Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James. 2000. “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115: 1167–99.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, Naidu, Suresh, Restrepo, Pascual, and Robinson, James A.. 2015. “Democracy, Redistribution, and Inequality.” Handbook of Income Distribution, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pages 1886–966.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, Autor, David, Dorn, David, Hanson, Gordon H., and Price, Brendan. 2016. “Import Competition and the Great United States Employment Sag of the 2000s.”Journal of Labor Economics 34(S1): S141–S198.Google Scholar

Acherbach, Joel, and Clement, Scott. 2016. “America Really is More Divided Than Ever.” Washington Post, July 16.Google Scholar

Ageron, Charles-Robert. 1976. “L’opinion française devant la guerre d’Algérie.” Revue française d’outre mer 231: 256–85.Google Scholar

Akerlof, George A. 1991. “Procrastination and obedience.” American Economic Review 81: 1–19.Google Scholar

Albright, Jeremy. 2010. “The Multidimensional Nature of Party Competition.” Party Politics 16: 699–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alon, Amos. 2002. The Pity of It All: Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch 1743–1933. New York: Picador.Google Scholar

Altamirano, Carlos. 1979. Chili: les raisons d’une défaite. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar

Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, José Antonio, Limongi, Fernando, and Przeworski, Adam. 1996. “Classifying Political Regimes.” (ACLP) Studies in International Political Development 31: 3–36.Google Scholar

Andrews, Rhys, Jilke, Sebastian, and Walle, Steven Van de. 2014. “Economic Strain and Perceptions of Social Cohesion in Europe: Does Institutional Trust Matter?”European Journal of Political Research 53: 559–79.Google Scholar

Ansell, Christopher, and Samuels, David. 2010. “Democracy and Redistribution, 1880–1930: Reassessing the Evidence.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Armingeon, Klaus, and Guthmann, Kai. 2014. “Democracy in Crisis? The Declining Support for National Democracy in European Countries, 2007–2011.” European Journal of Political Research 53: 424–42.Google Scholar

Armingeon, Klaus, Isler, Christian, Knopfel, Laura, Weisstanner, David, and Engler, Sarah. 2016 Comparative Political Data Set. 1960–2014. www.cpds-data.org.Google Scholar

Arzheimer, Kai. 2013. “Working Class Parties 2.0? Competition between Centre Left and Extreme Right Parties.” In Rydren, Jens (ed.), Class Politics and the Radical Right. London, New York: Routledge. Pages 75–90.Google Scholar

Atkinson, Anthony B.,Piketty, Thomas, and Saez, Emmanuel. 2011. “Top Incomes in the Long Run of History.” Journal of Economic Literature 49: 3–71.Google Scholar

Austen-Smith, David. 1992. “Strategic Models of Talk in Political Decision Making.” International Political Science Review 13: 45–58.Google Scholar

Autor, David, Dorn, David, and Hanson, Gordon H.. 2013. “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States.” American Economic Review 103: 2121–68.Google Scholar

Autor, David, Dorn, David, Hanson, Gordon H., and Majlesi, Kaveh. 2017. “A Note on the Effect of Rising Trade Exposure on the 2016 Presidential Election.” Appendix to Autor et al. “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure.” Working paper.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Selim Erdem, Ayta, Rau, Eli, and Stokes, Susan. 2017. “Unemployment and Turnout.” Working paper, Department of Politics, Yale University.Google Scholar

Azari, Julia. 2016. “Weak Parties with Strong Partisanship Are a Bad Combination.” www.vox.com, November 3.Google Scholar

Banks, Arthur S. 1996. Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive. Databanks International.Google Scholar

Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27(1): 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bitar, Sergio, and Pizarro, Crisostomo. No date. La Caida de Allende y la Huelga de el Teniente. Santiago: Las Ediciones del Ornitorrinco.Google Scholar

Bobbio, Norberto. 1987. Democracy and Dictatorship. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael, and Rosato, Sebastian. 2012. “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46: 1523–54.Google Scholar

Bon, Frederic. 1978. Les élections en France. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar

Bracher, Karl Dietrich. 1966. “The Technique of the National Socialist Seizure of Power.” In Stern, Fritz (ed.), The Path to Dictatorship 1918–1933: Ten Essays by German Scholars. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books. Pages 113–32.Google Scholar

Brady, David, Ferejohn, John, and Paparo, Aldo. 2017. “Immigration and Politics: A Seven Nation Study.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Bright Line Watch. 2018. “Wave 5.” April. http://brightlinewatch.org/wave5/.Google Scholar

Bruno, Michael, and Sachs, Jeffrey. 1985. Economics of Worldwide Stagflation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brynjolfsson, Erik, Rock, Daniel, and Syverson, Chad. 2017. “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Buchanan, James M., and Tullock, Gordon. 1962. The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Calvert, Randall. 1994. “Rational Actors, Equilibrium, and Social Institutions.” In Knight, J. and Sened, I. (eds.), Explaining Social Institutions. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Canovan, Margaret. 2002 “Taking Politics to the People: Populism as the Ideology of Democracy.” In Meny, Yves and Surel, Yves (eds.), Democracies and the Populist Challenge. New York: Palgrave. Pages 25–44.Google Scholar

Capoccia, Giovanni. 2005. Defending Democracy: Reactions of Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Carr, William. 1969. The History of Germany 1815–1945. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Case, Anne, and Deaton, Angus. 2017. “Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. BPEA Conference Drafts, March 23–4.Google Scholar

Cassese, Sabino. 2011. Lo Stato fascista. Milano: il Mulino.Google Scholar

Cautres, Bruno. 2018. “Le clivage gauche-droite dans les démocraties modernes.” Cahiers français 404 (May–June): 52–61.Google Scholar

Cheibub, Jose Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143: 67–101.Google Scholar

Chen, M. Keith, and Rohla, Ryne. 2018. “The Effect of Partisanship and Political Advertising on Close Family Ties.” Science 360 (June 1): 1020–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chetty, Raj, Grusky, David, Hell, Maximilian, Hendren, Nathaniel, Manduca, Robert, and Narang, Jimmy. 2016. “The Fading American Dream: Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940.” Working Paper 22910. www.nber.org/papers/w22910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiaramonte, Alessandro, and Emanuele, Vincenzo. 2017. “Party System Volatility, Regeneration and De-institutionalization in Western Europe (1945–2015).” Party Politics 23: 376–88.Google Scholar

Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, and Gabriel Cohn-Bendit, 1968. Obsolete Communism: The Left-Wing Alternative. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Colantone, Italo, and Stanig, Piero. 2017. “The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe.” Balfi Carefin Centre Research Paper No. 2017–49. Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Milan.Google Scholar

Cornell, Agnes, Møller, Jørgen, and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. 2017. “The Real Lessons of the Interwar Years.” Journal of Democracy 28: 14–28.Google Scholar

Corvalan, Luis L. 2003. El Gobierno de Salvador Allende. Santiago: LOM Ediciones.Google Scholar

Coser, Lewis A. 1964. The Functions of Social Conflict: An Examination of the Concept of Social Conflict and Its Use in Empirical Sociological Research. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Cukierman, Alex, Edwards, Sebastian, and Tabellini, Guido. 1992. “Seigniorage and Political Instability.” American Economic Review 82: 537–55.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dancygier, Rafaela M. 2010. Immigration and Conflict in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dancygier, Rafaela M. 2017. Dilemmas of Inclusion: Muslims in European Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Dancygier, Rafaela M., and Laitin, David D.. 2014. “Immigration into Europe: Economic Discrimination, Violence, and Public Policy.” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 43–64.Google Scholar

Delmer, Sefton. 1972. Weimar Germany: Democracy on Trial. London: Macdonald.Google Scholar

Denquin, Jean-Marie. 1988. 1958: La Genèse de la V^e République. Paris: Presses Universtaires de France.Google Scholar

De Vylder, Stefan. 1974. Allende’s Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Larry, Diamond. 2002. “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 21–35.Google Scholar

Dimsdale, Nicholas, Horsewood, Nicholas, and Van Riel, Allard. 2004. “Unemployment and Real Wages in Weimar Germany.” University of Oxford Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History, Number 56.Google Scholar

Dixit, Avinash, Grossman, Gene M., and Gul, Faruk. 2000. “The Dynamics of Political Compromise.” Journal of Political Economy 108: 531–68.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Droz, Bernard, and Lever, Evelyne. 1991. Histoire de la Guerre d’Algérie. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.Google Scholar

Dunn, John. 2000. The Cunning of Unreason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dunn, Susan. 2004. Jefferson’s Second Revolution: the Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Elias, Anwen, Szocsik, Edina, and Zuber, Christina Isabel. 2015. “Position, Selective Emphasis and Framing: How Parties Deal with a Second Dimension in Competition.” Party Politics 21: 839–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elster, Jon. 1998. “Deliberation and Constitution Making.” In Elster, Jon (ed.), Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pages 97–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ermakoff, Ivan. 2008. Ruling Onself Out: A Theory of Collective Abdications. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Esteban, Joan-Maria, and Ray, Debraj. 1994. “On the Measurement of Polarization.” Econometrica 62: 819–51.Google Scholar

Evans, Richard J. 2003. The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.Google Scholar

Fearon, James. 2011. “Self-enforcing Democracy.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126: 1661–708.Google Scholar

Ferejohn, John, and Pasquino, Pasquale. 2003. “Rule of Democracy and Rule of Law.” In Maravall, Jose Maria and Przeworski, Adam (eds.), Democracy and the Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pages 242–60.Google Scholar

Flechtheim, Ossip K. 1966. “The Role of the Communist Party.” In Stern, Fritz (ed.), The Path to Dictatorship 1918–1933: Ten Essays by German Scholars. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books. Pages 89–112.Google Scholar

Foa, Roberto Stefan, and Mounk, Yascha. 2016. “The Democratic Disconnect.” Journal of Democracy 27(6): 5–17.Google Scholar

Fossati, Diego. 2014. “Economic Vulnerability and Economic Voting in 14 OECD Countries.” European Journal of Political Research 53: 116–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foucault, Martial. 2018. “Les transformations de la sociologie du vote.” Cahiers français 404 (May–June): 42–51.Google Scholar

Franceinfo. 2017. “En 2016, les actes racistes, antisémites et antimusulmans ont baissé en France, mais pas les actes antichrétiens.” February 2. www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/religion/en-2016-les-actes-racistes-antisemites-et-antimusulmans-ont-baisse-en-france-mais-pas-les-actes-antichretiens_2044983.html.Google Scholar

Friedmann, T. 2001. The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Gargarella, Roberto. 2003. “The Majoritarian Reading of the Rule of Law.” In Maravall, Jose Maria and Przeworski, Adam (eds.), Democracy and the Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pages 147–67.Google Scholar

Ginsburg, Tom, and Versteeg, Mila. 2012. “The Global Spread of Constitutional Review: An Empirical Analysis.” Working paper, University of Chicago Law School.Google Scholar

Ginsburg, Tom, and Huq, Aziz Z.. 2018a. “How to Lose a Constitutional Democracy.”UCLA Law Review 65(1): 78–169.Google Scholar

Ginsburg, Tom and Huq, Aziz Z.. 2018b. How to Save a Constitutional Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Golder, Matt. 2016. “Far Right Parties in Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science 19: 477–97.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, Jack. 2018. “Paradoxes of the Deep State.” In Sunstein, Cass R. (ed.), Can It Happen Here? New York: HarperCollins. Pages 105–34.Google Scholar

Graham, Benjamin A.T., Miller, Michael K., and Kaare Strøm. 2017. “Safeguarding Democracy: Powersharing and Democratic Survival.” American Political Science Review 111: 686–704.Google Scholar

Graf, Rudiger, and Jarausch, Konrad H.. 2017. “‘Crisis’ in Contemporary History and Historiography.” www.docupedia.de/zg/Graf_jarausch_crisis_en_2017.Google Scholar

Graham, Matthew, and Svolik, Milan W.. 2018. “Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States.” Unpublished manuscript, Yale University.Google Scholar

Gramsci, Antonio. 1971 (c.1930). Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar

Guiso, Luigi, Herrera, Helios, Morelli, Massimo, and Sonno, Tommaso. 2017. “Demand and Supply of Populism.” Discussion Paper 11871. Center for Economic Policy Research, London.Google Scholar

Habermas, Jurgen. 1973. Legitimation Crisis. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Haffner, Sebastian. 2002. Histoire d’un Allemand. Paris: Babel.Google Scholar

Hainmueller, Jens, and Hopkins, Daniel J.. 2014. “Public Attitudes Toward Immigration.” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 225–49.Google Scholar

Harms, Philipp, and Zink, Stefan. 2003. “Limits to Redistribution in a Democracy: A Survey.” European Journal of Political Economy 19: 651–68.Google Scholar

Hastings, Michel. 2018. “Le clivage gauche-droite: disparition ou renouvellement?” Cahiers français 404 (May–June): 34–41.Google Scholar

Helpman, Elhanan. 2016. “Globalization and Wage Inequality.” Working paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Hofstadter, Richard. 1969. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Huber, John, and Inglehart, Ronald. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1: 73–111.Google Scholar

Human Rights Brief. 2017. “Xenophobic and Racist Hate Crimes Surge in the European Union.” February 28. http://hrbrief.org/2017/02/xenophobic-racist-hate-crimes-surge-european-union/.Google Scholar

Hutchison, Elizabeth Quay, Klubock, Thomas Miller, and Milanich, Nara B. (eds.). 2013. “The Chilean Road to Socialism: Reform and Revolution.” Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Pages 343–428.Google Scholar

Ignazi, Piero. 1992. “The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 22: 3–34.Google Scholar

Ignazi, Piero. 2003. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ronald F., Inglehart, and Flanagan, S.C. 1987. “Value Change in Industrial Societies.” American Political Science Review 81: 1289–319.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald F., and Norris, Pippa. 2016. “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash.” Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Harvard Kennedy School.Google Scholar

Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2008. “What Unites Right-Wing Populists in Western Europe? Re-examining Grievance Mobilization Models in Seven Successful Cases.” Comparative Political Studies 41: 3–23.Google Scholar

Jung, Florian. 2011. “Income Inequality, Economic Development, and Political Institutions.” Doctoral dissertation no. 3196 presented at the University of St. Gallen.Google Scholar

Kalecki, Michal. 1972 [1932]. “Czy mozliwe jest ‘kapitalistyczne’ wyjście z kryzysu?” In Kapitalizm, koniunktura i zatrudnienie. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne. Pages 75–81.Google Scholar

Public, Kantar. 2018. “Ocena dzialalnosci rzadu, premiera i prezydenta.” Online K002/18, January.Google Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn. 1995. “The Hybrid Regimes of Central America.”Journal of Democracy 6(3): 72–87.Google Scholar

Kates, Sean, and Tucker, Joshua. 2017. “We Never Change, Do We? Economic Anxiety and the Far Right in a Post Crisis Europe.” Working paper, Department of Politics, New York University.Google Scholar

Ketcham, Ralph (ed.). 1986. The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates. New York: Mentor Books.Google Scholar

King, Gary, and Zheng, Langche. 2007. “When Can History Be Our Guide? The Pitfalls of Counterfactual Inference.” International Studies Quarterly 51: 183–210.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Rosen, Ori, Tanner, Martin, and Wagner, Alexander F.. 2008. “Ordinary Economic Voting Behavior in the Extraordinary Election of Adolf Hitler.” Journal of Economic History 68: 951–96.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Dolezal, Martin, Bornschier, Simon, and Frey, Timotheos. 2006. “Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared.” European Journal of Political Research 45: 921–56.Google Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter et al. 2012. Political Conflict in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lambrecht Plaza, Karen. 2011. “La Distribución del Ingreso en Chile: 1960–2000.” Facultad de Economia y Negocios, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar

Landau, David. 2013. “Abusive Constitutionalism.” University of California at Davis Law Review 47: 189–260.Google Scholar

Landsberger, Henry A., and Tim, McDaniel. 1976. “Hypermobilization in Chile, 1970–1973.” World Politics 28: 502–41.Google Scholar

Lee, Woojin, and Roemer, John E.. 2006. “Race and Redistribution in the United States: A Solution to the Problem of American Exceptionalism.” Journal of Public Economics 90: 1027–52.Google Scholar

Julie, Le Gac, Olivier, Anne-Laure, and Spina, Raphael. 2015. La France en chiffres, de 1870 à nos jours: Sous la direction d'Olivier Wieviorka. Paris: Perrin.Google Scholar

Lenin, Vladimir I. 1959 [1919]. “Letter to the Workers of Europe and America.” In Against Revisionism. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. Pages 479–86.Google Scholar

Lepsius, Rainer M. 1978. “From Fragmented Party Democracy to Government by Emergency Decree and Nationalist Socialist Takeover: Germany.” In Linz, Juan J. and Stepan, Alfred (eds.), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pages 34–79.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steve, and Way, Lucan A.. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ecker, Ullrich K.H., and John, Cook. 2017. “Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the ‘Post-Truth’ Era.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6: 353–69.Google Scholar

Lind, Jo T. 2005. “Why Is there So Little Redistribution?” Nordic Journal of Political Economy 31: 111–25.Google Scholar

Lindvall, Johannes. 2014. “The Electoral Consequences of Two Great Crises.” European Journal of Political Research 53: 747–65.Google Scholar

Linz, Juan J. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Lippmann, Walter. 1956. The Public Philosophy. New York: Mentor Books.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1960. Political Man. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Los mil dias de Allende. 1997. www.cepchile.cl.Google Scholar

Luo, Zhaotian, and Przeworski, Adam. 2018. “Subversion by Stealth: Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding.” Working paper, Department of Politics, New York University.Google Scholar

Lust, Ellen, and Waldner, David. 2015. “Unwelcome Change: Understanding, Evaluating and Extending Theories of Democratic Backsliding.” USAID. pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAD635.pdf.Google Scholar

McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith, and Rosenthal, Howard. 2016. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

McGann, Anthony. 2006. The Logic of Democracy: Reconciling Equality, Deliberation, and Minority Protection. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

McKinsey Global Institute. 2017. “A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity.”Google Scholar

Macaulay, Thomas B. 1900. Complete Writings, Vol. 17. Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar

Maddison, Agnus. 2011. Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1–2008 AD. www.ggdc.net/maddison/oriindex.htm.Google Scholar

Maeda, Ko. 2010. “Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability.”Journal of Politics 72(4): 1129–43.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2017. “Thought Piece on How Democracies Fail.” Paper presented at the How Do Democracies Fall Apart (And Could it Happen Here)? conference, Yale University, October 6.Google Scholar

Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Manin, Bernard. 2017. “Les habits neufs de la représentation.” Esprit 437: 71–85.Google Scholar

Maravall, Jose Maria. 2016. Demands on Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Maravall, Jose Maria, and Przeworski, Adam. 2001. “Political Reactions to the Economy: The Spanish Experience.” In Stokes, Susan C. (ed.), Public Support for Economic Reforms in New Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Margalit, Yotam M. 2013. “Explaining Social Policy Preferences: Evidence from the Great Recession.” The American Political Science Review 107: 80–103.Google Scholar

Marks, G, Hooghe, L., M. Nelson, et al. 2006. “Party Competition and European Integration in the East and West: Different Structure, Same Causality.” Comparative Political Studies 39: 158–9.Google Scholar

Martner, Gonzalo. 1988. El gobierno del presidente Salvador Allende 1970–1973. Santiago: Editorial LAR.Google Scholar

Marx, Karl. 1934 [1852]. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar

Marx, Karl. 1952 [1851]. Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850. Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar

Marx, Karl. 1971. Writings on the Paris Commune. Edited by Draper, H.. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar

Marx, Karl. 1979 [1859]. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar

Medina, Lucia. 2015. “Partisan Supply and Voters’ Positioning on the Left–Right Scale in Europe.” Party Politics 21: 775–90.Google Scholar

Meeuwis, Maarten, Parker, Jonathan A., Schoar, Antoinette, and Simester, Duncan I.. 2018. “Belief Disagreement and Portfolio Choice.” NBER Working Paper 25108. www.nber.org/papers/w25108.Google Scholar

Miao, Ouyang. 2016. “The Pro-Competitive Effect of Chinese Imports: Amplification through the Input–Output Network.” Job Market Paper, Department of Economics, Brandeis University.Google Scholar

Michaels, Walter Benn. 2007. The Trouble with Diversity: How We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality. New York: Henry Holt and Co.Google Scholar

Miliband, Ralph. 1975. Parliamentary Socialism: A Study in the Politics of Labour. 2nd edn. London: Merlin Press.Google Scholar

John Stuart, Mill. 1977 [1859]. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVIII – Essays on Politics and Society Part I, edited by Robson, J.M.. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Mill, John Stuart. 1991 [1857]. Considerations on Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Minkenberg, Michael. 2000. “The Renewal of the Radical Right: Between Modernity and Anti-modernity.” Government and Opposition 35: 170–88.Google Scholar

Minow, Martha. 2018. “Could Mass Detentions Without Process Happen Here?” In Sunstein, Cass R. (ed.), Can It Happen Here? New York: HarperCollins. Pages 313–28.Google Scholar

Montesquieu, . 1995 [1748]. De l’esprit des lois. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar

Moral, Mert, and Best, Roben E.. 2018. “On the Reciprocal Relationship between Party Polarization and Citizen Polarization.” Paper presented at the 2018 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Mudde, Cas. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39: 541–63.Google Scholar

Navia, Patricio, and Osorio, Rodrigo. 2017. “‘Make the Economy Scream’? Economic, Ideological and Social Determinants of Support for Salvador Allende in Chile, 1970–3.” Journal of Latin American Studies 49: 771–97.Google Scholar

Navia, Patricio, and Osorio, Rodrigo. 2018. “Attitudes Toward Democracy and Authoritarianism Before, During and After Military Rule: The Case of Chile, 1972–2013.” Contemporary Politics: 1–23.Google Scholar

NBC. 2017. “U.S. Hate Crimes Up 20 Percent in 2016, Fueled by Election Campaign: Report.” March 14. www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-hate-crimes-20-percent-2016- fueled-election-campaign-n733306.Google Scholar

ODEPLAN. 1971. Plan de la Economia Nacional. Santiago: Oficina de Planificacion Nacional.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1994. “Delegative Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 5(1): 55–69.Google Scholar

Ostrogorskij, Michael. 1981 [1927]. Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Gianfranco, Pasquino. 2008. “Populism and Democracy.” In Albertazzi, Daniele M. and McDonnell, Duncan (eds.), Twenty-First Century Populism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Pages 15–29.Google Scholar

Pew Research Center. 2015. “More Mexicans Leaving Than Coming to the U.S.” November 19. www.pewhispanic.org/2015/11/19/more-mexicans-leaving-than-coming-to-the-u-s/.Google Scholar

Pew Research Center. 2018. “Public Opinion on Abortion.” October 15. www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/public-opinion-on-abortion/.Google Scholar

Piketty, Thomas. 2018. “Brahmin Left vs Merchant Right: Rising Inequality and the Changing Structure of Political Conflict (Evidence from France, Britain and the US, 1948–2017).” WID.World Working Paper Series No. 2018/7.Google Scholar

Pizzorno, Alessandro. 1964. “The Individualistic Mobilization of Europe.” Daedalus (December): 199–224.Google Scholar

Popper, Karl. 1962. The Open Society and Its Enemies. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Prothro, James W., and Chaparro, Patricio E.. 1976. “Public Opinion and the Movement of the Chilean Government to the Left, 1952–73.” In Valenzuela, Arturo and Valenzuela, J. Samuel (eds.), Chile: Politics and Society. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Pages 67–114.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 1986. Capitalism and Social Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 2010. Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 2015. “Acquiring the Habit of Changing Governments through Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 48: 1–29.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, and Limongi, Fernando. 1997. “Modernization: Theories and Facts.” World Politics 49: 155–83.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, Rivero, Gonzalo, and Tianyang, Xi. 2015. “Elections as a Method of Processing Conflicts.” European Journal of Political Economy 39: 235–48.Google Scholar

Putterman, Louis. 1996. “Why Have the Rabble not Redistributed the Wealth? On the Stability of Democracy and Unequal Wealth.” In Roemer, John E. (ed.), Property Relations, Incentives, and Welfare. London: McMillan. Pages 359–89.Google Scholar

Rodrik, Dani. 2017. “Populism and the Economics of Globalization.” Discussion Paper 12119, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.Google Scholar

Roemer, John E. 1998. “Why the Poor Do Not Expropriate the Rich: An Old Argument in New Garb.” Journal of Public Economics 70: 399–424.Google Scholar

Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Akkerman, Tjitske. 2017. “Flank Attacks: Populism and Left–Right Radicalism in Western Europe.” Party Politics 23: 193–204.Google Scholar

Rosanvallon, Pierre. 2004. Le Modèle Politique Français: La société civile contre le jacobinisme de 1789 à nos jours. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar

Rosanvallon, Pierre. 2009. “Réinventer la démocratie.” Le Monde, April 30.Google Scholar

Rothwell, Jonathan. 2017. “Cutting the Losses: Reassessing the Costs of Import Competition to Workers and Communities.” Working paper, Gallup, Inc.Google Scholar

Rothwell, Jonathan, and Pablo, Diego-Rosell. 2016. “Explaining Nationalist Political Views: The Case of Donald Trump.” Working paper, Gallup. Last revised November 2, 2016.Google Scholar

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1964 [1762]. Du contrat social. Edited by Robert Derathe. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar

Sadurski, Wojciech. 2018. “How Democracy Dies (in Poland): A Case Study of Anti-Constitutional Populist Backsliding.” Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18/01, Sydney Law School.Google Scholar

Saiegh, Sebastian. 2009. “Political Prowess or Lady Luck? Evaluating Chief Executives’ Legislative Success Rates.” Journal of Politics 71: 1342–56.Google Scholar

Sanchez-Cuenca, Ignacio. 2003. “Power, Rules, and Compliance.” In Maravall, Jose Maria and Przeworski, Adam (eds.), Democracy and the Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pages 62–93.Google Scholar

Schedler, Andreas. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynn Rienner.Google Scholar

Schorske, Carl E. 1955. German Social Democracy 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Schumann, Dirk. 2009. Political Violence in the Weimar Republic, 1918–1933: Fight for the Streets and the Fear of Civil War. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

Shadmehr, Mehdi, and Berhardt, Dan. 2011. “Collective Action with Uncertain Payoffs: Coordination, Public Signals and Punishment Dilemmas.” American Political Science Review 105: 829–51.Google Scholar

Sheppele, Kim Lane. 2013. “The Rule of Law and the Frankenstate: Why Governance Checklists Do Not Work.” Governance 26: 559–62.Google Scholar

Skinner, Quentin. 1973. “The Empirical Theorists of Democracy and Their Critics: A Plague on Both Houses.” Political Theory 1: 287–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smulovitz, Catalina. 2003. “How Can the Rule of Law Rule? Cost Imposition through Decentralized Mechanisms.” In Maravall, Jose Maria and Przeworski, Adam (eds.), Democracy and the Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pages 168–87.Google Scholar

Sontheimer, Kurt. 1966. “Anti-Democratic Thought in the Weimar Republic.” In Stern, Fritz (ed.), The Path to Dictatorship 1918–1933: Ten Essays by German Scholars. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books. Pages 32–49.Google Scholar

SPLC. 2016. “Update: 1,094 Bias-Related Incidents in the Month Following the Election.” December 16. www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/12/16/update-1094-bias-related-incidents-month-following-election.Google Scholar

Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Kluwer, Heike. 2015. “Voter Polarisation and Party Responsiveness: Why Parties Emphasise Divided Issues, But Remain Silent on Unified Issues.” European Journal of Political Research 54: 343–62.Google Scholar

Stern, Fritz. 1966. “Introduction,” In The Path to Dictatorship 1918–1933: Ten Essays by German Scholars. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan C. (ed.). 2001. Public Support for Economic Reforms in New Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stone, Geoffrey R. 2018. Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime, from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Strauss, David A. 2018. “Law and the Slow-Motion Emergency.” In Sunstein, Cass R. (ed.), Can It Happen Here? New York: HarperCollins. Pages 365–86.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2015. “Which Democracies Will Last? Coups, Incumbent Takeovers, and the Dynamic of Democratic Consolidation.” British Journal of Political Science 45(4): 715–38.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2017. “When Polarization Trumps Civic Virtue: Partisan Conflict and the Subversion of Democracy by Incumbents.” Unpublished manuscript, Yale University.Google Scholar

SWIID. 2014. “The Standardized World Income Inequality Data Base.” Version 4.0. https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:1902.1/11992.Google Scholar

Teinturier, Brice. 2018. “Perceptions de la politique et vote: ce qui a changé.” Cahiers français 404 (May–June): 62–71.Google Scholar

Tingsten, Herbert. 1973. The Swedish Social Democrats. Totowa: Bedminster Press.Google Scholar

Turner, Henry Ashby, Jr. 1985. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

UNU-WIDER. 2014. “World Income Inequality Database (WIID3.0A).” June. www.wider.unu.edu/research/WIID-3a/en_GB/database/Google Scholar

Varol, Ozan O. 2015. “Stealth Authoritarianism.” Iowa Law Review 100: 1673–742.Google Scholar

Wagner, M. 2012. “Defining and Measuring Niche Parties.” Party Politics 18: 854–64.Google Scholar

Weakliem, David. 2016a. “Declining Support for Democracy?” December 7. https://justthesocialfacts.blogspot.com/2016/12/declining-support-for-democracy.html?m=0.Google Scholar

Weakliem, David. 2016b. “Going Downhill.” December 2. https://justthesocialfacts.blogspot.com/2016/12/going-downhill.html?m=0.Google Scholar

Weingast, Barry R. 1997. “Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law.” American Political Science Review 91: 245–63.Google Scholar

Weingast, Barry R. 2015. “Capitalism, Democracy, and Countermajoritarian Institutions.” Supreme Court Economic Review 23: 255–77.Google Scholar

Wilson, Kenneth A. 2017. Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive.Google Scholar

Yocelevzky, Ricardo A. 2002. Chile: partidos politicos, democracia y dictadura, 1970–1990. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.Google Scholar

Zakaria, Fareed. 1997. “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy.” Foreign Affairs 76(6): 22–43.Google Scholar