Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar

Aziz, Sadaf. Forthcoming. “Liberal Protagonists? The Lawyers’ Movement in Pakistan.” In Fortunes and Misfortunes of Political Liberalism: The Legal Complex in the Post-Colony, edited by Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bakken, Børge (ed.). 2005. Crime, Punishment, and Policing in China. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar

Belkin, Ira. 2011. “China’s Tortuous Path towards Ending Torture in Criminal Investigations.” Columbia Journal of Asian Law 24:273–301.Google Scholar

Bell, David A. 1994. Lawyers and Citizens: The Making of a Political Elite in Old Regime France. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987. “The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field.” The Hastings Law Journal 38:805–853.Google Scholar

Braithwaite, John, and Drahos, Peter. 2000. Global Business Regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cai, Dingjian. 1999. “Development of the Chinese Legal System since 1979 and Its Current Crisis and Transformation.” Cultural Dynamics 11:135–166.Google Scholar

Canovan, Margaret. 1981. Populism. London: Junction Books.Google Scholar

Chen, Guangcheng 陈光中. 1996. “刑事诉讼法修改的过程与主要内容 [An Overview of the Process and Content of the Revision of the Criminal Procedure Law].” Introduction to 中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法释义与应用 [The Interpretation and Application of the PRC Criminal Procedure Law]. Jilin: Jilin People’s Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Guangcheng. 2015. The Barefoot Lawyer: A Blind Man’s Fight for Justice and Freedom in China. New York: Henry Holt and Co.Google Scholar

Chen, Guangzhong 陈光中. 1995. “论刑事诉讼法修改的指导思想 [“On the Theory of the Criminal Procedure Law Revision.”].” 法制与社会发展 [Law and Social Development] 1995(4):43–49.Google Scholar

Chen, Guangzhong, and Duan, Yan 陈光中、严端 (eds.). 1995. “中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修改建议稿与论证 [The Suggested Draft of the PRC Criminal Procedure Law and Its Reasoning]. Beijing: China Fang Zheng Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Jianfu. 2002. “A Criminal Justice System for a New Millennium?” In China’s Legal Reforms and Their Political Limits, edited by Vermeer, E. B. and d’Hooghe, I., 77–122. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Clark, Donald C., and Feinerman, James V.. 1995. “Antagonistic Contradictions: Criminal Law and Human Rights in China.” The China Quarterly 141:135–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, Jerome A. 1968. The Criminal Process in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1963. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, Jerome A. 2009. “The Struggle for Autonomy of Beijing’s Public Interest Lawyers.” Human Rights in China (April 1, 2009), URL: www.hrichina.org/en/content/3692 (last date of access: February 3, 2016).Google Scholar

Cui, Min 崔敏. 1995. “刑事诉讼法修改研讨中的若干争议问题 [Several Debated Issues during the Discussions on the Revision of the Criminal Procedure Law].” 公安大学学报 [Police University Academic Journal] 1995(3):64–69.Google Scholar

Cui, Min 崔敏. 1996. 中国刑事诉讼法的新发展 – 刑事诉讼法修改研讨的全面回顾 [The New Development of China’s Criminal Procedure Law – A Comprehensive Review of the Discussions on the Revision of the Criminal Procedure Law]. Beijing: People’s Police University of China Press.Google Scholar

Dang, Jiangzhou 党江舟. 2005. 中国讼师文化：古代律师现象解读 [The Culture of Litigation Masters in China: Interpretations on the Phenomenon of Ancient Lawyers]. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google ScholarPubMed

Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G.. 2002. The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dutton, Michael. 1992. Policing and Punishment in China: From Patriarchy to “The People.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Falcao, Joaquim. 1988. “Lawyers in Brazil.” In Lawyers in Society: Civil Law Countries, edited by Abel, R. L. and Lewis, P. S. C., 400–442. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Fang, Peng 方鹏. 2005. “从律师维权案论刑事律师办案风险的避免 [An Essay on the Avoidance of Criminal Defense Lawyers’ Professional Risks from Lawyers’ Right Protection Cases].” Peking University Law School, unpublished manuscript (on file with the authors).Google Scholar

Feeley, Malcolm M. 1979. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Feeley, Malcolm M., and Miyazawa, Setsuo. 2007. “The State, Civil Society, and the Legal Complex in Modern Japan: Continuity and Change.” In The Legal Complex and Struggles for Political Liberalism, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 151–192. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

Felstiner, William L.F., Abel, Richard L., and Sarat, Austin. 1980. “The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming …” Law and Society Review 15:631–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Folsom, Ralph H., Minan, John H., and Otto, Lee Ann. 1992. Law and Politics in the People’s Republic of China. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Freidson, Eliot. 2001. Professionalism: The Third Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Fu, Hualing. 1998. “Criminal Defence in China: The Possible Impact of the 1996 Criminal Procedure Law Reform.” The China Quarterly 153:31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fu, Hualing. 2005. “Re-education through Labour in Historical Perspective.” The China Quarterly 184:811–830.Google Scholar

Fu, Hualing, and Cullen, Richard. 2008. “Weiquan (Rights Protection) Lawyering in an Authoritarian State: Building a Culture of Public-Interest Lawyering.” The China Journal 59:111–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fu, Hualing, and Cullen, Richard. 2011. “Climbing the Weiquan Ladder: A Radicalizing Process for Rights-Protection Lawyers.” The China Quarterly 205:40–59.Google Scholar

Galanter, Marc. 1974. “Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change.” Law & Society Review 9:95–160.Google Scholar

Galanter, Marc. 2006. Lowering the Bar: Lawyer Jokes and Legal Culture. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Gallagher, Mary E. 2006. “Mobilizing the Law in China: ‘Informed Disenchantment’ and the Development of Legal Consciousness.” Law & Society Review 40:783–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garland, David. 1990. Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghias, Shoaib A. 2012. “Miscarriage of Chief Justice: Lawyers, Media, and the Struggle for Judicial Independence in Pakistan.” In Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 340–377. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ginsburg, Tom. 2007. “Law and the Liberal Transformation of the Northeast Asian Legal Complex in Korea and Taiwan.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 43–64. Oxford: Hart Publishing Inc.Google Scholar

Ginsburg, Tom, and Moustafa, Tamir (eds.). 2008. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, Jeremy. 2006. “Strong Bar, Weak State? Lawyers, Liberalism and State Formation in Zambia.” Development and Change 37(4):921–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Habermas, Jürgen. [1962] 1989. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, translated by Burger, T.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C. 1985. “Knowledge Mandates: Collective Influence by Scientific, Normative and Syncretic Professions.” British Journal of Sociology 36:421–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halliday, Terence C. 1987. Beyond Monopoly: Lawyers, State Crises, and Professional Empowerment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C. 2009. “Recursivity of Global Normmaking: A Sociolegal Agenda.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5:263–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., and Carruthers, Bruce G.. 2007. “The Recursivity of Law: Global Norm Making and National Lawmaking in the Globalization of Corporate Insolvency Regimes.” American Journal of Sociology 112:1135–1202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien (eds.). 1997. Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North American from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien. 1997. “Politics Matter: A Comparative Theory of Lawyers in the Making of Political Liberalism.” In Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North American from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries, edited by Halliday, T. C. and Karpik, L., 15–64. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien. 2012. “Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: A Theme with Three Variations.” In Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M.. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., and Osinsky, Pavel. 2006. “Globalization of Law.” Annual Review of Sociology 32:447–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., and Liu, Sida. 2007. “Birth of a Liberal Moment? Looking through a One-Way Mirror at Lawyers’ Defense of Criminal Defendants in China.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 65–108. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M. (eds.). 2007. Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M. (eds.). 2012. Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hand, Keith J. 2006. “Using Law for a Righteous Purpose: The Sun Zhigang Incident and Evolving Forms of Citizen Action in the People’s Republic of China.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 45:114–195.Google Scholar

Harding, Andrew, and Whiting, Amanda. 2012. “‘Custodian of Civil Liberties and Justice in Malaysia’: The Malaysian Bar and the Moderate State.” In Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 247–304. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Head, John Warren, and Wang, Yanping. 2005. Law Codes in Dynastic China: A Synopsis of Chinese Legal History in the Thirty Centuries from Zhou to Qing. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar

Hodgson, Jacqueline. 2005. French Criminal Justice: A Comparative Account of the Investigation and Prosecution of Crime in France. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

HRIC, Human Rights in China. 2007. State Secrets: China’s Legal Labyrinth. New York: Human Rights in China.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2008. Walking on Thin Ice: Control, Intimidation, and Harassment of Lawyers in China. Human Rights Watch, April 2008. URL: www.hrw.org/reports/2008/china0408/china0408web.pdf (last date of access: February 4, 2016).Google Scholar

Hurst, William. 2015. “Reconsidering Grassroots Criminal Law and Justice in Maoist China.” Paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting, March 2015, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar

Jiang, Ping 江平. 2010. “中国法治处在一个大倒退的时期 [China’s Rule of Law Is in a Period of Backward Movement.]” URL: http://news.mylegist.com/1604/2010–02-21/21028.html (last date of access: January 2, 2012).Google Scholar

Jiang, Zhan. 2011. “Environmental Journalism in China.” In Changing Media, Changing China, edited by Shirk, S. L., 115–1278. New York: Oxford University Press.Google ScholarPubMed

Jones, Carol. 2007. “‘Dissolving the People’: Capitalism, Law and Democracy in Hong Kong.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 109–150. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

Karpik, Lucien. 1988. “Lawyers and Politics in France, 1814–1950: The State, the Market, and the Public.” Law and Social Inquiry 13:707–736.Google Scholar

Karpik, Lucien. 1995. Les avocats entre l’Etat, le public et le marche: XIIIe–XXe siecle. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar

Karpik, Lucien. 1998. French Lawyers: A Study in Collective Action, 1274–1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Karpik, Lucien. 2007. “Postscript: Political Lawyering.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 463–494. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

Karpik, Lucien, and Halliday, Terence C.. 2011. “The Legal Complex.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 7:217–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LCHR, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. 1993. Criminal Justice with Chinese Characteristics: China’s Criminal Process and Violations of Human Rights. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights.Google Scholar

LCHR, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. 1998. Wrongs and Rights: A Human Rights Analysis of China’s Revised Criminal Law. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights.Google Scholar

Lei, Ya-Wen. 2011. “The Political Consequences of the Rise of the Internet: Political Beliefs and Practices of Chinese Netizens.” Political Communication 28:291–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lei, Ya‐Wen, and Zhou, Daniel Xiaodan. 2015. “Contesting Legality in Authoritarian Contexts: Food Safety, Rule of Law and China’s Networked Public Sphere.” Law & Society Review 49:557–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leng, Shao-chuan. 1985. Criminal Justice in Post-Mao China: Analysis and Documents. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Lewis, Margaret K. 2011. “Controlling Abuse to Maintain Control: The Exclusionary Rule in China.” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 43:629–697.Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2012. “The ‘Production’ of Corruption in China’s Courts: Judicial Politics and Decision Making in a One‐Party State.” Law & Social Inquiry 37:848–877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, Victor H. 1977. Law without Lawyers: A Comparative View of Law in China and the United States. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Liang, Bin, He, Ni Phil, and Lu, Hong. 2014. “The Deep Divide in China’s Criminal Justice System: Contrasting Perceptions of Lawyers and the Iron Triangle.” Crime, Law and Social Change 62:585–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liebman, Benjamin L. 2007. “China’s Courts: Restricted Reform.” The China Quarterly 191:620–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lin, Fen. 2012. “Information Differentiation, Commercialization and Legal Reform: The Rise of a Three-Dimensional State-Media Regime in China.” Journalism Studies 13:418–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Sida. 2006. “Beyond Global Convergence: Conflicts of Legitimacy in a Chinese Lower Court.” Law & Social Inquiry 31:75–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Sida. 2008. “Globalization as Boundary-Blurring: International and Local Law Firms in China’s Corporate Law Market.” Law & Society Review 42:771–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Sida. 2011. “Lawyers, State Officials, and Significant Others: Symbiotic Exchange in the Chinese Legal Services Market.” The China Quarterly 206:276–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Sida 刘思达. 2013. “法律职业的政治命运 [“The Political Fate of the Legal Profession”].” 交大法学 [SJTU Law Review] 2013(1):93–100.Google Scholar

Liu, Sida, and Wu, Hongqi. 2016. “The Ecology of Organizational Growth: Chinese Law Firms in the Age of Globalization.” American Journal of Sociology 122: forthcoming in November 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Sida, and Halliday, Terence C.. 2009. “Recursivity in Legal Change: Lawyers and Reforms of China’s Criminal Procedure Law.” Law and Social Inquiry 34:911–950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Sida, and Halliday, Terence C.. 2011. “Political Liberalism and Political Embeddedness: Understanding Politics in the Work of Chinese Criminal Defense Lawyers.” Law and Society Review 45:831–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Sida, Liang, Lily, and Michelson, Ethan. 2014. “Migration and Social Structure: The Spatial Mobility of Chinese Lawyers.” Law & Policy 36:165–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lu, Hong, and Miethe, Terence D.. 2002. “Legal Representation and Criminal Processing in China.” British Journal of Criminology 42:267–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lubman, Stanley. 1999. Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after Mao. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Luo, Wei. 2000. The Amended Criminal Procedure Law and the Criminal Court Rules of the People’s Republic of China. Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein & Co., Inc.Google Scholar

Ma, Kechang 马克昌. 2007. 特别辩护：为林彪、江青反革命集团案主犯辩护纪实 [Special Defense: Notes on the Defense for the Counter-Revolutionary Groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing]. Beijing: Chang’an Press.Google ScholarPubMed

Macauley, Melissa. 1998. Social Power and Legal Culture: Litigation Masters in Late Imperial China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, Anna-Maria, and Hale, Daniel Crocker. 2014. “Cause Lawyering.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 10:301–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marwell, Gerald, and Oliver, Pamela. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney, and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McConville, Mike (ed.). 2011. Criminal Justice in China: An Empirical Inquiry. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michelson, Ethan. 2003. “Unhooking from the State: Chinese Lawyers in Transition.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Michelson, Ethan. 2006. “The Practice of Law as an Obstacle to Justice: Lawyers at Work.” Law and Society Review 40:1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michelson, Ethan. 2007. “Lawyers, Political Embeddedness, and Institutional Continuity in China’s Transition from Socialism.” American Journal of Sociology 113:352–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michelson, Ethan, and Liu, Sida. 2010. “What Do Chinese Lawyers Want? Political Values and Legal Practice.” In China’s Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation, edited by Li, C., 310–333. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Minzner, Carl F. 2011. “China’s Turn against Law.” American Journal of Comparative Law 59:935–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Minzner, Carl F. 2013. “The Rise and Fall of Chinese Legal Education.” Fordham International Law Journal 36:334–395.Google Scholar

Moustafa, Tamir. 2007. The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Munir, Daud. 2012. “From Judicial Autonomy to Regime Transformation: The Role of the Lawyers’ Movement in Pakistan.” In Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex, edited by Halliday, T. C., Karpik, L., and Feeley, M. M., 378–411. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ngok, King-Iun. 2002. “Law-Making and China’s Market Transition: Legislative Activism at the Eighth National People’s Congress.” Problems of Post-Communism 49:23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 1990. Reform without Liberalization: China’s National People’s Congress and the Politics of Institutional Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Li, Lianjiang. 2006. Rightful Resistance in Rural China. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paler, Laura. 2005. “China’s Legislation Law and the Making of a More Orderly and Representative Legislative System.” The China Quarterly 182:301–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peerenboom, Randall. 2002. China’s Long March toward Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pils, Eva. 2007. “Asking the Tiger for His Skin: Activism in China.” Fordham International Law Journal 30:1209–1287.Google Scholar

Pils, Eva. 2015. China’s Human Rights Lawyers: Advocacy and Resistance. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Potter, Pitman B. 2001. The Chinese Legal System: Globalization and Local Legal Culture. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Powell, Michael J. 1988. From Patrician to Professional Elite: The Transformation of the New York City Bar Association. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar

Qianfan, Zhang. 2003. “The People’s Court in Transition: The Prospects of the Chinese Judicial Reform.” Journal of Contemporary China 12:69–101.Google Scholar

Rajah, Jothie. 2012. Authoritarian Rule of Law: Legislation, Discourse and Legitimacy in Singapore. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenzweig, Joshua. 2013. “Residential Surveillance: Evolution of a Janus-Faced Measure.” International Workshop on Deprivation of Liberty in China, Australian Center for China in the World, Australian National University, November 14–15, 2013.Google Scholar

Sapio, Flora. 2008. “Shuanggui and Extralegal Detention in China.” China Information 22:7–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart (eds.). 1998. Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart (eds.). 2001. Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart. 2005. The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scheingold, Stuart. [1974] 2004. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy and Social Change. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sheng, Yi. 2003. “A Promise Unfulfilled: The Impact of China’s 1996 Criminal-Procedure Reform on China’s Criminal Defense Lawyers’ Role at the Pretrial Stage (Part 1).” Perspectives 4(4):1–18.Google Scholar

Sheng, Yi. 2004. “A Promise Unfulfilled: The Impact of China’s 1996 Criminal-Procedure Reform on China’s Criminal Defense Lawyers’ Role at the Pretrial Stage (Part 2).” Perspectives 5(1):1–27.Google Scholar

Solomon, Peter H. Jr 1995. “The Limits of Legal Order in Post-Soviet Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 11(2):89–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Southworth, Ann. 2008. Lawyers of the Right: Professionalizing the Conservative Coalition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stern, Rachel E. 2013. Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stern, Rachel E., and O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2012. “Politics at the Boundary Mixed Signals and the Chinese State.” Modern China 38:174–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tanner, Harold. 1999. Strike Hard! Anti-Crime Campaigns and Chinese Criminal Justice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Teng, Biao. 2009. “I Cannot Give Up: Record of a Kidnapping.” China Rights Forum 1:30–41.Google Scholar

Teng, Biao. 2012a. “The Political Meaning of the Crime of ‘Subverting State Power’.” In Liu Xiaobo, Charter 08 and the Challenges of Political Reform in China, edited by Béja, Jean-Philippe, Hualing, Fu, and Pils, Eva, 271–288. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Teng, Biao. 2012b. “Rights Defense (weiquan), Microblogs (weibo), and the Surrounding Gaze (weiguan).” China Perspectives 3:29–41.Google Scholar

Tocqueville, Alexis. 2000 [1835, 1840]. Democracy in America, Democracy in America, edited and translated by Mansfield, H. C. and Winthrop, D.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trevaskes, Susan. 2007. Courts and Criminal Justice in Contemporary China. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Trevaskes, Susan. 2010. Policing Serious Crime in China: From “Strike Hard” to “Kill Fewer.” London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Trubek, David M., and Galanter, Marc. 1974. “Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies in the United States.” Wisconsin Law Review 1974:1062–1105.Google Scholar

Wacquant, Loïc. 2009 [2004]. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Celai 王策来. 1993. 完善刑事诉讼立法研究 [Research on the Perfection of the Criminal Procedure Legislation]. Beijing: People’s Police University of China Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Cheng-Tong Lir, Liu, Sida, and Halliday, Terence C.. 2015. “Advocates, Experts, and Suspects: Three Images of Lawyers in Chinese Media Reports.” International Journal of the Legal Profession 21:195–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, Gong 王工. 2001. 中国律师涉案实录 [Records of Cases Involving Chinese Lawyers]. Beijing: Qunzhong Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua, and Minzner, Carl. 2015. “The Rise of the Chinese Security State.” The China Quarterly 222:339–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weber, Max. 1954. On Law in Economy and Society, translated by Shils, E. and Rheinstein, M., edited by Rheinstein, M.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Wielander, Geida. 2009. “Bridging the Gap? An Investigation of Beijing Intellectual House Church Activities and Their Implications for China’s Democratization.” Journal of Contemporary China 16:849–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Xu, Xiaoqun. 2000. Chinese Professionals and the Republican State: The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai, 1912–1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Xu, Xin 徐昕. 2010. “旁听李庄案二审” [“Observing the Second Trial of the Li Zhuang Case”]. The Law Blog, URL: http://justice.blog.fyfz.cn/art/579232.htm (last date of access: February 21, 2012).Google Scholar

Yang, Dali L. 2004. Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yang, Fenggang. 2012. Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Guobin. 2009. The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Yu, Ping. 2002. “Glittery Promise vs. Dismal Reality: The Role of a Criminal Lawyer in the People’s Republic of China after the 1996 Revision of the Criminal Procedure Law.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 35:827–865.Google Scholar

Zhu, Suli 朱苏力. 2010. “关于能动司法与大调解 [On Proactive Judiciary and Grand Mediation].” 中国法学 [China Legal Science] 1:5–16.Google Scholar