quaker Constitutionalism and the Political Thought of John Dickinson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Cannizzaro, Enzo (ed.) (2015). The Present and Future of Jus Cogens (Rome, Italy: Sapienza Università Editrice).Google Scholar

Carhart, Michael (2007). The Science of Culture in Enlightenment Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Carter, Linda E. and Howe, Scott (2012). Understanding Capital Punishment, 3d ed. (Newark, NJ: LexisNexis).Google Scholar

Casey-Maslen, Stuart (2021). The Right to Life under International Law: An Interpretative Manual (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Chenwi, Lilian (2007). Towards the Abolition of the Death Penalty in Africa: A Human Rights Perspective (Pretoria University Law Press).Google Scholar

Christianson, Scott (2010). The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).Google Scholar

Clarke, George (ed.) (1987). John Bellers: His Life, Times and Writings (London: Routledge).Google Scholar

Colón, Sara (2009). “Capital Crime: How California’s Administration of the Death Penalty Violates the Eighth Amendment,” 97(5) Calif. L. Rev. 1377–417.Google Scholar

Costelloe, Daniel (2017). Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms in International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Cunniffe, Diarmuid (2011). “The Worst Scars Are in the Mind: Deconstructing Psychological Torture,” 7(1) I.C.L.J. 1–61.Google Scholar

Daly, Erin (2021). Dignity Rights: Courts, Constitutions, and the Worth of the Human Person, updated ed. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).Google Scholar

Daly, Erin (2013). Dignity Rights: Courts, Constitutions, and the Worth of the Human Person (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).Google Scholar

Damas̆ka, Mirjan (2012). “The Quest for Due Process in the Age of Inquisition,” 60(4) Am. J. Comp. L. 919–54.Google Scholar

Damas̆ka, Mirjan (2011). “The Competing Visions of Fairness: The Basic Choice for International Criminal Tribunals,” 36(2) N.C.J. Int’l L. & Com. Reg. 365–88.Google Scholar

Damas̆ka, Mirjan (1978). “The Death of Legal Torture,” 87(4) Yale L.J. 860–84 (book review).Google Scholar

Dang, Heping (2017). International Law, Human Rights and Public Opinion: The Role of the State in Educating on Human Rights Standards (London: Routledge).Google Scholar

Davis, David Brion (1957). “The Movement to Abolish Capital Punishment in America, 1787–1861,” 63(1) Am. Hist. Rev. 23–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Beer, Aniel Caro (2019). Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens) and the Prohibition of Terrorism (Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV).Google Scholar

Debes, Remy (ed.) (2017). Dignity: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Dörr, Oliver and Schmalenbach, Kirsten (eds.) (2018). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary, 2d ed. (Berlin, Germany: Springer).Google Scholar

Douglas, Davison M. (2000). “God and the Executioner: The Influence of Western Religion on the Death Penalty,” 9(1) Wm. & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 137–70.Google Scholar

Dow, David R., Marcus, Jim, Moon, Morris, Tyler, Jared, and Wiercioch, Greg (2004). “The Extraordinary Execution of Billy Vickers, the Banality of Death, and the Demise of Post-Conviction Review,” 13(2) Wm. & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 521–66.Google Scholar

Edgerton, Samuel Y. (2003). “When Even Artists Encouraged the Death Penalty,” 15(2) Law & Literature 235–65.Google Scholar

Edgerton, Samuel Y. (1985). Pictures and Punishment: Art and Criminal Prosecution during the Florentine Renaissance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Eklund, Amanda K. (2004). “The Death Penalty in Montana: A Violation of the Constitutional Right to Individual Dignity,” 65(1) Mont. L. Rev. 135–58.Google Scholar

Evans, Edmund P. (1906). The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (London: William Heinemann).Google Scholar

Evans, Richard J. (1996). Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600–1987 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Fanning, C. E. (comp.) (1917). Selected Articles on Capital Punishment, 3d rev. ed. (White Plains, NY: H. W. Wilson Co.).Google Scholar

Farrior, Stephanie (2015). Equality and Non-discrimination under International Law (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Fico, Robert (1999). “The Death Penalty in Slovakia,” in Hood, Roger (ed.), The Death Penalty: Beyond Abolition (Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing).Google Scholar

Filler, Louis (1952). “Movements to Abolish the Death Penalty in the United States,” 284 Annals of Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 124–36.Google Scholar

Fisher, Sydney G. (1919). The Quaker Colonies: A Chronicle of the Proprietors of the Delaware (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar

Fleck, Dieter (2013). The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Alan Sheridan, trans.) (New York: Vintage Books).Google Scholar

Franck, Hans Göran (2003). The Barbaric Punishment: Abolishing the Death Penalty (Schabas, William, ed. and rev.) (The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff).Google Scholar

Frankenberg, Günter (2008). “Torture and Taboo: An Essay Comparing Paradigms of Organized Cruelty,” 56(2) Am. J. Comp. L. 403–22.Google Scholar

Freeman, Joanne B. (2002). Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar

Friedland, Paul (2012). Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Fry, A. Ruth (1935). John Bellers 1654–1725: Quaker, Economist and Social Reformer (London: Cassell and Co.).Google Scholar

Gabbidon, Shaun L. and Taylor Greene, Helen (2019). Race and Crime, 5th ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications).Google Scholar

Galliher, John F., Koch, Larry W., Keys, David Patrick, and Guess, Teresa J. (2002). America Without the Death Penalty: States Leading the Way (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Garrett, Brandon (2017). End of Its Rope: How Killing the Death penalty Can Revive Criminal Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Garrow, Carrie and Deer, Sarah (2015). Tribal Criminal Law and Procedure, 2d ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).Google Scholar

Garvey, Stephen P. (2003). Beyond Repair?: America’s Death Penalty (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).Google Scholar

Gates, Jay Paul and Marafioti, Nicole (eds.) (2014). Capital and Corporal Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press).Google Scholar

Gatrell, V. A. C. (1994). The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People, 1770–1868. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (2007). “‘A Decent Respect to the Opinions of [Human]Kind’: The Value of a Comparative Perspective in Constitutional Adjudication,” 26(2) St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 187–201.Google Scholar

Glendon, Mary Ann (2001). A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York: Random House).Google Scholar

Goodman, Maxine (2005). “Human Dignity in Supreme Court Constitutional Jurisprudence,” 84(3) Neb. L. Rev. 740–94.Google Scholar

Greenberg, Karen J. (ed.) (2006). The Torture Debate in America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Greenberg, Karen J. and Dratel, Joshua L. (eds.) (2005). The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Gross, Hanns (1990). Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Regime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Haines, Herbert H. (1996). Against Capital Punishment: The Anti-Death Penalty Movement in America, 1972–1994 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Hallam, Henry (1885). The Constitutional History of England: From the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George II, 8th ed. (London: John Murray), vol. I.Google Scholar

Hammel, Andrew (2010). Ending the Death Penalty: The European Experience in Global Perspective (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Harcourt, Bernard E. (2014). “Beccaria’s On Crimes and Punishments: A Mirror on the History of the Foundations of Modern Criminal Law,” in Dubber, Markus D. (ed.), Foundational Texts in Modern Criminal Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Harrington, C. Lee (2000). “A Community Divided: Defense Attorneys and the Ethics of Death Row Volunteering,” 25(3) L. & Soc. Inquiry 849–81.Google Scholar

Hempel, Olga (2015/2016). “‘Death Row Phenomenon. A Fate Worse than Death’: Torture on Death Row from a Psychological and Legal Perspective,” European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation, University of Vienna.Google Scholar

Hitchcock, James (2012). History of the Catholic Church: From the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium (San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press).Google Scholar

Hodgkinson, Peter (2016). The International Library of Essays on Capital Punishment (New York: Routledge), vol. 1.Google Scholar

Hodgkinson, Peter (2013). The International Library of Essays on Capital Punishment (New York: Routledge), vol. 3.Google Scholar

Hood, Roger and Hoyle, Carolyn (2015). The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Hood, Roger and Deva, Surya (eds.) (2013). Confronting Capital Punishment in Asia: Human Rights, Politics, and Public Opinion (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Hornum, Finn (1972). “The Executioner: His Role and Status in Scandinavian Society,” in Ainsworth, Charles H. (ed.), Selected Readings for Introductory Sociology (New York: MSS Information Corp.).Google Scholar

Hossain, Kamrul (2005). “The Concept of Jus Cogens and the Obligation under the U.N. Charter,” 3(1) Santa Clara J. Int’l L. 72–98.Google Scholar

Hostettler, John (2011). Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of “On Crimes and Punishments” (Winchester, UK: Waterside Press).Google Scholar

Hostettler, John (2009). A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales (Winchester, UK: Waterside Press).Google Scholar

Howard, John (1777). The State of the Prisons in England and Wales (Warrington, UK: William Eyres).Google Scholar

Hunt, Lynn (2007). Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W. W. Norton & Co.).Google Scholar

Ingelse, Chris (2001). The UN Committee against Torture: An Assessment (The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International).Google Scholar

Israel, Jonathan (2011). Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Jiang, Na (2014). China and International Human Rights: Harsh Punishments in the Context of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer).Google Scholar

Johnson, David T. and Zimring, Franklin E. (2009). The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Johnson, David T. and Zimring, Franklin E. (2019). The Culture of Capital Punishment in Japan (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Johnson, Michael (2014). “Fifteen Years and Death: Double Jeopardy, Multiple Punishments, and Extended Stays on Death Row,” 23(1) B.U. Pub. Int. L.J. 85–116.Google Scholar

Johnson, Robert (2014). “Reflections on the Death Penalty: Human Rights, Human Dignity, and Dehumanization in the Death House,” 13(2) Seattle J. Soc. Just. 583–98.Google Scholar

Jones, Paul Christian (2011). Against the Gallows: Antebellum American Writers and the Movement to Abolish Capital Punishment (Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press).Google Scholar

Jones, Sandra J. (2010). Coalition Building in the Anti-Death Penalty Movement: Privileged Morality, Race Realities (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books), vol. I.Google Scholar

Joseph, Sarah, Mitchell, Katie, Gyorki, Linda, and Benninger-Budel, Carin (2006). Seeking Remedies for Torture Victims: A Handbook on the Individual Complaints Procedures of the UN Treaty Bodies (Wijkström, Boris, ed.) (Geneva, Switzerland: World Organisation Against Torture).Google Scholar

Joy, Sandra (2014). Grief, Loss, and Treatment for Death Row Families: Forgotten No More (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books).Google Scholar

Kandelia, Seema and Hodgkinson, Peter (2013). “The Greater Stigma? Family Visits to the Condemned,” in Hodgkinson, Peter (ed.), Capital Punishment: New Perspectives (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Karapetyan, Anna (2016). “A Recurring Phenomenon: The Lawful Sanctions Clause in the Definition of Torture and the Question of Judicial Corporal Punishment under International Human Rights Law,” 39 Polish Y.B. Int’l L. 137–61.Google Scholar

Karimunda, Aimé Muyoboke (2016). The Death Penalty in Africa: The Path towards Abolition (Abingdon, UK: Routledge).Google Scholar

Karst, Kenneth L. (2006). “Threats and Meanings: How the Facts Govern First Amendment Doctrine,” 58(5) Stan. L. Rev. 1336−412.Google Scholar

Kaye, David H., Bernstein, David E., and Mnookin, Jennifer L. (2018). The New Wigmore: A Treatise on Evidence, 2d ed. (New York: Aspen Pub. Co.).Google Scholar

Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn (1998). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Kevorkian, Tanya (2016). Baroque Piety: Religion, Society, and Music in Leipzig, 1650–1750 (London: Routledge).Google Scholar

Keys, David P. and Maratea, R. J. (eds.) (2016). Race and the Death Penalty: The Legacy of McCleskey v. Kemp (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers).Google Scholar

Khamsi, Roxanne (2007). “Psychological Torture ‘as Bad as Physical Torture,’” New Scientist (March 5).Google Scholar

Kim, Jane C. (2007). “Nonrefoulement under the Convention Against Torture: How U.S. Allowances for Diplomatic Assurances Contravene Treaty Obligations and Federal Law,” 32(3) Brook. J. Int’l L. 1227–61.Google Scholar

King, Peter (2017). Punishing the Criminal Corpse, 1700–1840: Aggravated Forms of the Death Penalty in England (London: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

King, Rachel C. (2007). “No Due Process: How the Death Penalty Violates the Constitutional Rights of the Family Members of Death Row Inmates,” 16(2) B.U. Pub. Int. L.J. 195–253.Google Scholar

Kingston, Rebecca E. (ed.) (2009). Montesquieu and His Legacy (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press).Google Scholar

Klemp, P. J. (2016). The Theatre of Death: Rituals of Justice from the English Civil Wars to the Restoration (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press).Google Scholar

Kolb, Robert (2015). Peremptory International Law – Jus Cogens: A General Inventory (Oxford: Hart Publishing).Google Scholar

Kommers, Donald P., Finn, John E., and Jacobsohn, Gary J. (eds.) (2010). American Constitutional Law: Essays, Cases, and Comparative Notes, 3d ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).Google Scholar

Kramer, Matthew H. (2014). Torture and Moral Integrity: A Philosophical Enquiry (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Krogh, Tyge (2012). A Lutheran Plague: Murdering to Die in the Eighteenth Century (Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV).Google Scholar

Lain, Corinna Barrett (2015). “The Highs and Lows of Wild Justice,” 50(2) Tulsa L. Rev. 503–16.Google Scholar

Lain, Corinna Barrett (2010). “Lessons Learned from the Evolution of ‘Evolving Standards,’” 4(3) Charleston L. Rev. 661–78.Google Scholar

Lain, Corinna Barrett and Ramseur, Douglas A. (2021). “Disrupting Death: How Specialized Capital Defenders Ground Virginia’s Machinery of Death to a Halt,” 56(1) U. Rich. L. Rev. 183–304.Google Scholar

Langbein, John H. (2006). Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Régime, new ed. (University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar

Langbein, John H. (2004). “The Legal History of Torture,” in Levinson, Sanford (ed.), Torture: A Collection (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Langbein, John H. (1977). Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Régime, 1st ed. (University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar

Langbein, John H. (1976). “The Historical Origins of the Sanction of Imprisonment for Serious Crime,” 5(1) J. Legal Studies 35–60.Google Scholar

Larson, Frances (2014). Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found (London: Granta Books).Google Scholar

Lattanzi, Flavia and Schabas, William A. (eds.) (1999). Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Fagnano Alto, Italy: Editrice il Sirente).Google Scholar

Latzer, Barry and McCord, David M. (2011). Death Penalty Cases: Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment, 3d ed. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier).Google Scholar

Laurence, John (1971). A History of Capital Punishment (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press).Google Scholar

Lawrence, A. (2021). “Beyond Beccaria: Diverse Criticism of the Death Penalty in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries,” The University of Mississippi – Oxford (thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College).Google Scholar

Leon, Jacob (2020). “Bucklew v. Precythe’s Return to the Original Meaning of ‘Unusual’: Prohibiting Extensive Delays on Death Row,” 68(3) Cleveland State L. Rev. 485–520.Google Scholar

Leviner, Pernilla (ed.) (2018). Corporal Punishment of Children (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill).Google Scholar

Levinson, Sanford (ed.) (2004). Torture: A Collection (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Lim, Preston Jordan (2021). “Applying International Law Solutions to the Xinjiang Crisis,” 22(1) Asian-Pac. L. & Pol’y J. 90–156.Google Scholar

Long, Walter C. (2015). “The Constitutionality and Ethics of Execution-Day Prison Chaplaincy,” 21(1) Tex. J. Civ. Lib. & Civ. Rts. 1–34.Google Scholar

Luban, David (2014). Torture, Power, and Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Luban, David and Shue, Henry (2012). “Mental Torture: A Critique of Erasures in U.S. Law,” 100(3) Geo. L.J. 823–63.Google Scholar

Luci, Monica (2017). Torture, Psychoanalysis and Human Rights (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Malkani, Bharat (2018). Slavery and the Death Penalty: A Study in Abolition (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Malpas, Jeff and Lickiss, Norelle (eds.) (2007). Perspectives on Human Dignity: A Conversation (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer).Google Scholar

Mandery, Evan J. (2012). Capital Punishment in America: A Balanced Examination, 2d ed. (Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning).Google Scholar

Marazziti, Mario (2015). 13 Ways of Looking at the Death Penalty (New York: Seven Stories Press).Google Scholar

Masferrer, Aniceto (ed.) (2018). The Western Codification of Criminal Law: A Revision of the Myths of Its Predominant French Influence (Cham, Switzerland: Springer).Google Scholar

Masur, Louis P. (1989). Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776–1865 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Matthews, Richard (2008). The Absolute Violation: Why Torture Must Be Prohibited (Montreal and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press).Google Scholar

Mayer, Jane (2009). The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals (New York: Anchor Books).Google Scholar

Mayerfeld, Jamie (2007). “Playing by Our Own Rules: How U.S. Marginalization of International Human Rights Law Led to Torture,” 20(1) Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 89–140.Google Scholar

McGregor, Lorna (2014). “Applying the Definition of Torture to the Acts of Non-State Actors: The Case of Trafficking in Human Beings,” 36(1) Hum. Rts. Q. 210–41.Google Scholar

McKay, John P., Hill, Bennett D., Buckler, John, Haru, Clare Crowston, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, , and Perry, Joe (2011). A History of Western Civilization: From the Age of Exploration to the Present, 10th ed. (Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s).Google Scholar

McLennan, Rebecca M. (2008). The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

McLynn, Frank (1989). Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Routledge).Google Scholar

Melusky, Joseph A. and Pesto, Keith A. (2011). Capital Punishment (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood).Google Scholar

Méndez, Juan E. (2012). “The Death Penalty and the Absolute Prohibition of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment,” Human Rights Brief, 20, no. 1.Google Scholar

Mercer, Jeremy (2008). When the Guillotine Fell: The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France’s River of Blood, 1791–1977 (New York: St. Martin’s Press).Google Scholar

Miao, Michelle (2019). “Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China,” 67(2) Am. J. Comp. L. 327–82.Google Scholar

Miethe, Terance and Lu, Hong (2005). Punishment: A Comparative Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Miller, Gail H. (2005). “Defining Torture,” in Occasional Paper #3 (Benjamin N. Cardozo Sch. of Law/Floersheimer Ctr. for Constitutional Democracy, New York).Google Scholar

Millett, Frederick C. (2008). “Will the United States Follow England (and the Rest of the World) in Abandoning Capital Punishment?,” 6(3) Pierce L. Rev. 547–645.Google Scholar

Monballyu, Jos (2014). Six Centuries of Criminal Law: History of Criminal Law in the Southern Netherlands and Belgium (1400–2000) (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff).Google Scholar

Montagu, Basil (1830). Thoughts on the Punishment of Death for Forgery (London: William Pickering).Google Scholar

Montagu, Basil (1812). The Opinions of Different Authors upon the Punishment of Death (2 vols.) (London: Longman, Hurst, Reese, Orme, and Brown).Google Scholar

Montesquieu, (1748). The Spirit of the Laws (Cohler, Anne M. et al. trans. and eds.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).Google Scholar

Montesquieu, (1721). Persian Letters (Margaret Mauldon, trans.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar

Morewitz, Stephen J. (2008). Death Threats and Violence: New Research and Clinical Perspectives (New York: Springer).Google Scholar

Morisi, Ève (2020). Capital Letters: Hugo, Baudelaire, Camus, and the Death Penalty (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press).Google Scholar

Murray, Rachel, Steinerte, Elina, Evans, Malcolm, and Hallo de Wolf, Antenor (2011). The Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Neyfakh, Leon (2015). “Richard Glossip Describes Preparing to Die,” Slate (November 13).Google Scholar

Novak, Andrew (2017). “The Role of Legal Advocates in Transnational Judicial Dialogue: The Abolition of the Mandatory Death Penalty and the Evolution of International Law,” 25 Cardozo J. Int’l & Comp. L. 179–217.Google Scholar

Novak, Andrew (2016). The Global Decline of the Mandatory Death Penalty: Constitutional Jurisprudence and Legislative Reform in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean (Abingdon, UK: Routledge).Google Scholar

Novak, Andrew (2014a). The Death Penalty in Africa: Foundations and Future Prospects (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Novak, Andrew (2014b). The Global Decline of the Mandatory Death Penalty: Constitutional Jurisprudence and Legislative Reform in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean (Farnham, UK: Ashgate).Google Scholar

Novak, Andrew (2012). “The Abolition of the Mandatory Death Penalty in Africa: A Comparative Constitutional Analysis,” 22(2) Ind. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 267–95.Google Scholar

Nowak, Manfred (2018). Torture: An Expert’s Confrontation with an Everyday Evil (Roger Kaminker, trans.) (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).Google Scholar

Nowak, Manfred and McArthur, Elizabeth (2008). The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Daniel (2015). “The Obligation to Establish Sentences for Torture that Are Commensurate with the Gravity of the Offense,” 22(1) Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 95–150.Google Scholar

Ogletree, Jr., Charles J. and Sarat, Austin (eds.) (2009). The Road to Abolition? The Future of Capital Punishment in the United States (New York University Press).Google Scholar

Palmer, Jr., Louis J. (2014). The Death Penalty in the United States: A Complete Guide to Federal and State Laws, 2d ed. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.).Google Scholar

Pate, Matthew and Gould, Laurie A. (2012). Corporal Punishment around the World (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger).Google Scholar

Paust, Jordan J. (2013). “International Law, Dignity, Democracy, and the Arab Spring,” 46(1) Cornell Int’l L.J. 1–19.Google Scholar

Paust, Jordan J. (2009). “The Absolute Prohibition of Torture and Necessary and Appropriate Sanctions,” 43(4) Val. U. L. Rev. 1535–76.Google Scholar

Pérez-Sales, Pau (2017). Psychological Torture: Definition, Evaluation and Measurement (London and New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Peters, Rudolph (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Peterson, Merrill D. (1970). Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Pettifer, Ernest W. (1992). Punishments of Former Days (Winchester, UK: Waterside Press).Google Scholar

Pfeifer, Michael J. (2004). Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).Google Scholar

Phillipson, Coleman (1923). Three Criminal Law Reformers: Beccaria, Bentham, Romilly (London: J. M. Dent & Sons).Google Scholar

Pihlajamäki, Heikki (2007). “The Painful Question: The Fate of Judicial Torture in Early Modern Sweden,” 25(3) Law & Hist. Rev. 557–92.Google Scholar

Pincus, Steven C. A. (2005). England’s Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s).Google Scholar

Pinker, Steven (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Penguin Books).Google Scholar

Pitman, Emma R. (1889). Elizabeth Fry (London: W. H. Allen & Co.).Google Scholar

Pitman, Emma R. (1884). Elizabeth Fry (London: W. H. Allen & Co.).Google Scholar

Prejean, Helen (2019). River of Fire: My Spiritual Journey (New York: Random House).Google Scholar

Prejean, Helen (2004). The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account of Executions (New York: Random House).Google Scholar

Prejean, Helen (1993). Dead Man Walking: An Eyewitness Account of the Death Penalty in the United States (New York: Random House).Google Scholar

Pustilnik, Amanda C. (2012). “Pain as Fact and Heuristic: How Pain Neuroimaging Illuminates Moral Dimensions of Law,” 97(4) Cornell L. Rev. 801–47.Google Scholar

Quigley, John and Adele Shank, S. (2019). “Why Europe Abolished Capital Punishment,” 17(1) Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 95–129.Google Scholar

Radelet, Michael, Adam Bedau, Hugo, and Putnam, Constance E. (1992). In Spite of Innocence: Erroneous Convictions in Capital Cases (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Recinella, Dale S. (2004). The Biblical Truth About America’s Death Penalty (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Reinert, Sophus A. (2018). The Academy of Fisticuffs: Political Economy and Commercial Society in Enlightenment Italy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Rejali, Darius (2007). Torture and Democracy (Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Reyes, Hernán (2007). “The Worst Scars Are in the Mind: Psychological Torture,” 89(867) Int’l Rev. Red Cross 591–616.Google Scholar

Rodley, Nigel (2009). The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law, 3d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Pinzón, Diego and Martin, Claudia (2006). The Prohibition of Torture and Ill-Treatment in the Inter-American Human Rights System: A Handbook for Victims and Their Advocates (Geneva, Switzerland: World Organisation Against Torture).Google Scholar

Rosen, Michael (2018). Dignity: Its History and Meaning (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Rosen, Michael (2019). A History of Crime and the American Criminal Justice System, 3d ed. (Abington, UK: Routledge).Google Scholar

Rosen, Michael (2014). An Eye for an Eye: A Global History of Crime and Punishment (London: Reaktion Books).Google Scholar

Rosen, Michael (2011). Crime and Punishment: A History of the Criminal Justice System, 2d ed. (Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning).Google Scholar

Rosen, Michael (2006). Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press).Google Scholar

Rutherford, Andrew (1996). “Abolitionism: A Tale of Two Struggles,” in Hodgkinson, Peter and Rutherford, Andrew (eds.), Capital Punishment: Global Issues and Prospects (Winchester, UK: Waterside Press).Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin (ed.) (2017). Final Judgments: The Death Penalty in American Law and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin (ed.) (2014). Gruesome Spectacles: Botched Executions and America’s Death Penalty (Stanford Law Books).Google Scholar

Satia, Priya (2019). Empire of Guns, The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution (Stanford University Press).Google Scholar

Sato, Mai (2013). The Death Penalty in Japan: Will the Public Tolerate Abolition? (Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS).Google Scholar

Schabas, William A. (2017). An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 5th ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Schabas, William A. (2015). The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Schabas, William A. (2008). “International Law, the United States of America and Capital Punishment,” 31(2) Suffolk Transnat’l L. Rev. 377–418.Google Scholar

Schabas, William A. (2002). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law, 3d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Schabas, William A. (1998). “International Law and Abolition of the Death Penalty,” 55(3) Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 797–846.Google Scholar

Schabas, William A. (1996). The Death Penalty as Cruel Treatment and Torture: Capital Punishment Challenged in the World’s Courts (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).Google Scholar

Schmidt, Petra (2002). Capital Punishment in Japan (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill).Google Scholar

Sharp, Susan F. (2005). The Effects of the Death Penalty on Families of the Accused (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press).Google Scholar

Sheffer, Susannah (2013). Fighting for Their Lives: Inside the Experience of Capital Defense Attorneys (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press).Google Scholar

Shelton, Dinah (2006). “Normative Hierarchy in International Law,” 100(2) Am. J. Int’l L. 291–323.Google Scholar

Sifris, Ronli (2014). Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights: Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar

Silverman, Lisa (2010). Tortured Subjects: Pain, Truth, and the Body in Early Modern France (University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar

Simon, Thomas W. (2016). Genocide, Torture, and Terrorism: Ranking International Crimes and Justifying Humanitarian Intervention (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Šimonović, Ivan (ed.) (2016). Death Penalty and the Victims (New York: United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights).Google Scholar

Smith, David Whitten and Geraldine Burr, Elizabeth (2015). Understanding World Religions: A Road Map for Justice and Peace, 2d ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).Google Scholar

Solis, Gary D. (2016). The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Steiker, Carol and Steiker, Jordan (eds.) (2019). Comparative Capital Punishment (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing).Google Scholar

Steiker, Carol and Steiker, Jordan (eds.) (2016). Courting Death: The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Stevenson, B. (2014). Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption (New York: Spiegel & Grau).Google Scholar

Sun, Angela April (2003). “‘Killing Time’ in the Valley of the Shadow of Death: Why Systematic Preexecution Delays on Death Row Are Cruel and Unusual,” 113(6) Colum. L. Rev. 1585–636.Google Scholar

Tamm, Ditlev (1989). Punishment in the Scandinavian Countries Since the 18th Century, in La peine, Troisième partie: Europe depuis le XVIIIe siècle / Punishment – Third Part: Europe since the 18th Century (Brussels, Belgium: De Boeck Université).Google Scholar

Tanaka, Yuki, Timothy L. McCormack, H., and Simpson, Gerry (eds.) (2011). Beyond Victor’s Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited (Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff).Google Scholar

Tarlow, Sarah and Battell Lowman, Emma (2018). Harnessing the Power of the Criminal Corpse (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Tetlow, Tania (2016). “Criminalizing ‘Private’ Torture,” 58(1) Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 183–250.Google Scholar

Thomas, Aaron (ed.) (2008). On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings (Aaron Thomas and Jeremy Parzen, trans.) (University of Toronto Press).Google Scholar

Threadgill, A. Hunter and Gable, Phillip A. (2020). “Revenge Is Sweet: Investigation of the Efforts of Approach-Motivated Anger on the RewP in the Motivated Anger Delay (MAD) Paradigm,” 41(17) Hum. Brain Mapping 5032–56.Google Scholar

Tocqueville, Alexis de and Beaumont, Gustave de (1833). On the Penitentiary System in the United States, and Its Application in France (Francis Lieber, trans.) (Philadelphia, PA: Carey, Lea & Blanchard).Google Scholar

Tonry, Michael (ed.) (1998). The Handbook of Crime and Punishment (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Tonry, Michael and Frase, Richard S. (eds.) (2001). Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Vierdag, E. W. (1973). The Concept of Discrimination in International Law with Special Reference to Human Rights (The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff).Google Scholar

Vila, Bryan and Morris, Cynthia (eds.) (1997). Capital Punishment in the United States: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press).Google Scholar

Viljoen, Frans and Odinkalu, Chidi (2006). The Prohibition of Torture and Ill-treatment in the African Human Rights System: A Handbook for Victims and Their Advocates (Geneva, Switzerland: World Organisation Against Torture).Google Scholar

von Bar, Carl Ludwig (1916). A History of Continental Criminal Law (Thomas S. Bell, trans.) (Boston, MA: Little Brown; reprinted by Union, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 1999).Google Scholar

Wakefield, Sarah F. (1864). Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees: A Narrative of Indian Captivity, 2d ed. (Skakopee, MN: Argus Printing Office).Google Scholar

Waldron, Jeremy (2017). One Another’s Equals: The Basis of Human Equality (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Walliss, John (2018). The Bloody Code in England and Wales, 1760–1830 (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Ward, Richard (ed.) (2015). A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Weatherall, Thomas (2015). Jus Cogens: International Law and Social Contract (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Webster, Elaine (2018). Dignity, Degrading Treatment and Torture in Human Rights Law: The Ends of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (London: Routledge).Google Scholar

Weissbrodt, David and Heilman, Cheryl (2011). “Defining Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment,” 29(2) Law & Ineq. 343−94.Google Scholar

Weissbrodt, David and Hörtreiter, Isabel (1999). “The Principle of Non-Refoulement: Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Comparison with the Non-Refoulement Provisions of Other International Human Rights Treaties,” 5 Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 1–73.Google Scholar

Wilf, Steven (2010). Law’s Imagined Republic: Popular Politics and Criminal Justice in Revolutionary America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Yorke, Jon (ed.) (2008). Against the Death Penalty: International Initiatives and Implications (Farnham, UK: Ashgate).Google Scholar

Zapatero, Luis Arroyo, Schabas, William, and Takayama, Kanako (eds.) (2013). Death Penalty: A Cruel and Inhuman Punishment (Cuenca, Spain: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha).Google Scholar

Zimring, Franklin (2003). The Contradiction of American Capital Punishment (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar