This chapter does not directly address the issue of the relations between biology and cosmology as such, although it refers in passing to Galen’s deployment of the microcosm/macroscosm model for the understanding of the nature of the human form and its relation to, indeed its mirroring of, the overall structure of the universe. But it does deal with how and why Galen thought that a proper understanding of the enormous complexity, goal-directedness, economy of animal and pre-eminently human structures demands explanation in terms of a providential, artistic and indeed aesthetically motived designer-god. That is, a proper understanding of the biosphere, and in particular of human physiology, demands a commitment to, and an understanding of, what Galen takes to be a fundamental cosmological fact, namely that the universe is indeed providentially ordered. The bulk of this chapter is devoted to teasing out in detail the nature and working-out of these fundamental commitments.