Nobelists Gone Wild

doi:10.1017/9781108684354.003

Chapter 2 - Nobelists Gone Wild

Case Studies in the Domain Specificity of Critical Thinking

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 December 2019

Scott O. Lilienfeld ,

Candice Basterfield ,

Shauna M. Bowes and

Thomas H. Costello

Edited by

Robert J. Sternberg and

Diane F. Halpern

Show author details

Robert J. Sternberg: Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Diane F. Halpern: Affiliation:
Claremont McKenna College, California

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Research suggests that critical thinking skills are often surprisingly domain-specific. We survey the case histories of several Nobel Prize winners in the sciences to demonstrate that even extremely bright individuals can fall prey to bizarre ideas. These findings strongly suggest that intellectual brilliance and acceptance of weird ideas are not mutually incompatible. They also highlight the domain-specificity of critical thinking and the surprising independence of general intelligence from critical thinking. A number of cognitive errors, including bias blind spot and the senses of omniscience, omnipotence, and invulnerability; personality traits such as narcissism and excessive openness; and the “guru complex” may predispose highly intelligent individuals to disastrous critical thinking errors.

Keywords

bias blindspot cognitive sins domain specificity imbalance theory of foolishnee intellectual humility motivated reasoning Nobel disease

Type: Chapter
Information: Critical Thinking in Psychology , pp. 10 - 38

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684354.003 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 219–245.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Alexander, P. A., Kulikowich, J. M., & Schulze, S. K. (1994). How subject-matter knowledge affects recall and interest. American Educational Research Journal, 31, 313–337.Google Scholar

Arnold, W. P., Mittal, C. K., Katsuki, S., & Murad, F. (1977). Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3′: 5′-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 74, 3203–3207.Google Scholar

Bailin, S. (2002). Critical thinking and science education. Science & Education, 11, 361–375.Google Scholar

Barrett, S. (2014a). The dark side of Linus Pauling’s legacy. Quackwatch. Online. https://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/pauling.html Google Scholar

Barrett, S. (2014b). The dubious promotion of Herbalife’s Niteworks. MLM Watch. Online. https://www.mlmwatch.org/04C/Herbalife/niteworks.html Google Scholar

Beaulac, G., & Kenyon, T. (2018). The scope of debiasing in the classroom. Topoi, 37, 93–102.Google Scholar

Bensley, D. A. (2006). Why great thinkers sometimes fail to think critically. Skeptical Inquirer, 30(4), 47–52.Google Scholar

Berezow, A. (2016, December 18). Paul Krugman now has Nobel Disease. American Council on Science and Health. Online. https://www.acsh.org/news/2016/12/18/paul-krugman-now-has-nobel-disease-10609 Google Scholar

Blattner, W., Gallo, R. C., & Temin, H. M. (1988). HIV causes aids. Science, 241, 515–516.Google Scholar

Blorn, J. (2010). A dictionary of hallucinations. New York: SpringerGoogle Scholar

Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18, 32–42.Google Scholar

Cameron, E., & Pauling, L. (1976). Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 73, 3685–3689.Google Scholar

Cameron, E., & Pauling, L. C. (1979). Cancer and vitamin C: A discussion of the nature, causes, prevention, and treatment of cancer with special reference to the value of Vitamin C. Corvallis, Oregon: Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine.Google Scholar

Carrel, A. (1935). Man, the unknown. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Carson, B. (2011). Gifted hands: The Ben Carson story. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.Google Scholar

Carter, N. T., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2018). Extreme personalities at work and in life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 429–436.Google Scholar

Cassata, F. (2011). Building the new man: Eugenics, racial sciences and genetics in twentieth-century Italy. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar

Catrambone, R., & Holyoak, K. J. (1989). Overcoming contextual limitations on problem-solving transfer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1147–1156.Google Scholar

Ceci, S. J. (1993). Contextual trends in intellectual development. Developmental Review, 13, 403–435.Google Scholar

Chiesi, H. L., Spliich, G. J., & Voss, J. F. (1979). Acquisition of domain-related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 18, 257–273.Google Scholar

Creagan, E. T., Moertel, C. G., O’Fallon, J. R., Schutt, A. J., O’Connell, M. J., Rubin, J., & Frytak, S. (1979). Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer: a controlled trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 301, 687–690.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cronbach, L. J. (1960). Essentials of psychological testing (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Davison, G. C., & Lazarus, A. A. (2007). Clinical case studies are important in the science and practice of psychotherapy. In Lilienfeld, S. O. & O’Donohue, W. T. (Eds.), The great ideas of clinical science (pp. 149–162). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

DeWys, W. D. (1982). How to evaluate a new treatment for cancer. Your Patient and Cancer, 2, 31–36.Google Scholar

DeYoung, Ursula. (2011). A vision of modern science: John Tyndall and the role of the scientist in Victorian culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Dillow, C. (2011). Can our DNA electromagnetically ‘teleport’ itself? One researcher thinks so. Popular Science. Online. https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-01/can-our-dna-electromagnetically-teleport-itself-one-researcher-thinks-so Google Scholar

Donati, M. (2004). Beyond synchronicity: the worldview of Carl Gustav Jung and Wolfgang Pauli. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 49, 707–728.CrossRef Google Scholar

Doyle, A.C. (1892). The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. United Kingdom: George Newnes.Google Scholar

Eichner, A. S. (1983). Why economics is not yet a science. Journal of Economic Issues, 17, 507–520.Google Scholar

Ennis, R. H. (1989). Critical thinking and subject specificity: Clarification and needed research. Educational Researcher, 18, 4–10.Google Scholar

Enserink, M. (2010). French nobelist escapes “intellectual terror” to pursue radical ideas in China. Science, 330, 1732–1733.Google Scholar

Epstein, M. S. (1998). Using bad science to teach good chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 1399–1404.Google Scholar

Ernst, E. (2010). Homeopathy: What does the “best” evidence tell us. Medical Journal of Australia, 192, 458–460.Google Scholar

Evans, D. (2004). Nobel prize winner didn’t disclose his Herbalife contract. Cult Education Institute. Online. https://culteducation.com/group/969-herbalife/9601-nobel-prize-winIidnt-disclose-his-herbalife-contract.html Google Scholar

Facione, N. C., Facione, P. A., & Sanchez, C. A. (1994). Critical thinking disposition as a measure of competent clinical judgment: The development of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. Journal of Nursing Education, 33, 345–350.Google Scholar

Farber, C. (1994). Interview Kary Mullis. Virusmyth. Online. http://www.virusmyth.com/aids/hiv/cfmullis.htm Google Scholar

Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290–309.Google Scholar

Fiala, C., & Diamandis, E. P. (2018). Is it time to abandon the Nobel Prize? Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 56, 1196–1197.Google Scholar

Folstein, S., & Rutter, M. (1977). Genetic influences and infantile autism. Nature, 265, 726–728.Google Scholar

Fong, G. T., Krantz, D. H., & Nisbett, R. E. (1986). The effects of statistical training on thinking about everyday problems. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 253–292.Google Scholar

Gauld, A. (1968). The founders of psychical research. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar

George, A. (2006, December 9). Lone voices special: Take nobody’s word for it. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19225812-200-lone-voices-special-take-nobodys-word-for-it Google Scholar

Gorski, D. (2008, August 18). High dose Vitamin C and cancer: Has Linus Pauling been vindicated? Science-Based Medicine. Online. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/high-dose-vitamin-c-and-cancer-has-linus-pauling-been-vindicated Google Scholar

Gunderman, R. (2017, March 3). When science gets ugly – the story of Philipp Lenard and Albert Einstein. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/science/when-science-gets-ugly.aspx Google Scholar

Hall, H. (2009, October 20). The Montagnier “Homeopathy” Study. Science-Based Medicine. Online. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-montagnier-homeopathy-study Google Scholar

Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains: Disposition, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring. American Psychologist, 53(4), 449–455. DOI:10.1037/0003-066x.53.4.449Google Scholar

Harmon, A. (2019). James Watson had a chance to salvage his reputation on race. He made things worse. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/01/science/watson-dna-genetics-race.html Google Scholar

Hayes, J. R., & Simon, H. A. (1977). Psychological differences among problem isomorphs. In Potts, G. (Ed.), Indiana Cognitive Symposium. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Hinde, R. A. (1956). Ethological models and the concept of ‘drive’. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 6, 321–331.Google Scholar

Hoffer, L. J. (2008). Vitamin therapy in schizophrenia. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 45, 3–10.Google Scholar

Homeopathy Research Institute. (2018). ‘New Horizons in Water Science’: Evidence for Homeopathy? Homeopathy Research Institute. Online. https://www.hri-research.org/2018/08/new-horizons-in-water-science-evidence-for-homeopathy Google Scholar

Hurwic, A. (1995). Pierre Curie. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar

Hyman, R. (2002). Why and when are smart people stupid. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 1–23). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Jagdish, M. (2000). Climbing the mountain: The scientific biography of Julian Schwinger. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jepson, C., Krantz, D. H., & Nisbett, R. E. (1983). Inductive reasoning: Competence or skill? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 494–501.Google Scholar

Josephson, B. D. (1964). Non-linear conduction in superconductors. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

Josephson, B. D. (1997, November 1). Letters: Molecule memories. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg15621067-000-letters-molecule-memories Google Scholar

Josephson, B. D. (2012, August 31). Martin Fleichmann obituary. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/aug/31/martin-fleischmann Google Scholar

Kahan, D. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment and Decision-Making, 8, 407–424.Google Scholar

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar

Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In Gilovich., T., Griffin., D. W., & Kahneman, D., (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (pp. 49–81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Keating, B. (2018). Losing the Nobel Prize: A story of cosmology, ambition, and the perils of science’s highest honor. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Klawans, H. L. (1996). Why Michael couldn’t hit: And other tales of the neurology of sports. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Konnikova, M. (2013). Mastermind: How to think like Sherlock Holmes. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar

Kottler, M. J. (1974). Alfred Russel Wallace, the origin of man, and spiritualism. Isis, 65, 145–192.Google Scholar

Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016). The development and validation of the comprehensive intellectual humility scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 209–221.Google Scholar

Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480–498.Google Scholar

Leconte, D., Manil, C., & Lichtenstein, L. (2014). Water memory. Online video clip. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8VyUsVOic0 Google Scholar

Leonhardt, D. (2008, April 6). Holding on. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/realestate/keymagazine/406Lede-t.html Google Scholar

Lewer, N. (2006). Charles Richet: Medical scientist, innovator, peace thinker and savant. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 22, 145–158.Google Scholar

Lewis, A. (2009). Why I am nominating Luc Montagnier for an IgNobel Prize. The Quackometer. Online. http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2009/10/why-i-am-nominating-luc-montagnier-for.html Google Scholar

Lilienfeld, S. O., & Lynn, S. J. (2016). You’ll never guess who wrote that: 78 surprising authors of psychological publications. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 419–441.Google Scholar

Lykken, D. T. (1991). What’s wrong with psychology anyway. In Cicchett, D. & Grove, W. M. (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology (pp. 3–39). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Markoff, J. (2008, January 13). The views of innovation colliding in Washington. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/business/13stream.html Google Scholar

Martil, I. (2018, April 9). William Shockley the invention of the transistor. Open Mind. Online. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/william-shockley-and-the-invention-of-the-transistor Google Scholar

Mazliak, L., & Tazzioli, R. (2009). Mathematicians at war: Volterra and his French colleagues in World War I. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar

McKie, R. (2001, September 30). Royal Mail’s Nobel guru in telepathy row. The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/30/robinmckie.theobserver Google Scholar

McNally, R. J. (2012). Searching for repressed memory. In True and false recovered memories (pp. 121–147). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 825–847.Google Scholar

Mercer, J. (2013). Holding therapy: A harmful mental health intervention. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 18, 70–76.Google Scholar

Moertel, C. G., Fleming, T. R., Creagan, E. T., Rubin, J., O’Connell, M. J., & Ames, M. M. (1985). High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy: A randomized double-blind comparison. New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 137–141.Google Scholar

Moffitt, M. (2018, August 22). How a racist genius created Silicon Valley by being a terrible boss. SFGATE. Online. https://www.sfgate.com/technology/article/Silicon-Valley-Shockley-racist-semiconductor-lab-13164228.php Google Scholar

Montagnier, L., Aissa, J., Ferris, S., Montagnier, J. L., & Lavalléee, C. (2009). Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences, 1, 81–90.Google Scholar

Montagnier, L., Aissa, J., Del Giudice, E., Lavallee, C., Tedeschi, A., & Vitiello, G. (2011). DNA waves and water. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 306, 1–10.Google Scholar

Montagnier, L., Del Giudice, E., Aïssa, J., Lavallee, C., Motschwiller, S., Capolupo, A., Polcari, A., Romano, P., Tedeschi, A., & Vitiello, G. (2015). Transduction of DNA information through water and electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 34(2), 106–112. DOI:10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072Google Scholar

Morano, M. (2015). Noble prize-winning scientist who endorsed Obama now says prez. is ‘ridiculous’ & ‘dead wrong’ on ‘global warming’. Climate Depot. Online. https://tinyurl.com/y3t5lncc Google Scholar

Morrice, P. (2005). ‘The genius factory’: Test-tube superbabies. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/books/review/the-genius-factory-testtube-superbabies.html Google Scholar

Mostert, M. P. (2010). Facilitated communication and its legitimacy – Twenty-first century developments. Exceptionality, 18, 31–41.Google Scholar

Mullis, K. (n.d.). AIDS and global warming. Online. https://www.karymullis.com/pdf/On_AIDS_and_Global_Warming.pdf Google Scholar

Mullis, K. (1998). Dancing naked in the mind field. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Mullis, K. (2007). Biography. Kary Mullis. Online. http://www.karymullis.com/pdf/biography.pdf Google Scholar

Napoli, C., Williams-Ignarro, S., De Nigris, F., Lerman, L. O., Rossi, L., Guarino, C., Mansueto, G., Di Tuoro, F., Pignalosa, O., De Rosa, G., Sica, V., & Ignarro, L. J. (2004). Long-term combined beneficial effects of physical training and metabolic treatment on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 8797–8802. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0402734101Google Scholar

Nattrass, N. (2007). AIDS denialism vs. science. Skeptical Inquirer, 31(5), 31–37.Google Scholar

New Scientist. (1974, May 16). Josephson on transcendental meditation. New Scientist, 62, 416.Google Scholar

Nisbett, R. E., Fong, G. T., Lehman, D. R., & Cheng, P. W. (1987). Teaching reasoning. Science, 238, 625–631.Google Scholar

Nisbett, R. E., Krantz, D. H., Jepson, C., & Kunda, Z. (1983). The use of statistical heuristics in everyday inductive reasoning. Psychological Review, 90, 339–363.Google Scholar

Nobel Media AB (2019a). Brian D. Josephson Facts. The Nobel Prize. Online. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/josephson/facts Google Scholar

Nobel Media AB (2019b). Linus Pauling Biographical. The Nobel Prize. Online. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/biographical Google Scholar

Nobel Media AB (2019c). Louis J. Ignarro Facts. The Nobel Prize. Online. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1998/ignarro/facts Google Scholar

Nokes, T. J., Schunn, C. D., & Chi, M. (2010). Problem solving and human expertise. In Peterson., P., Baker., E., & McGraw, B. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (pp. 265–272). Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Orac (2015, November 6). Ben Carson: A case study on why intelligent people are often not skeptics. Respectful Insolence. Online. https://respectfulinsolence.com/2015/11/06/ben-carson-why-intelligent-people-are-not-necessarily-skeptics Google Scholar

Orac (2017, November 28). The Nobel Disease strikes again: Luc Montagnier goes full antivax, with a little help from Henri Joyeux. Respectful Insolence. Online. https://respectfulinsolence.com/2017/11/28/the-nobel-disease-strikes-again-luc-montagnier-goes-full-antivax-with-a-little-help-from-henri-joyeux Google Scholar

Oregon State University Special Collections & Archives (1991–2000). Ava Helen and Linus Pauling papers, 1873–2013. Online. https://tinyurl.com/yy4l2rv3 Google Scholar

Palfreman, J. (1993). The prisoners of silence. Frontline. Television documentary series. Boston, MA: WGBH.Google Scholar

Parapsychological Association (2011, February 11). What is parapsychology? Parapsychological Association. Online. https://parapsych.org/articles/36/76/what_is_parapsychology.aspx Google Scholar

Perkins, D. N., & Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context-bound? Educational researcher, 18, 16–25.Google Scholar

Pauling, L. (1960).The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Pauling, L. (1968). Orthomolecular psychiatry. Science, 160, 265–271.Google Scholar

Pauling, L. (1970).Vitamin C, the common cold (1st ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar

Pauling, L. (1976).Vitamin C, the common cold, and the flu (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar

Peitzman, S. J. (2007). Dropsy, dialysis, transplant: A short history of failing kidneys. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Posner, R. A. (2009). Public intellectuals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The bias blind spot: Perceptions of bias in self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 369–381.Google Scholar

Prothero, D. (2015). Brain surgeon – or brain addled? Skeptic, 20(4), 43–46.Google Scholar

Quinn, V. S. (2015). Using astrology to confront and discuss pseudoscience in the classroom. The American Biology Teacher, 77, 542–548.Google Scholar

Radin, D. (2006). Entangled minds. New York: Paraview Pocket Books.Google Scholar

Reichenbach, H. (1938). Experience and prediction: An analysis of the foundations and the structure of knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Reinhold, R. (1973, December 5). Shockley debates Montagu as Innis angrily pulls out. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/05/archives/shockley-debates-montagu-as-innis-angrily-pulls-out-tests-called.html Google Scholar

Robson, D. (2019). The intelligence trap: Why smart people make dumb mistakes. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Sá, W. C., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1999). The domain specificity and generality of belief bias: Searching for a generalizable critical thinking skill. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 497–510.Google Scholar

Sala, J., Cardeña, E., Holgado, M. C., Anez, C., Perez, P., Periñán, R., & Capafons, A. (2008). The contributions of Ramón y Cajal and other Spanish authors to hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 56, 361–372.Google Scholar

Salzberg, S. (2012, May 27). Nobel laureate joins anti-vaccination crowd at Autism One. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2012/05/27/nobel-laureate-joins-anti-vaccination-crowd-at-autism-one/#63ab0f595c53 Google Scholar

Schawlow, A. T., & Schawlow, A. L. (1985). The endless search for help. In Brady, M. F. & Gunther, P. (Eds.), Integrating moderately and severely handicapped learners: Strategies that work (pp. 5–15). Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.Google Scholar

Schneider, L. (2018). Fake data and real pomegranate juice in Nobelist Lois Ignarro’s Papers. For Better Science. Online. https://forbetterscience.com/2018/08/27/fake-data-and-real-pomegranate-juice-in-nobelist-lois-ignarros-papers Google Scholar

Schwinger, J. (1990). Cold fusion: A hypothesis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 45, 756–756.Google Scholar

Shermer, M. (2003). Why smart people believe weird things. Skeptic, 10(2), 62–73.Google Scholar

Shockley, W. (1972). Dysgenics, geneticity, raceology: A challenge to the intellectual responsibility of educators. The Phi Delta Kappan, 53, 297–307.Google Scholar

Smalley, R. (2005, October 29). Remarks by Richard Smalley at 2005 alumni banquet. Hope College. Online. https://hope.edu/news/2005/10/29/remarks-by-richard-smalley-at-alumni-banquet.html Google Scholar

Smalley, R. (2005). Creation scientists applaud PA judge’s ruling against intelligent design. Free Republic. Online. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/religion/1546528/posts Google Scholar

Sperber, D. (2010). The guru effect. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 1, 583–592.Google Scholar

Stanovich, K. E. (2009).What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 672.Google Scholar

Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2013). Myside bias, rational thinking, and intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 259–264.Google Scholar

Sternberg, R. J. (1984). Toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 269–287.Google Scholar

Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Smart people are not stupid, but they cure can be foolish: The imbalance theory of foolishness. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 232–241). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Why smart people can be so foolish. European Psychologist, 9, 145–150.Google Scholar

Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (2008).Why smart people can be so stupid. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Strauss, M. (2015, October 16). Nobel Laureates who were not always noble. National Geographic. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/151005-nobel-laureates-forget-racist-sexist-science Google Scholar

Tan, S. Y., & Yip, A. (2014). António Egas Moniz (1874–1955): Lobotomy pioneer and Nobel Laureate. Singapore Medical Journal, 55, 175–176.Google Scholar

Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L., & Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32, 3623–3629.Google Scholar

Tick, B., Bolton, P., Happé, F., Rutter, M., & Rijsdijk, F. (2016). Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: A meta‐analysis of twin studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 585–595.Google Scholar

Tinbergen, N. (1951). The study of instinct. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Tinbergen, N. (1973, December 12). Ethology and stress diseases. Nobel Lecture, pp. 113–130. The Nobel Prize. Online. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/tinbergen-lecture.pdf Google Scholar

Tinbergen, N., & Tinbergen, E. A. (1985). Autistic children: New hope for a cure. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Tinbergen, N. (1963). On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20(4), 410–433.Google Scholar

Tschetter, L., Creagan, E., & O’Fallon, J. (1983). A community-based study of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in patients with advanced cancer. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2, 92.Google Scholar

United States Global Change Research Program (2009). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States: 2009 Report. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Online. https://nca2009.globalchange.gov/index.html Google Scholar

Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A. P., Thomson, M. A., Harvey, P., Valentine, A., Davies, S. E., & Walker-Smith, J. A. (1998). RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, 351(9103), 637–641. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0Google Scholar

Wallace, A. R. (1874). A defence of modern spiritualism. Boston, MA: Colby and Rich.Google Scholar

Wallace, R. K. (1970). Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science, 167, 1751–1754.Google Scholar

Watson, J. D. (2001). A passion for DNA: Genes, genomes, and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Watts, A. L. (2018). Confident but clueless? The nature and boundaries of the link between personality disorder features and self-enhancement. Doctoral dissertation, Emory University.Google Scholar

West, R. F., Meserve, R. J., & Stanovich, K. E. (2012). Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 506–519.Google Scholar

White, M. (1999). Isaac Newton: The last sorcerer. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Willingham, D. T. (2008). Critical thinking: Why is it so hard to teach? Arts Education Policy Review, 109, 21–32.Google Scholar

Young, N. L., Shaffer, N., Chaowanachan, T., Chotpitayasunondh, T., Vanparapar, N., Mock, P. A., Waranawat, N., Chokephaibulkit, K., Chuachoowong, R., Wasinrapee, P., & Mastro, T. D. (2000). Early diagnosis of HIV-1-infected infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non-B subtypes. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 24, 401–407.Google Scholar

Book contents

Chapter 2 - Nobelists Gone Wild

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive