The organizational history of cooperative enterprises in the last half of the twentieth century is a rich and important history of divergence. This chapter investigates this issue through a study of the organizational development of consumer cooperative enterprises in Western Europe in the period from 1950 to the turn of the millennium. It discusses how and why the federal model favored by most national consumer cooperative organizations came under increasing pressure from the 1950s onward. The chapter analyzes how the common challenge represented by the advance of the multiple retailers was met with a variety of strategic responses by the consumer cooperatives. It identifies three overall strategies, leading to three distinct organizational models: a federal, a nonfederal, and a hybrid model. The chapter also discusses how these divergent organizational approaches may have affected the parallel, divergent economic development of different consumer cooperatives.