Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T12:07:25.417Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section B - Practicing Transgynecology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2022

Edited by
Mick van Trotsenburg ,
Rixt A. C. Luikenaar  and
Maria Cristina Meriggiola
Mick van Trotsenburg
Affiliation:
Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität, Wien
Rixt A. C. Luikenaar
Affiliation:
Rebirth Health Center, Utah
Maria Cristina Meriggiola
Affiliation:
Università di Bologna
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Context, Principles and Practice of TransGynecology
Managing Transgender Patients in ObGyn Practice
 , pp. 66 - 137
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Grant, JM, Mottet, LA, Tanis, J. Injustice at Every Turn. A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Washington, DC: 2011. Available from: https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/NTDS_Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Flütsch, N. Survey on the acceptance of terms related to the genital organs altered by testosterone, 2019–2021 (yet not published). Available from: www.FTM-Portal.netGoogle Scholar
Defreyne, J, Elaut, E, Den Heijer, M, et al. Sexual orientation in transgender individuals: results from the longitudinal ENIGI study. Int J Impot Res 2021 (online). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443–020-00402-7Google Scholar
Shaw, PA. The history of cervical screening part I. J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can 2000;22(2):110–114.Google Scholar
Schoell, WM, Janicek, MF, Mirhashemi, R. Epidemiology and biology of cervical cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;16(3):203–211.Google Scholar
Giuliano, AR, Anic, G, Nyitray, AG. Epidemiology and pathology of HPV disease in males. Gynecol Oncol 2010;117(2 Suppl):S15–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhiyue, L, Nyitray, AG, Hwang, LY, et al. Acquisition, persistence, and clearance of human papillomavirus infection among male virgins residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. J Inf Dis 2018;5:767–776.Google Scholar
Zhiyue, L, Rashid, T, Nyitray, AG. Penises not required: a systematic review of the potential for human papillomavirus horizontal transmission that is non-sexual or does not include penile penetration. Sex Health 2016;13(1):10–21.Google Scholar
Coleman, E., et al. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version VII. Int J Transgend 2012;13(4):165–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, M, Li, DH, Moskowitz, DA. Comparing the healthcare utilization and engagement in a sample of transgender and cisgender bisexual+ persons. Arch Sex Behav 2019;48(1):255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, LT, Kjær, SK, Munk, C, et al. Clinical performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing versus cytology for cervical cancer screening: results of a large Danish implementation study. Clin Epidemiol 2020;12:203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canfell, K, Caruana, M, Gebski, V, et al. Cervical screening with primary HPV testing or cytology in a population of women in which those aged 33 years or younger had previously been offered HPV vaccination: results of the Compass pilot randomised trial. PLOS ONE 2017;14(9):e1002388.Google ScholarPubMed
S3 guideline prevention of cervical carcinoma long version 1.1. March 2020. AWMF register number 015/027OL. Available from: www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/015-027OL.htmlGoogle Scholar
Stokes-Lampard, H, Wilson, S, Waddel, Cl, et al. Vaginal vault smears after hysterectomy for reasons other than malignancy: a systematic review of the literature. BJOG 2006;113(12):1354–1365.Google Scholar
Elaut, E, Weyers, S, Hoeboeke, P, Stockman, S, Monstrey, S. Sexuality and relationships of transgender people. In Bouman, WP and Arcelus, J, Eds. The Transgender Handbook. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2017, Chapter 10.Google Scholar
Buncamper, ME, Honselaar, JS, Bouman, MB, et al.. Aesthetic and functional outcomes of neovaginoplasty using penile skin in male-to-female transsexuals. J Sex Med 2015;12:1626–1634.Google Scholar
Opsomer, D, Gast, KM, Lisa Ramaut, L, et al. Creation of clitoral hood and labia minora in penile inversion vaginoplasty in circumcised and uncircumcised transwomen. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;142(5):729e–733e.Google Scholar
Van der Grift, T, Cohen-Kettenis, PT, Steensma, T, et al. Body satisfaction and physical appearance in gender dysphoria. Arch Sex Behav 2016;45:575–585.Google Scholar

References

Stowell, JT, Grimstad, FW, Kirkpatrick, DL, et al. Imaging findings in transgender patients after gender-affirming surgery. Radiographics 2019;39(5):1368–1392.Google Scholar
Stowell, JT, Garner, HW, Herrmann, S, Tilson, K, Stanborough, RO. Bone health of transgender adults: what the radiologist needs to know. Skeletal Radiol 2020;49(10):1525–1537.Google Scholar
Grimstad, FW, Stowell, JT, Gaddis, M. Survey of experiences of transgender and gender nonbinary patients during imaging encounters and opportunities for improvement. Am J Roentgenol 2020;215(5):1136–1142.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, DL, Stowell, J, Grimstad, F, et al. Creating a transgender-inclusive interventional radiology department. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019;30(6):928–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, JE, Moy, L, Rosenkrantz, AB. Assessing transgender patient care and gender inclusivity of breast imaging facilities across the United States. J Am Coll Radiol 2018;15(8):1164–1172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wierckx, K, Gooren, L, T’Sjoen, G. Clinical review: breast development in trans women receiving cross-sex hormones. J Sex Med 2014;11(5):1240–1247.Google Scholar
Maycock, LB, Kennedy, HP. Breast care in the transgender individual. J Midwifery Women’s Health 2014;59(1):74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maglione, KD, Margolies, L, Jaffer, S, et al. Breast cancer in male-to-female transsexuals: use of breast imaging for detection. Am J Roentgenol 2014;203(6):W735–W740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemmo, G, Garcea, N, Corsello, S, et al. Breast fibroadenoma in a male-to-female transsexual patient after hormonal treatment. Eur J Surg Suppl. 2003;(588):69–71.Google Scholar
Phillips, J, Fein-Zachary, VJ, Mehta, TS, et al. Breast imaging in the transgender patient. Am J Roentgenol 2014;202(5):1149–1156.Google Scholar
Reisman, T, Goldstein, Z. Case report: induced lactation in a transgender woman. Transgend Health 2018;3(1):24–26.Google Scholar
Weyers, S, Villeirs, G, Vanherreweghe, E, et al. Mammography and breast sonography in transsexual women. Eur J Radiol 2010;74(3):508–513.Google Scholar
Freer, PE. Mammographic breast density: impact on breast cancer risk and implications for screening. Radiographics 2015;35(2):302–315.Google Scholar
Brown, GR, Jones, KT. Incidence of breast cancer in a cohort of 5,135 transgender veterans. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;149(1):191–198.Google Scholar
de Blok, CJM, Wiepjes, CM, Nota, NM, et al. Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Br Med J 2019;365:1652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooren, L, Bowers, M, Lips, P, Konings, IR. Five new cases of breast cancer in transsexual persons. Andrologia 2015;47(10):1202–1205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartley, RL, Stone, JP, Temple-Oberle, C. Breast cancer in transgender patients: a systematic review. Part 1: male to female. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018;44(10):1455–1462.Google Scholar
Joint, R, Chen, ZE, Cameron, S. Breast and reproductive cancers in the transgender population: a systematic review. BJOG 2018;125(12):1505–1512.Google Scholar
McFarlane, T, Zajac, JD, Cheung, AS. Gender-affirming hormone therapy and the risk of sex hormone-dependent tumours in transgender individuals: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol 2018;89(6):700–711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corman, V, Potorac, I, Manto, F, et al. Breast cancer in a male-to-female transsexual patient with a BRCA2 mutation. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2016;23(5):391–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayan, A, Lebron-Zapata, L, Morris, E. Breast cancer screening in transgender patients: findings from the 2014 BRFSS survey. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017;166(3):875–879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bazzi, AR, Whorms, DS, King, DS, Potter, J. Adherence to mammography screening guidelines among transgender persons and sexual minority women. Am J Public Health 2015;105(11):2356–2358.Google Scholar
Huang, S-Y, Zhang, M, David, M. Radiology’s engagement with transgender breast imaging: review of radiology practice websites and publications. J Breast Imaging 2020;2(2):147–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainiero, MB, Moy, L, Baron, P, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® breast cancer screening. J Am Coll Radiol 2017;14(11s):S383–S390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, AT, Jankharia, BB. Imaging of common breast implants and implant-related complications: a pictorial essay. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2016;26(2):216–225.Google ScholarPubMed
Parikh, U, Mausner, E, Chhor, CM, et al. Breast imaging in transgender patients: what the radiologist should know. Radiographics 2020;40(1):13–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, JP, Hartley, RL, Temple-Oberle, C. Breast cancer in transgender patients: a systematic review. Part 2: female to male. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018;44(10):1463–1468.Google Scholar
Torous, VF, Schnitt, SJ. Histopathologic findings in breast surgical specimens from patients undergoing female-to-male gender reassignment surgery. Mod Pathol 2019;32(3):346–353.Google Scholar
East, EG, Gast, KM, Kuzon, WM Jr., et al. Clinicopathological findings in female-to-male gender-affirming breast surgery. Histopathology 2017;71(6):859–865.Google Scholar
Grynberg, M, Fanchin, R, Dubost, G, et al. Histology of genital tract and breast tissue after long-term testosterone administration in a female-to-male transsexual population. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2010;20(4):553–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentz, E-K, Pils, D, Bilban, M, et al. Gene expression signatures of breast tissue before and after cross-sex hormone therapy in female-to-male transsexuals. Fertil Steril 2010;94(7):2688–2696.Google Scholar
Salvi, S, Bonafè, M, Bravaccini, S. Androgen receptor in breast cancer: a wolf in sheep’s clothing? A lesson from prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020;60:132–137.Google Scholar
Wolter, A, Diedrichson, J, Scholz, T, Arens-Landwehr, A, Liebau, J. Sexual reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: an algorithm for subcutaneous mastectomy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015;68(2):184–191.Google Scholar
Center of Excellence for Transgender Health DoF, Community Medicine UoCSF. Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People; 2nd ed.Google Scholar
Woitek, R, Pfeiler, G, Farr, A, et al. MRI-based quantification of residual fibroglandular tissue of the breast after conservative mastectomies. Eur J Radiol 2018;104:1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrone, AM, Cerpolini, S, Maria Salfi, NC, et al. Effect of long-term testosterone administration on the endometrium of female‐to‐male (FtM) transsexuals. J Sex Med 2009;6(11):3193–3200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimstad, FW, Fowler, KG, New, EP, et al. Uterine pathology in transmasculine persons on testosterone: a retrospective multicenter case series. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019;220(3):257.e251–257.Google Scholar
Futterweit, W, Deligdisch, L. Histopathological effects of exogenously administered testosterone in 19 female to male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62(1):16–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimstad, FW, Boskey, E, Grey, M. New-onset abdominopelvic pain after initiation of testosterone therapy among trans-masculine persons: a community-based exploratory survey. LGBT Health 2020;7(5):248–253.Google Scholar
Chadha, S, Pache, TD, Huikeshoven, JM, Brinkmann, AO, van der Kwast, TH. Androgen receptor expression in human ovarian and uterine tissue of long-term androgen-treated transsexual women. Hum Pathol 1994;25(11):1198–1204.Google Scholar
Ikeda, K, Baba, T, Noguchi, H, et al. Excessive androgen exposure in female-to-male transsexual persons of reproductive age induces hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma but not polycystic ovary morphology. Hum Reprod 2013;28(2):453–461.Google Scholar
Caanen, MR, Schouten, NE, Kuijper, EAM, et al. Effects of long-term exogenous testosterone administration on ovarian morphology, determined by transvaginal (3D) ultrasound in female-to-male transsexuals. Hum Reprod 2017;32(7):1457–1464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimstad, FW, Fowler, KG, New, EP, et al. Ovarian histopathology in transmasculine persons on testosterone: a multicenter case series. J Sex Med 2020;17(9):1807–1818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, JB, Sadowski, EA, Maturen, KE, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® abnormal uterine bleeding. J Am Coll Radiol 2020;17(11s):S336–S345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhosale, PR, Javitt, MC, Atri, M, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® acute pelvic pain in the reproductive age group. Ultrasound Q 2016;32(2):108–115.Google Scholar
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Practice parameter for the performance of an ultrasound examination of the female pelvis. J Ultrasound Med 2020;39(5):E17–23.Google Scholar
Mueller, A, Kiesewetter, F, Binder, H, Beckmann, MW, Dittrich, R. Long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate every 3 months for testosterone supplementation in female-to-male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(9):3470–3475.Google Scholar
Mueller, A, Haeberle, L, Zollver, H, et al. Effects of intramuscular testosterone undecanoate on body composition and bone mineral density in female-to-male transsexuals. J Sex Med 2010;7(9):3190–3198.Google Scholar
den Heijer, M, Bakker, A, Gooren, L. Long-term hormonal treatment for transgender people. Br Med J 2017;359:j5027.Google Scholar
Braun, H, Nash, R, Tangpricha, V, et al. Cancer in transgender people: evidence and methodological considerations. Epidemiol Rev 2017;39(1):93–107.Google Scholar
Grimstad, FW, Fowler, KG, New, EP, et al. Ovarian histopathology in transmasculine persons on testosterone: a multicenter case series. J Sex Med 2020;17(9):1807–1818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urban, RR, Teng, NNH, Kapp, DS. Gynecologic malignancies in female-to-male transgender patients: the need of original gender surveillance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204(5):e9–e12.Google Scholar
Hage, JJ, Dekker, JJML, Karim, RB, Verheijen, RHM, Bloemena, E. Ovarian cancer in female-to-male transsexuals: report of two cases. Gynecol Oncol 2000;76(3):413–415.Google Scholar
Dizon, DS, Tejada-Berges, T, Koelliker, S, Steinhoff, M, Granai, CO. Ovarian cancer associated with testosterone supplementation in a female-to-male transsexual patient. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006;62(4):226–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trum, HW, Hoebeke, P, Gooren, LJ. Sex reassignment of transsexual people from a gynecologist’s and urologist’s perspective. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2015;94(6):563–567.Google Scholar
Weyers, S, Decaestecker, K, Verstraelen, H, et al. Clinical and transvaginal sonographic evaluation of the prostate in transsexual women. Urology 2009;74(1):191–196.Google Scholar
Gooren, L, Morgentaler, A. Prostate cancer incidence in orchidectomised male-to-female transsexual persons treated with oestrogens. Andrologia 2014;46(10):1156–1160.Google Scholar
Deebel, NA, Morin, JP, Autorino, R, et al. Prostate cancer in transgender women: incidence, etiopathogenesis, and management challenges. Urology 2017;110:166–171.Google Scholar
Jin, B, Turner, L, Walters, AW, Handelsman, DJ. Androgen or estrogen effects on human prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(12):4290–4295.Google Scholar
Zhang, SJ, Qian, HN, Zhao, Y, et al. Relationship between age and prostate size. Asian J Androl 2013;15(1):116–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Kesteren, P, Meinhardt, W, van der Valk, P, et al. Effects of estrogens only on the prostates of aging men. J Urol 1996;156(4):1349–1353.Google Scholar
Coakley, FV, Oto, A, Alexander, LF, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® prostate cancer: pre-treatment detection, surveillance, and staging. J Am Coll Radiol 2017;14(5s):S245–S257.Google Scholar
Gawlitza, J, Reiss-Zimmermann, M, Thörmer, G, et al. Impact of the use of an endorectal coil for 3 T prostate MRI on image quality and cancer detection rate. Scientific Rep 2017;7:40640.Google Scholar
Jindarak, S, Nilprapha, K, Atikankul, T, et al. Spermatogenesis abnormalities following hormonal therapy in transwomen. Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:7919481.Google Scholar
Kent, MA, Winoker, JS, Grotas, AB. Effects of feminizing hormones on sperm production and malignant changes: microscopic examination of post orchiectomy specimens in transwomen. Urology 2018;121:93–96.Google Scholar
Schneider, F, Neuhaus, N, Wistuba, J, et al. Testicular functions and clinical characterization of patients with gender dysphoria (GD) undergoing sex reassignment surgery (SRS). J Sex Med 2015;12(11):2190–2200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, DD, Swenson, E, Mason, M, et al. Effects of estrogen on spermatogenesis in transgender women. Urology 2019;132:117–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf-Gould, CS, Wolf-Gould, CH. A transgender woman with testicular cancer: a new twist on an old problem. LGBT Health 2016;3(1):90–95.Google Scholar
Chandhoke, G, Shayegan, B, Hotte, SJ. Exogenous estrogen therapy, testicular cancer, and the male to female transgender population: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018;12(1):373.Google Scholar
Kvach, EJ, Hyer, JS, Carey, JC, Bowers, M. Testicular seminoma in a transgender woman: a case report. LGBT Health 2019;6(1):40–42.Google Scholar
Fighera, TM, Ziegelmann, PK, Rasia da Silva, T, Spritzer, PM. Bone mass effects of cross-sex hormone therapy in transgender people: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocr Soc 2019;3(5):943–964.Google Scholar
Wiepjes, CM, de Jongh, RT, de Blok, CJ, et al. Bone safety during the first ten years of gender-affirming hormonal treatment in transwomen and transmen. J Bone Miner Res 2019;34(3):447–454.Google Scholar
Wiepjes, CM, de Blok, CJ, Staphorsius, AS, et al. Fracture risk in trans women and trans men using long-term gender-affirming hormonal treatment: a nationwide cohort study. J Bone Miner Res 2020;35(1):64–70.Google Scholar
Rosen, HN, Hamnvik, OR, Jaisamrarn, U, et al. Bone densitometry in transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals: 2019 ISCD official position. J Clin Densitom 2019;22(4):544–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fighera, TM, da Silva, ED, Borba, GDS, Spritzer, PM. Does (mis)use of industrial liquid silicone implants interfere with bone mineral density in transgender women? Arch Osteoporos 2020;15(1):149.Google Scholar
Coombes, GB, Reiser, J, Paradinas, FJ, Burn, I. An androgen-associated hepatic adenoma in a trans-sexual. Br J Surg 1978;65(12):869–870.Google Scholar
Bird, D, Vowles, K, Anthony, PP. Spontaneous rupture of a liver cell adenoma after long term methyltestosterone: report of a case successfully treated by emergency right hepatic lobectomy. Br J Surg 1979;66(3):212–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Zou, Y, Szczesniak, R, Teeters, A, Conard, LA, Grossoehme, D. Documenting an epidemic of suffering: low health-related quality of life among transgender youth. Qual Life Res 2018;27(8):2107–2115.Google Scholar
Mirabella, M, Giovanardi, G, Fortunato, A, et al. The body I live in. Perceptions and meanings of body dissatisfaction in young transgender adults: a qualitative study. J Clin Med 2020;9(11):3733.Google Scholar
Battegay, E, Bassetti, S. Dissimulation und Maskierung von Symptomen und Befunden. In Battegay, E, Ed. Differenzialdiagnose Innerer Krankheiten. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2017, p. 50.Google Scholar
Defreyne, J, Vanwonterghem, Y, Collet, S, et al. Vaginal bleeding and spotting in transgender men after initiation of testosterone therapy: a prospective cohort study (ENIGI). Int J Transgend Health 2020;21(2):163–175.Google Scholar
Sitruk Ware, R. Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas 2008;61(1–2):151–157.Google Scholar
Chu, MC, Zhang, X, Gentzschein, E, Stanczyk, KZ, Lobo, RA. Formation of ethinyl estradiol in women during treatment with norethindrone acetate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(6):2205–2207.Google Scholar
Hawkins, M, Deutsch, MB, Obedin-Maliver, J, et al. Endometrial findings among transgender and gender nonbinary people using testosterone at the time of gender-affirming hysterectomy. Fertil Steril 2021;115(5):1312–1317.Google Scholar
Ahrendt, HJ, Tylkoski, H, Rabe, T, et al. Prevalence of uterine myomas in women in Germany: data of an epidemiological study. Arch Gyn Obst 2016;293:1243–1253.Google Scholar
Stewart, EA, Cookson, CL, Gandolfo, RA, Schulze-Rath, R. Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: a systematic review. BJOG 2017;124(10):1501–1512.Google Scholar
Fasih, N, Shanbhogue, AKP, Macdonald, DB, et al. Leiomyomas beyond the uterus: unusual locations, rare manifestations. Radiographics 2008;28:1931–1948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pallavee, P, Seetesh, G, Samal, S, Begum, J, Zabeen, M. Fibroid after hysterectomy: a diagnostic dilemma. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8(7):OD01–OD02.Google Scholar
Donnez, J, Dolmans, MM. Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future. Hum Reprod Update 2016;22(6): 665–686.Google Scholar
Blake, RE. Leiomyomata uteri: hormonal and molecular determinants of growth. J Natl Med Assoc 2007;9(10):1170–1178.Google Scholar
Ke, LQ, Yang, K, Li, J, Li, CM. Danazol for uterine fibroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2009:CD007692.Google Scholar
Lan, M, Li, H, Bao, L, et al. In vivo evidence of the androgen receptor in association with myometrial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Reprod Sci 2016;23(2):264–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulun, SE, Imir, G, Utsunomiya, H, et al. Aromatase in endometriosis and uterine leiomyomata. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 2005;95:57–62.Google Scholar
Wong, JYY, Gold, EB, Johnson, WO, Lee, JS. Circulating sex hormones and risk of uterine fibroids: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101(1):123–130.Google Scholar
Sadowski, EA, Paroder, V, Patel-Lippmann, K, et al. Indeterminate adnexal cysts at US: prevalence and characteristics of ovarian cancer. Radiology 2018;287(3):1041–1049.Google Scholar
Timmerman, D, Valentin, L, Bourne, TH, et al. Terms, definitions and measurements to describe the sonographic features of adnexal tumors: a consensus opinion from the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Group. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16(5):500–505.Google Scholar
Van Trotsenburg, M. Necessity and validity of transabdominal ultrasound for FtMs. Presentation at the session on gynecology, WPATH biennial symposium, September 2011, Atlanta (not yet published).Google Scholar
Deswal, R, Narwal, V, Dang, A, Pundir, CS. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020;13(4):261–271.Google Scholar
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004;81(1):19–25.Google Scholar
Khorshidi, A, Azami, M, Tardeh, S, Tardeh, Z. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019;13(4):2747–2753.Google Scholar
Moghetti, F, Tosi, F. Insulin resistance and PCOS: chicken or egg? J Endocrinol Invest 2021;44(2):233–244.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Garrido, MA, Tena-Sempere, M. Metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: pathogenic role of androgen excess and potential therapeutic strategies. Mol Metab 2020;35:100937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E, Papalou, O, Kandaraki, EA. The role of androgen excess on insulin sensitivity in women. In Pasquali, R, Pignatelli, D, Eds. Hyperandrogenism in Women. Beyond Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Basel: Karger, 2019;53:50–64.Google Scholar
Caanen, MR, Schouten, NE, Kuijper, EM, et al. Effects of long-term exogenous testosterone administration on ovarian morphology, determined by transvaginal (3D) ultrasound in female-to-male transsexuals. Hum Reprod 2017;32(7):1457–1464.Google Scholar
Mück, AO, Seeger, H. Hormone therapy after endometrial cancer. Endocr Rel Cancer 2004;11(2):305–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillay, OC, Wong Te Fonf, LF, Crow, JC, et al. The association between polycystic ovaries and endometrial cancer. Hum Reprod 2006;21(4):924–929.Google Scholar
Skorska, MA, Bogaert, AF. Prenatal androgens in men’s sexual orientation: evidence for a more nuanced role. Arch Sex Behav 2017;46:1621–1624.Google Scholar
Dörner, G, Götz, F, Rohde, W, et al. Genetic and epigenetic effects on sexual brain organization mediated by sex hormones. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2001;22(6):403–409.Google Scholar
Bosinski, HA, Peter, M, Bonatz, G, et al. A higher rate of hyperandrogenic disorders in female-to-male transsexuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997;22(5):361–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amerikia, H, Savoy-Moore, RT, Sundareson, AS, Moghissi, KS. The effects of long-term androgen treatment on the ovary. Fertil Steril 1986;45(29):202–208.Google Scholar
Ikeda, K, Baba, T, Noguchi, H, et al. Excessive androgen exposure in female-to-male transsexual persons of reproductive age induces hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma but not polycystic ovary morphology. Hum Reprod 2013;28(2):453–461.Google Scholar
Ghai, V, Haider, J, Fevzi, S, Haines, P, Kent, A. Diagnostic delay for superficial and deep endometriosis in the United Kingdom. J Obstet Gynaecol 2020;40(1):83–89.Google Scholar
Zondervan, KT, Becker, CM, Missmer, SA. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2020;382(13):1244–1256.Google Scholar
Ferrando, CA, Chapman, G, Pollard, R. Preoperative pain symptoms and the incidence of endometriosis in transgender men undergoing hysterectomy for gender affirmation. J Minim Invas Gynecol 2021;28(9):1579–1584.Google Scholar
Serdar, E, Bulun, SE, Monsavais, D, et al. Role of estrogen receptor-β in endometriosis. Semin Reprod Med 2012;30(1):39–45.Google Scholar
Patel, S. Disruption of aromatase homeostasis as the cause of a multiplicity of ailments: a comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017;168:19–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Słopień, R, Męczekalski, B. Review on aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of endometriosis. Menopause Rev 2016;15(1):43–47.Google Scholar
Yanyan-Hong, Y, Chen, S. Aromatase inhibitors. Structural features and biochemical characterization. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1089:237–251.Google Scholar
Meriggiola, MC, Armillotta, F, Costantino, A, et al. Effects of testosterone undecanoate administered alone or in combination with letrozole or dutasteride in female to male transsexuals. J Sex Med 2008;5(10):2442–2453.Google Scholar
Shim, JY, Laufer, MR, Grimstad, FW. Dysmenorrhea and endometriosis in transgender adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2020;33(5):524–528.Google Scholar

References

Irwin, DE, Milsom, I, Hunskaar, S, et al. Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol 2006;50(6):1306–1315.Google Scholar
Lai, HH, Shen, B, Rawal, A, Vetter, J. The relationship between depression and overactive bladder/urinary incontinence symptoms in the clinical OAB population. BMC Urol 2016;16(1):60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoebeke, P, Selvaggi, G, Ceulemans, P, et al. Impact of sex reassignment surgery on lower urinary tract function. Eur Urol 2005;47(3):398–402.Google Scholar
Kuhn, A, Hiltebrand, R, Birkhäuser, M. Do transsexuals have micturition disorders? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;131(2):226–230.Google Scholar
Choi, H, Chung, H, Park, JY, Lee, JG, Bae, JH. The influence of androgen deprivation therapy on prostate size and voiding symptoms in prostate cancer patients in Korea. Int Neurourol J 2016;20(4):342.Google Scholar
Barry, MJ, Fowler, FJ Jr, O’Leary, MP, et al. Measurement Committee of the American Urological Association. The American Urological Association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1992;148(5):1549–1557.Google Scholar
British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS). International prostate symptoms score (IPSS) [Internet, PDF]. Available from: www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/IPSS.pdfGoogle Scholar
Dunford, C, Bell, K, Rashid, T. Genital reconstructive surgery in male to female transgender patients: a systematic review of primary surgical techniques, complication profiles, and functional outcomes from 1950 to present day. Eur Urol Focus 2021;7(2):464–471.Google Scholar
Dreher, PC, Edwards, D, Hager, S, et al. Complications of the neovagina in male‐to‐female transgender surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis with discussion of management. Clin Anat 2018;31(2):191–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Nie, I, de Blok, CJ, van der Sluis, TM, et al. Prostate cancer incidence under androgen deprivation: nationwide cohort study in trans women receiving hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(9):e3293–e3299.Google Scholar
Antunes-Lopes, T, Vale, L, Coelho, AM, et al. The role of urinary microbiota in lower urinary tract dysfunction: a systematic review. Eur Urol Focus 2020;6(2):361–369.Google Scholar
Birse, KD, Kratzer, K, Zuend, CF, et al. The neovaginal microbiome of transgender women post-gender reassignment surgery. Microbiome 2020;8:1–3.Google Scholar
Brubaker, L, Wolfe, A. The urinary microbiota: a paradigm shift for bladder disorders? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2016;28(5):407.Google Scholar
Dy, GW, Nolan, IT, Hotaling, J, Myers, JB. Patient reported outcome measures and quality of life assessment in genital gender confirming surgery. Transl Androl Urol 2019;8(3):228.Google Scholar
Bustos, SS, Bustos, VP, Mascaro, A, et al. Complications and patient-reported outcomes in transfemale vaginoplasty: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2021;9(3):e3510.Google Scholar
Kanthabalan, A, Jervis, HF, Dusoye, A, et al. PROGRESS (Patient Reported Outcomes in Genital Reconstructive Surgeries): a validated patient reported outcome measure questionnaire to assess post-operative functional improvement following feminising genital reconstructive surgery. Eur Urol 2021;79:S1584–S1584.Google Scholar
Cardinali, J, Manzer, D. The role of physical therapy in the care of transgender patients. In D. Nikolavsky & S. A. Blakely (Eds.), Urological Care for the Transgender Patient. Cham: Springer, 2021, pp. 219–226.Google Scholar
Bellringer, J. Consultant Urologist and head of Gender Surgery Services Parkside Hospital 2021, personal communication, January 2021.Google Scholar
Buncamper, ME, van der Sluis, WB, van der Pas, RS, et al. Surgical outcome after penile inversion vaginoplasty: a retrospective study of 475 transgender women. Plastic Reconstr Surg 2016;138(5):999–1007.Google Scholar
Jin, B, Turner, L, Walters, WA, Handelsman, DJ. The effects of chronic high dose androgen or estrogen treatment on the human prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(12):4290–4295.Google Scholar
Abelson, B, Sun, D, Que, L, et al. Sex differences in lower urinary tract biology and physiology. Biol Sex Differ 2018;9(1):1–3.Google Scholar
Thom, DH, Brown, JS. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for urinary incontinence in later life: a review of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46(11):1411–1417.Google Scholar
Matsuo, K, Ichihara, K, Gotoh, M, Masumori, N. Comparison of the uroflowmetry parameter results between transgender males undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy and age-matched cisgender females: preliminary data. Transgend Health 2019;4(1):152–156.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, C, Swierzewski, SJ III, McGuire, EJ. Periurethral collagen for urinary incontinence after gender reassignment surgery. Urology 1993;42(4):458–460.Google Scholar
Brown, JS, Grady, D, Ouslander, JG, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94(1):66–70.Google Scholar
Melloni, C, Melloni, G, Rossi, M, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms in male-to-female transsexuals: short terms results and proposal of a new questionnaire. Plastic Reconstr Surg Global Open 2016;4(3):e655.Google Scholar
Wu, JM, Matthews, CA, Conover, MM, Pate, V, Funk, MJ. Lifetime risk of stress incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123(6):1201.Google Scholar
Dietz, HP. The aetiology of prolapse. Int Urogynecol J 2008;19(10):1323.Google Scholar
Bucci, S, Mazzon, G, Liguori, G, et al. Neovaginal prolapse in male-to-female transsexuals: an 18-year-long experience. BioMed Res Int 2014;2014:240761. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/240761Google Scholar
Parisi, S, Novelli, A, Olearo, E, Basile, A, Puppo, A. Traditional McCall culdoplasty compared to a modified McCall technique with double ligament suspension: anatomical and clinical outcomes. Int Urogynecol J 2020;31(10):2147–2153.Google Scholar
Kuhn, A, Santi, A, Birkhäuser, M. Vaginal prolapse, pelvic floor function, and related symptoms 16 years after sex reassignment surgery in transsexuals. Fertil Steril 2011;95(7):2379–2382.Google Scholar
Casali, TG, de Castro Paiva, KC, Rodrigues, MN, et al. Topical estradiol increases epidermal thickness and dermal collagen of foreskin prior to hypospadia surgery: randomized double blinded controlled trial. J Pediatr Urol 2019;15(4):346–352.Google Scholar
Pierpont, YN, Dinh, TP, Salas, RE, et al. Obesity and surgical wound healing: a current review. ISRN Obes 2014;2014:638936. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/638936Google Scholar
Goddard, JC, Vickery, RM, Qureshi, A, et al. Feminizing genitoplasty in adult transsexuals: early and long‐term surgical results. BJU Int 2007;100(3):607–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanojevic, DS, Djordjevic, ML, Milosevic, A, et al. Sacrospinous ligament fixation for neovaginal prolapse prevention in male-to-female surgery. Urology 2007;70(4):767–771.Google Scholar
Persu, C, Chapple, CR, Cauni, V, Gutue, S, Geavlete, P. Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP–Q): a new era in pelvic prolapse staging. J Med Life 2011;4(1):75.Google Scholar
Wallace, SL, Miller, LD, Mishra, K. Pelvic floor physical therapy in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in women. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2019;31(6):485–493.Google Scholar
Frederick, RW, Leach, GE. Abdominal sacral colpopexy for repair of neovaginal prolapse in male-to-female transsexuals. Urology 2004;64(3):580–581.Google Scholar

References

Haylen, BT, de Ridder, D, Freeman, RM, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 2010;29(1):4–20.Google Scholar
Melloni, C, Melloni, G, Rossi, M, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms in male-to-female transsexuals: short term results and proposal of a new questionnaire. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2016;4(3):e655.Google Scholar
Lawrence, A. Patient-reported complications and functional outcomes of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav 2006; 35(6):717–727.Google Scholar
Hoebeke, P, Selvaggi, G, Ceulemans, P, et al. Impact of sex reassignment surgery on lower urinary tract function. Eur Urol 2005;47(3):398–402.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, S, Soni, S. Effect of sex reassignment surgery on lower urinary tract function: a questionnaire-based study. Int J Med Res Prof 2017;3(4):215–218.Google Scholar
Kim, SY, Bang, W, Kim, MS, et al. Analysis of the prevalence and factors associated with nocturia in adult Korean men. Sci Rep 2017;7:41714.Google Scholar
Nassiri, N, Maas, M, Basin, M, Cacciamani, GE, Doumanian, LR. Urethral complications after gender reassignment surgery: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res 2020;33(8):793–800.Google Scholar
Van d Grift, TC, Pigot, G, Boudhan, S, et al. A longitudinal study of motivations before and psychosexual outcomes after genital gender-confirming surgery in transmen. J Sex Med 2017;14(12):1621–1628.Google Scholar
Parsons, M, Tissot, W, Cardozo, L, et al. Normative bladder diary measurements: night versus day. Neurourol Urodyn 2007;26:465–473.Google Scholar
Veerman, H, de Rooij, FPW, Al-Tamimi, M, et al. Functional outcomes and urological complications after genital gender-affirming surgery with urethral lengthening in transgender men. J Urol 2020;204(1):104–109.Google Scholar
Rachlin, K, Hansbury, G, Pardo, ST. Hysterectomy and oopherectomy experiences of female-to-male transgender individuals. Int J Transgend 2010;12(3):155–166.Google Scholar
Kuhn, A, Hiltebrand, R, Birkhäuser, M. Do transsexuals have micturition disorders? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;131(2):226–230.Google Scholar
Trum, H, Hoebeke, P, Gooren, L. Sex reassignment of transsexual people from a gynaecologist’s and urologist’s perspective. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94(6):563–567.Google Scholar
Bertolotto, M, Liguori, G, Bucci, S, et al. MR imaging in patients with male-to-female sex reassignment surgery: postoperative anatomy and complications. Br J Radiol 2017;90:20170062.Google Scholar
Santos, F, Leite, R, Custodio, A, et al. Testosterone stimulates growth and secretory activity of the female prostate in the adult gerbil. Biol Reprod 2006;75:370–379.Google Scholar
Saad, F, Yassin, A, Haider, A, Gooren, L. Effects of testosterone on the lower urinary tract go beyond the prostate: new insights, new treatment options. Arab J Urol 2011;9:147–152.Google Scholar
Biancardi, M, Santos, F, Madi-Rvazzi, L, et al. Testosterone promotes an anabolic increase in the rat female prostate (Skene’s paraurethral gland) which acquires a male ventral prostate phenotype. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010;293(12):2163–2175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tek, M, Balli, E, Cimen, B, et al. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on bladder functions and histology in ochiectomized mature male rats. Urology 2010;75(4):886–890.Google Scholar
Bryson, C, Honig, S. Genitourinary complications of gender-affirming surgery. Curr Urol Rep 2019;20(6):31.Google Scholar
Jun, MS, Santucci, RA. Urethral stricture after phalloplast. Transl Androl Urol 2019;8(3):266–272.Google Scholar
Dunford, C, Bell, K, Rashid, T. Genital reconstructive surgery in male to female transgender patients: a systematic review of primary surgical techniques, complication profiles, and functional outcomes from 1950 to present day. Eur Urol Focus 2021;7(2):464–471.Google Scholar
Middleton, I, Holden, F. Urological issues following gender reassignment surgery. Br J Nurs 2017 (urology supplement);26:18.Google Scholar
Stantucci, RA. Urethral complications after transgender phalloplasty: strategies to treat them and minimize their occurrence. Clin Anat 2018;31(2):187–190.Google Scholar
Foxman, B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med 2002;8(suppl. 1A):5S–13S.Google Scholar
Bailey, RR. Urinary tract infection: some recent concepts. Can Med Assoc J 1972;107(4):316–330.Google ScholarPubMed
Toolenaar, TA, Freundt, I, Wagenvoort, JH, et al. Bacterial flora of the sigmoid neovagina. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(12):3314–3316.Google Scholar
Weyers, S, De Sutter, P, Hoebeke, S, et al. Gynaecological aspects of the treatment and follow-up of transsexual men and women. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2010; 2(1):35–54.Google Scholar
Combaz, N, Kuhn, A. Long-term urogynecological complications after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual patients: a retrospective study of 44 patients and diagnostic algorithm proposal. Am J Urol Res 2017;2:38–43.Google Scholar
De Haseth, K, Buncamper, M, Ozer, M, et al. Symptomatic neovaginal candidiasis in transgender women after penile inversion vaginoplasty: a clinical case series of five consecutive patients. Transgend Health 2018;3(1):105–108.Google Scholar
Radix, A, Harris, A, Belkind, U, Ting, J, Goldstein, Z. Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the neovagina in transgender women. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019;6(11):ofz470.Google Scholar
Bodsworth, N, Davies, S. Gonococcal infection of the neovagina in a male-to-female transsexual. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21(4):211–212.Google Scholar
Nikolavsky, D, Hughes, M, Zhao, L. Urologic complications after phalloplasty or metoidioplasty. Clin Plast Surg 2018;45(3):425–435.Google Scholar
Chaudhry, S, Craig, P, Calonje, E, Neill, S. Genital lichen sclerosus in a case of male-to-female gender reassignment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31(5):656–658.Google Scholar
Nickel, JC. Interstitial cystitis: characterisation and management of an enigmatic urologic syndrome. Rev Urol 2002;4(3):112–121.Google Scholar
Kim, H-J. Update on the pathology and diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a review. Int Neurourol J 2016;20(1):13–17.Google Scholar
Bailey, RR. Urinary tract infection: some recent concepts. Can Med Assoc J 1972;107(4):316–330.Google Scholar
Peters, KM, Carrico, DJ. Frequency, urgency and pelvic pain: treating the pelvic floor versus the epithelium. Curr Urol Rep 2006;7(6):450–455.Google Scholar
Butrick, CW. Pelvic floor hypertonic disorders: identification and management. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009;36(3):707–722.Google Scholar
Wallace, SL, Miller, LD, Mishra, K. Pelvic floor physical therapy in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in women. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2019;31(6):485–493.Google Scholar
Jiang, DD, Gllagher, S, Burchill, L, Berli, J, Dugi, D. Implementation of a pelvic floor physical therapy program for transgender women undergoing gender-affirming vaginoplasty. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133(5):1003–1011.Google Scholar
Manrique, O, Adabi, K, Huang, T, et al. Assessment of pelvic floor anatomy for male-to-female vaginoplasty and the role of physical therapy on functional and patient-reported outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2019;82(6):661–666.Google Scholar
Nygaard, I, Barber, M, Burgio, K, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women. JAMA 2008;300(11):1311–1316.Google Scholar
James, SE, Herman, JL, Rankin, S, et al. The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality, 2016.Google Scholar
Bandini, E, Fischer, A, Ricca, V, et al. Childhood maltreatment in subjects with male-to-female gender identity disorder. Int J Impot Res 2001;23:276–285.Google Scholar
Kussin-Shoptaw, AL, Fletcher, JB, Reback, CJ. Physical and/or sexual abuse is associated with increased psychological and emotional distress among transgender women. LGBT Health 2017;4(4):268–274.Google Scholar
Cicowski, SB, Dunivan, GC, Komesu, YM, Rogers, RG. Sexual abuse history and pelvic floor disorders in women. South Med J 2013; 106(12):675–678.Google Scholar
Beck, JJH, Elzevier, HW, Pelger, RCM, Putter, H, Voorham-van der Zalm, PJ. Multiple pelvic floor complaints are correlated with sexual abuse history. J Sex Med 2009;6(1):193–198.Google Scholar
De Brouwer, IJ, Elaut, E, Becker-Hebly, I, et al. Aftercare needs following gender-affirming surgeries: findings from the ENIGI Multicenter European Follow-Up Study. J Sex Med 2021;18(11):1921–1932.Google Scholar

References

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK91497/Google Scholar
Emans, SJ, Laufer, MR. Emans, Laufer, Goldstein’s Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.Google Scholar
Aloisi, AM, Bachiocco, V, Costantino, A, et al. Cross-sex hormone administration changes pain in transsexual women and men. Pain 2007;132(Suppl 1):S60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.02.006Google Scholar
Valashany, BT, Janghorbani, M. Quality of life of men and women with gender identity disorder. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018;16(1):167. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0995-7Google Scholar
Dragon, CN, Guerino, P, Ewald, E, Laffan, AM. Transgender medicare beneficiaries and chronic conditions: exploring fee-for-service claims data. LGBT Health 2017;4(6):404–411. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0208Google Scholar
Strath, LJ, Sorge, RE, Owens, MA, et al. Sex and gender are not the same: why identity is important for people living with HIV and chronic pain. J Pain Res 2020;13:829–835. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S248424Google Scholar
Guillamon, A, Junque, C, Gómez-Gil, E. A review of the status of brain structure research in transsexualism. Arch Sex Behav 2016;45:1615–1648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5Google Scholar
Hardacker, CT, Baccellieri, A, Mueller, ER, et al. Bladder health experiences, perceptions and knowledge of sexual and gender minorities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16(17):3170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173170Google Scholar
Detloff, M. Gender please, without the gender police: rethinking pain in archetypal narratives of butch, transgender, and FTM masculinity. J Lesbian Stud 2006;10(1–2):87–105. https://doi.org/10.1300/J155v10n01_05Google Scholar
James, SE, Herman, JL, Keisling, M, Mottet, L, Anafi, M. The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality, 2016.Google Scholar
Weyers, S, Elaut, E, De Sutter, P, et al. Long-term assessment of the physical, mental, and sexual health among transsexual women. J Sex Med 2009;6(3):752–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01082.xGoogle Scholar
Tree-McGrath, CAF, Puckett, JA, Reisner, SL, Pantalone, DW. Sexuality and gender affirmation in transgender men who have sex with cisgender men. Int J Transgend 2018;19(4):389–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1463584Google Scholar
Grimstad, FW, Boskey, E, Grey, M. New-onset abdominopelvic pain after initiation of testosterone therapy among trans-masculine persons: a community-based exploratory survey. LGBT Health 2020;7(5):248–253. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0258Google Scholar
White Hughto, JM, Reisner, SL. A systematic review of the effects of hormone therapy on psychological functioning and quality of life in transgender individuals. Transgend Health 2016;1(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0008Google Scholar
Lutgendorf, MA. Intimate partner violence and women’s health. Obstet Gynecol 2019;134(3):470–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003326Google Scholar
Raja, S, Hasnain, M, Hoersch, M, Gove-Yin, S, Rajagopalan, C. Trauma informed care in medicine: current knowledge and future research directions. Fam Community Health 2015;38(3):216–226. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000071Google Scholar
Poteat, T, Malik, M, Cooney, E. Understanding the health effects of binding and tucking for gender affirmation. J Clin Transl Sci 2018;2(S1):76–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.268Google Scholar
Anandan, L, Mohammed, A. Surgical management of buried penis in adults. Cent European J Urol 2018;71(3):346–352. https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2018.1676Google Scholar
Wein, AJ, Kavoussi, LR, Partin, AW, Peters, CA. Campbell-Walsh Urology: 4-Volume Set, 11th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015.Google Scholar
Bouskine, A, Nebout, M, Mograbi, B, et al. Estrogens promote human testicular germ cell cancer through a membrane-mediated activation of extracellular regulated kinase and protein kinase A. Endocrinology 2008;149(2):565–573. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1318Google Scholar
Wynder, JL, Nicholson, TM, DeFranco, DB, Ricke, WA. Estrogens and male lower urinary tract dysfunction. Curr Urol Rep 2015;16(9):61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-015-0534-6Google Scholar
Sidhu, S, Parikh, T, Burman, KD. Endocrine changes in obesity. In Feingold, KR, Anawalt, B, Boyce, A, et al., Eds. Endotext. MDText.com Inc., 2000. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279053/Google Scholar
Chidi-Ogbolu, N, Baar, K. Effect of estrogen on musculoskeletal performance and injury risk. Front Physiol 2019;9:1834. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01834Google Scholar
Gyang, A, Hartman, M, Lamvu, G. Musculoskeletal causes of chronic pelvic pain: what a gynecologist should know. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121(3):645–650. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318283ffeaGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y, Greenwood-Van Meerveld, B, Johnson, AC, Travagli, RA. Role of estrogen and stress on the brain-gut axis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019;317(2):G203–G209. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00144.2019Google Scholar
Shanthanna, H. Successful treatment of genitofemoral neuralgia using ultrasound guided injection: a case report and short review of literature. Case Rep Anesthesiol (online) 2014;2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/371703Google Scholar
Ferrando, CA. Vaginoplasty complications. Clin Plast Surg 2018;45(3):361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2018.03.007Google Scholar
Massie, JP, Morrison, SD, Van Maasdam, J, Satterwhite, T. Predictors of patient satisfaction and postoperative complications in penile inversion vaginoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;141(6):911e–921e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004427Google Scholar
Cornelisse, VJ, Jones, RA, Fairley, CK, Grover, SR. The medical care of the neovagina of transgender women: a review. Sex Health 2017;14(5):442–450. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH17044Google Scholar
Grimstad, F, McLaren, H, Gray, M. The gynecologic examination of the transfeminine person after penile inversion vaginoplasty. Am J Obstet Gynecol (online) 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.002Google Scholar
Weyers, S, Verstraelen, H, Gerris, J, et al. Microflora of the penile skin-lined neovagina of transsexual women. BMC Microbiol 2009;9:102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-102Google Scholar
Workowski, K, Bolan, G, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. 2015:64(No. RR-3):1–137.Google Scholar
Huh, WK, Ault, KA, Chelmow, D, et al. Use of primary high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening: interim clinical guidance. Gynecol Oncol 2015;136(2):178–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.12.022Google Scholar
Bucci, S, Mazzon, G, Liguori, G, et al. Neovaginal prolapse in male-to-female transsexuals: an 18-year-long experience. Biomed Res Int (online) 2014;2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/240761Google Scholar
Sigurjónsson, H, Möllermark, C, Rinder, J, Farnebo, F, Lundgren, TK. Long-term sensitivity and patient-reported functionality of the neoclitoris after gender reassignment surgery. J Sex Med 2017;14(2):269–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.12.003Google Scholar
Stowell, JT, Grimstad, FW, Kirkpatrick, DL, et al. Imaging findings in transgender patients after gender-affirming surgery. Radiographics 2019;39(5):1368–1392. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019190010Google Scholar
Maycock, LB, Kennedy, HP. Breast care in the transgender individual. J Midwifery Womens Health 2014;59(1):74–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12066Google Scholar
Lungu, E, Thibault-Lemyre, A, Dominguez, JM, Trudel, D, Bureau, NJ. A case of recurrent leg necrotic ulcers secondary to silicone migration in a transgender patient: radiographic, ultrasound and MRI findings. BJR Case Rep 2016;2(1):20150309. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20150309Google Scholar
Phillips, CJ. The cost and burden of chronic pain. Rev Pain 2009;3(1):2–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/204946370900300102Google Scholar
Grimstad, FW, Fowler, KG, New, EP, et al. Uterine pathology in transmasculine persons on testosterone: a retrospective multicenter case series. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;220(3):257.e1–257.e7.Google Scholar
Shim, JY, Laufer, MR, Grimstad, FW. Dysmenorrhea and endometriosis in transgender adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2020;33(5):524–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2020.06.001Google Scholar
Carneiro, MM, Morsch, DM, Camargos, AF, Reis, FM, Spritzer, PM. Androgen receptor and 5alpha-reductase are expressed in pelvic endometriosis. BJOG 2008;115(1):113–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01521.xGoogle Scholar
Loverro, G, Resta, L, Dellino, M, et al. Uterine and ovarian changes during testosterone administration in young female-to-male transsexuals. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2016;55(5):686–691.Google Scholar
Liu, L, Li, Y, Xie, N, et al. Proliferative action of the androgen receptor in human uterine myometrial cells: a key regulator for myometrium phenotype programming. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(1):218–227. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2451Google Scholar
Grimstad, FW, Fowler, KG, New, EP, et al. Ovarian histopathology in transmasculine persons on testosterone: a multicenter case series. J Sex Med 2020;17(9):1807–1818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.029Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Practice Bulletins: Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 194: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131(6):e157–e171. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002656Google Scholar
Taub, RL, Ellis, SA, Neal-Perry, G, et al. The effect of testosterone on ovulatory function in transmasculine individuals. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223(2):229.e1–229.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.059Google Scholar
Gibson, DA, Simitsidellis, I, Collins, F, Saunders, PTK. Androgens, oestrogens and endometrium: a fine balance between perfection and pathology. J Endocrinol 2020;246(3):R75–R93. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-20-0106Google Scholar
Carswell, JM, Roberts, SA. Induction and maintenance of amenorrhea in transmasculine and nonbinary adolescents. Transgend Health 2017;2(1):195–201. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0021Google Scholar
Hembree, WC, Cohen-Kettenis, PT, Gooren, L, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102(11):3869–3903. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658Google Scholar
Pinkerton, JV, Goldstein, SR. Endometrial safety: a key hurdle for selective estrogen receptor modulators in development. Menopause 2010;17(3):642–653. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181c4f1d6Google Scholar
Winston McPherson, G, Long, T, Salipante, SJ, et al. The vaginal microbiome of transgender men. Clin Chem 2019;65(1):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.293654Google Scholar
Moulder, J, Carrillo, J, Carey, E. Pelvic pain in the transgender man. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep (online) 2020;9(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13669-020-00293-xGoogle Scholar
Bachmann, G, Bouchard, C, Hoppe, D, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose regimens of conjugated estrogens cream administered vaginally. Menopause 2009;16(4):719–727. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181a48c4eGoogle Scholar
Mayoglou, L, Dulabon, L, Martin-Alguacil, N, Pfaff, D, Schober, J. Success of treatment modalities for labial fusion: a retrospective evaluation of topical and surgical treatments. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2009;22(4):247–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2008.09.003Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP). Committee Opinion No 673: Persistent Vulvar Pain. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128(3):e78–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001645Google Scholar
UCSF Transgender Care, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, 2nd ed. Edited by MB Deutsch. Published 2016. Available from: transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelinesGoogle Scholar
Yang, CC, Miller, JL, Omidpanah, A, Krieger, JN. Physical examination for men and women with urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes: a MAPP network study. Urology 2018;116:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2018.03.021Google Scholar
Matsuo, K, Ichihara, K, Gotoh, M, Masumori, N. Comparison of the uroflowmetry parameter results between transgender males undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy and age-matched cisgender females: preliminary data. Transgend Health 2019;4(1):152–156. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2019.0025Google Scholar
Raz, R. Urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women. Korean J Urol 2011;52(12):801–808. https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2011.52.12.801Google Scholar
Brandsborg, B, Nikolajsen, L, Hansen, CT, Kehlet, H, Jensen, TS. Risk factors for chronic pain after hysterectomy: a nationwide questionnaire and database study. Anesthesiology 2007;106(5):1003–1012. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000265161.39932.e8Google Scholar
Remington, AC, Morrison, SD, Massie, JP, et al. Outcomes after phalloplasty: do transgender patients and multiple urethral procedures carry a higher rate of complication? Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;141(2):220e–229e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004061Google Scholar
Pigot, GLS, Al-Tamimi, M, Ronkes, B, et al. Surgical outcomes of neoscrotal augmentation with testicular prostheses in transgender men. J Sex Med 2019;16(10):1664–1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.07.020Google Scholar
van der Sluis, WB, Pigot, GLS, Al-Tamimi, M, et al. A retrospective cohort study on surgical outcomes of penile prosthesis implantation surgery in transgender men after phalloplasty. Urology 2019;132:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.06.010Google Scholar
Shah, T, Wang, R. A review of factors affecting patient satisfaction with inflatable penile prosthesis. Sex Med Rev (online) 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.04.001Google Scholar

References

Lee, CH, Akin-Olugbade, O, Kirschenbaum, A. Overview of prostate anatomy, histology, and pathology. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011;40(3):565–575, viii–ix.Google Scholar
Ittmann, M. Anatomy and histology of the human and murine prostate. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8(5):a030346.Google Scholar
McNeal, JE. Anatomy of the prostate and morphogenesis of BPH. Prog Clin Biol Res 1984;145:27–53.Google Scholar
Villers, A, Steg, A, Boccon-Gibod, L. Anatomy of the prostate: review of the different models. Eur Urol 1991;20(4):261–268.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, FD, Camacho, A, Bordes, SJ, et al. Female ejaculation: an update on anatomy, history, and controversies. Clin Anat 2021;34(1):103–107.Google Scholar
Aaron, L, Franco, OE, Hayward, SW. Review of prostate anatomy and embryology and the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 2016;43(3):279–288.Google Scholar
Vuichoud, C, Loughlin, KR. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: epidemiology, economics and evaluation. Can J Urol 2015;22 (Suppl 1):1–6.Google Scholar
Devlin, CM, Simms, MS, Maitland, NJ. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: what do we know? BJU Int 2021;127(4):389–399.Google Scholar
Huggins, C, Hodges, CV. Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. CA Cancer J Clin 1972;22(4):232–240.Google Scholar
Morgentaler, A, Traish, AM. Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer: the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth. Eur Urol 2009;55(2):310–320.Google Scholar
Khera, M, Crawford, D, Morales, A, Salonia, A, Morgentaler, A. A new era of testosterone and prostate cancer: from physiology to clinical implications. Eur Urol 2014;65(1):115–123.Google Scholar
Schatten, H. Brief overview of prostate cancer statistics, grading, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1095:1–14.Google Scholar
Swerdloff, RS, Dudley, RE, Page, ST, Wang, C, Salameh, WA. Dihydrotestosterone: biochemistry, physiology, and clinical implications of elevated blood levels. Endocr Rev 2017;38(3):220–254.Google Scholar
Neyman, A, Fuqua, JS, Eugster, EA. Bicalutamide as an androgen blocker with secondary effect of promoting feminization in male-to-female transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2019;64(4):544–546.Google Scholar
Defreyne, J, Nota, N, Pereira, C, et al. Transient elevated serum prolactin in trans women is caused by cyproterone acetate treatment. LGBT Health 2017;4(5):328–336.Google Scholar
Weill, A, Nguyen, P, Labidi, M, et al. Use of high dose cyproterone acetate and risk of intracranial meningioma in women: cohort study. Br Med J 2021;372:n37.Google Scholar
T’Sjoen, G, Arcelus, J, Gooren, L, Klink, DT, Tangpricha, V. Endocrinology of transgender medicine. Endocr Rev 2019;40(1):97–117.Google Scholar
Bonkhoff, H. Estrogen receptor signaling in prostate cancer: implications for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Prostate 2018;78(1):2–10.Google Scholar
King, KJ, Nicholson, HD, Assinder, SJ. Effect of increasing ratio of estrogen: androgen on proliferation of normal human prostate stromal and epithelial cells, and the malignant cell line LNCaP. Prostate 2006;66(1):105–114.Google Scholar
de Nie, I, de Blok, CJM, van der Sluis, TM, et al. Prostate cancer incidence under androgen deprivation: nationwide cohort study in trans women receiving hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(9):e3293–e3299.Google Scholar
Trum, HW, Hoebeke, P, Gooren, LJ. Sex reassignment of transsexual people from a gynecologist’s and urologist’s perspective. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94(6):563–567.Google Scholar
Gooren, L, Morgentaler, A. Prostate cancer incidence in orchidectomised male-to-female transsexual persons treated with oestrogens. Andrologia 2014;46(10):1156–1160.Google Scholar
Ingham, MD, Lee, RJ, MacDermed, D, Olumi, AF. Prostate cancer in transgender women. Urol Oncol 2018;36(12):518–525.Google Scholar
Deebel, NA, Morin, JP, Autorino, R, et al. Prostate cancer in transgender women: incidence, etiopathogenesis, and management challenges. Urology 2017;110:166–171.Google Scholar

References

Frank, RT. The formation of an artificial vagina without operation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1938;35(6):1035–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002–9378(38)90400-4Google Scholar
Ingram, JM. The bicycle seat stool in the treatment of vaginal agenesis and stenosis: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;140(8):867–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(38)90400-4Google Scholar
Herlin, M, Bay Bjorn, A-M, Petersen, MB. Treatment of vaginal agenesis in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome in Denmark: a nationwide comparative study of anatomical outcome and complications. DMSc 2018;110(4):746–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.015,-PlumX%20MetricsGoogle Scholar
Edmonds, DK, Rose, GL, Lipton, MG, Quek, J. Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome: a review of 245 consecutive cases managed by a multidisciplinary approach with vaginal dilators Fertil Steril 2012;97(3): 686–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.12.038.Google Scholar
Moen, MH. Vaginal agenesis treated by coital dilatation in 20 patients. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2014;125(3)282–283.Google Scholar
Amies Oelschlager, AM, Debiec, K. Vaginal dilator therapy: a guide for providers for assessing readiness and supporting patients through the process successfully. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019;32:354–358.Google Scholar
Liu, M, Juravic, M, Mazza, G, Krychman, MK. Vaginal dilators: issues and answers. Sex Med Rev 2021;9(2):212–220.Google Scholar
Lee, Y. Patients’ perception and adherence to vaginal dilator therapy: a systemic review and synthesis employing symbolic interactionism. Patient Prefer Adherence 2018;12:551–560.Google Scholar
Nguyen, RH, Turner, RM, Rydell, SA, Maclehose, RF, Harlow, BL. Perceived stereotyping and seeking care for chronic vulvar pain. Pain Med 2013;14(10):1461–1467. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12151Google Scholar
Lubotzki, FP, Butow, P, Hunt, C, et al. A psychosexual rehabilitation booklet increases vaginal dilator adherence and knowledge in women undergoing pelvic radiation therapy for gynecological or anorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oncol 2019;31:124–131.Google Scholar
Larish, AM, Dickson, RR, Kudgus, RA, et al. Vaginal diazepam for nonrelaxing pelvic floor dysfunction: the pharmacokinetic profile. J Sex Med 2019;16(6):763–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.003Google Scholar
Weyers, S, Verstraelen, H, Gerris, J, et al. Microflora of the penile skin-lined neovagina of transsexual women. BMC Microbiol 2009;9(1):102.Google Scholar

References

Miller, TJ, Wilson, SC, Maasie, JP, Morrison, SD, Satterwhite, T. Breast augmentation in male-to-female transgender patients. Technical considerations and outcomes. JPRAS Open 2019;21:63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpra.2019.03.003Google Scholar
Van Boerum, MS, Salibian, AA, Bluebond-Langner, R, Agarwal, C. Chest and facial surgery for the transgender patient. Transl Androl Urol 2019;8:219–227. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.06.18Google Scholar
Yerke, AF, Mitchell, V. Am I man enough yet? A comparison of the body transition, self-labeling, and sexual orientation of two cohorts of female-to-male transsexuals. Int J Transgend 2011;13:64–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2011.622125Google Scholar
Poudrier, G, Nolan, IT, Cook, TE, et al. Assessing quality of life and patient-reported satisfaction with masculinizing top surgery: a mixed-methods descriptive survey study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;143:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS-0000000000005113Google Scholar
Harrison, B, Khansa, I, Janis, JE. Evidence-based strategies to reduce postoperative complications in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;137(1):351–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002774Google Scholar
Monstrey, S, Selvaggi, G, Ceulemans, P, et al. Chest wall contouring surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: a new algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121(3):849–859. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000299921.15447.b2Google Scholar
Cregten-Escobar, P, Bouman, MB, Buncamper, ME, Mullender, MG. Subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals: a retrospective cohort-analysis of 202 patients. J Sex Med 2012;9(12):3148–3153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02939.xGoogle Scholar
Bowman, C, Goldberg, JM. Care of the patient undergoing sex reassignment surgery. Int J Transgenderism 2006;9(3–4):135–165. https://doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n03_07Google Scholar
Hage, JJ, van Kesteren, PJ. Chest wall contouring in female-to-male transsexuals: basic considerations and review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;96(2):386–391. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199508000-00019Google Scholar
Hage, JJ, Bloem, JJ. Chest wall contouring for female-to-male transsexuals: Amsterdam experience. Ann Plast Surg 1995;34(1):59–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199501000-00012Google Scholar
Jarrett, BA, Corbet, AL, Gardner, IH, Weinand, JD, Peitzmeier, SM. Chest binding and care seeking among transmasculine adults: a cross-sectional study. Transgend Health 2018;3:170–178.Google Scholar
Van de Grift, TC, Elfering, L, Bouman, MB, Buncamper, ME, Mullender, MG. Surgical indications and outcomes of mastectomy in transmen: a prospective study of technical and self-reported measures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140(3):415e–424e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003607Google Scholar
McEvenue, G, Xu, FZ, Cai, R, McLean, H. Female-to-male gender affirming top surgery: a single surgeon’s 15-year retrospective review and treatment algorithm. Aesthet Surg J 2017;38(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx116Google Scholar
Bluebond-Langner, R, Berli, JU, Sabino, J, et al. Top surgery in transgender men: how far can you push the envelope? Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;139:873e–882e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003225Google Scholar
Beer, GM, Budi, S, Seifert, B, et al. Configuration and localization of the nipple-areola complex in men. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108(7):1947–1952; discussion 1953. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200112000-00015Google Scholar
McGregor, JC, Whallett, EJ. Some personal suggestions on surgery in large or ptotic breasts for female to male transsexuals. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006;59(8):893–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2005.12.001Google Scholar
Ammari, T, Sluiter, EC, Gast, K, Kuzion, WM. Female-to-male gender-affirming chest reconstruction surgery. Aesth Surg J 2019;39(2):150–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy098Google Scholar
Wolter, A, Dietrichson, J, Scholz, T, Arens-Landwehr, A, Liebau, J. Sexual reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: an algorithm for subcutaneous mastectomy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015;68(2):184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2014.10.016Google Scholar
Namba, Y, Watanabe, T, Kimata, Y. Mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals. Acta Med Okayama 2009;63(5):243–247. https://doi.org/10.18926/AMO/31841Google Scholar
Gibson, B. Care of the child with the desire to change genders – Part II: female-to-male transition. Pediatr Nurs 2010;36(2):112–117.Google Scholar
Nelson, L, Whallett, EJ, McGregor, JC. Transgender patient satisfaction following reduction mammaplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62(3):331–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.049Google Scholar
Berry, MG, Curtis, R, Davies, D. Female-to-male transgender chest reconstruction: a large consecutive, single-surgeon experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012;65(6):711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2011.11.053Google Scholar
Nikolic, DV, Djordjevic, ML, Granic, M, et al. Importance of revealing a rare case of breast cancer in a female-to-male transsexual after bilateral mastectomy. World J Surg Oncol 2012;10:280. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-10-280Google Scholar
Sattari, M. Breast cancer in male-to-female transgender patients: a case for caution. Clin Breast Cancer 2015;15(1):e67–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2014.08.004Google Scholar
Burcombe, RJ, Makris, A, Pittam, M, Finer, N. Breast cancer after bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy in a female-to-male trans-sexual. Breast 2003;12(4):290–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9776(03)00033-xGoogle Scholar
Narayan, SK, Morrison, T, Dugi, DD 3rd, Mosser, S, Berli, JU. Gender confirmation surgery for the endocrinologist. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019;48:403–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.002Google Scholar
Winter, S, Diamond, M, Green, J, et al. Transgender people: health at the margins of society. Lancet 2016;388:390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8Google Scholar
Safa, B, Lin, WC, Salim, AM, Deschamps-Braly, JC, Poh, MM. Current concepts in feminizing gender surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;143:1081e–1091e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005595Google Scholar
Morrison, SD, Wilson, SC, Mosser, SW. Breast and body contouring for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. Clin Plast Surg 2018;45:333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2018.03.015Google Scholar
Bekeny, JC, Zolper, EG, Fan, KL, Del Corral, G. Breast augmentation for transfeminine patients: methods, complications, and outcomes. Gland Surg 2020;9(3):788–796. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2020.03.18Google Scholar
Hidalgo, DA. Breast augmentation: choosing the optimal incision, implant, and pocket plane. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:2202–2216; discussion 2217–2218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200005000-00047Google Scholar
Tebbetts, JB, Adams, WP. Five critical decisions in breast augmentation using five measurements in 5 minutes: the high five decision support process. Plast Resonstr Surg 2005;116:2005–2016.Google Scholar
Montemurro, P, Agko, M, Li, AQ, Avvedimento, S, Heden, P. Implementation of an integrated biodimensional method of breast augmentation with anatomic, highly cohesive silicone gel implants: short-term results with the first 620 consecutive cases. Aesthet Surg J 2017;37:782–792. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx024Google Scholar
Mallucci, P, Branford, OA. Design for natural breast augmentation: the ICE Principle. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;137:1728–1737. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002230Google Scholar
de Boer, M, van der Sluis, WB, de Boer, JP, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in a transgender woman. Aesthet Surg J 2017;37:NP83–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx098Google Scholar
Patzelt, M, Zarubova, L, Klener, P, et al. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma associated with breast implants: a case report of a transgender female. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018;42:451–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-017-1012-yGoogle Scholar
Guccolo, NG, Kang, CO, Boskey, ER, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics and postoperative complications following augmentation mammaplasty: comparison of transgender and cisgender females. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019;7:e2461. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002461Google Scholar
Gooren, LJ, van Trotsenburg, MA, Giltay, EJ, van Diest, PJ. Breast cancer development in transsexual subjects receiving cross-sex hormone treatment. J Sex Med 2013;10(12):3129–3134. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12319Google Scholar
de Blok, CJM, Wiepjes, CM, Nota, NM, et al. Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. BMJ 2019;365:1652. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.I1652Google Scholar
Brown, GR, Jones, KT. Incidence of breast cancer in a cohort of 5,135 transgender veterans. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;149(1):191–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-3213-2Google Scholar
Gooren, L, Bowers, M, Lips, P, Konings, IR. Five new cases of breast cancer in transsexual persons. Andrologia 2015;47(10):1202–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12399Google Scholar
Nikolic, DV, Djordjevic, ML, Granic, M, et al. Importance of revealing a rare case of breast cancer in a female to male transsexual after bilateral mastectomy. World J Surg Oncol 2012;10:280. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-10-280Google Scholar
Shao, T, Grossbard, ML, Klein, P. Breast cancer in female-to-male transsexuals: two cases with a review of physiology and management. Clin Breast Cancer 2011;11(6):417–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2011.06.006Google Scholar
Eismann, J, Heng, YJ, Fleischmann-Rose, K, et al. Interdisciplinary management of transgender individuals at risk for breast cancer: case reports and review of the literature. Clin Breast Cancer 2019;19(1):e12–e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2018.11.007Google Scholar
Fundytus, A, Saad, N, Logie, N, Urgoiti, GR. Breast cancer in transgender female-to-male individuals: a case report of androgen receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast J 2020;26(5):1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.13655Google Scholar
Fledderus, AC, Gout, HA, Ogilvie, AC, van Loenen, DKG. Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening. Breast 2020;53:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2020.06.008Google Scholar
Hartmann, LC, Schaid, DJ, Woods, JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340(2):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901143400201Google Scholar
Chotai, N, Tang, S, Lim, H, Lu, S. Breast cancer in a female-to-male transgender patient 20 years post-mastectomy: issues to consider. Breast J 2019;25(6):1066–1070. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.13417Google Scholar
Katayama, Y, Motoki, T, Watanabe, S, et al. A very rare case of breast cancer in a female-to-male transsexual. Breast Cancer 2016;23(6):939–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-015-0661-4Google Scholar
Sacca, RE, Koeller, DR, Rana, HQ, Garber, JE, Morganstern, DE. Trans-counseling: a case series of transgender individuals at high risk for BRCA1 pathogenic variants. J Genet Couns 2019;28(3):708–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.1046Google Scholar
Yu, Q, Niu, Y, Liu, N, et al. Expression of androgen receptor in breast cancer and its significance as a prognostic factor. Ann Oncol 2011;22(6):1288–1294. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq586Google Scholar
Giovannelli, P, Di Donato, M, Galasso, G, et al. The androgen receptor in breast cancer. Front Endocrinol 2018;9:492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00492Google Scholar
McNamara, KM, Moore, NL, Hickey, TE, Sasano, H, Rilley, WD. Complexities of androgen receptor signalling in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014;21(4):T161–T181. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0243Google Scholar
Berrino, F, Pasanisi, P, Bellati, C, et al. Serum testosterone levels and breast cancer recurrence. Int J Cancer 2005;113(3):499–502. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20582Google Scholar
Feng, J, Ji, L, Zhang, N, et al. Androgen and AR contribute to breast cancer development and metastasis: an insight of mechanisms. Oncogene 2017;36(20):2775–2790. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.432Google Scholar
Adly, L, Hill, D, Sherman, ME, et al. Serum concentrations of estrogens, sex homone-binding globulin, and androgens and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2006;119(10):2402–2407.Google Scholar
Key, T, Appleby, P, Barnes, I, Reeves, G. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in post-menopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94(8):606–616. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.8.606Google Scholar
Symmers, WS. Carcinoma of the breast in trans-sexual individuals after surgical and hormonal interference with the primary and secondary sex characteristics. Br Med J 1968;2:83–85. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5597.83Google Scholar
Grabellus, F, Worm, K, Willruth, A, et al. ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion in a secretory carcinoma of the breast of a male-to-female transsexual. Breast 2005;2014:71–74.Google Scholar
Dhand, A, Dhaliwal, G. Examining patient conceptions: a case of metastatic breast cancer in an African American male to female transgender patient. J Gen Intern Med 2010;25(2):158–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1159-6Google Scholar
Orofino, N, Guidotti, F, Cattaneo, D, et al. Marked eosinophilia as initial presentation of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2016;57(11):2712–2715. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2016.1160079Google Scholar
Corman, V, Potorac, J, Manto, F, et al. Breast cancer in a male-to-female transsexual patient with a BRCA2 mutation. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016;23(5):391–397. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-16-0057Google Scholar
Maglione, KD, Margolies, L, Jaffer, S, et al. Breast cancer in male-to-female transsexuals: use of breast imaging for detection. Am J Roentgenol 2014;203(6):735–740. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.12723Google Scholar
Zucker, KJ, Lawrence, AA. Epidemiology of gender identity disorder: recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Int J Transgenderism 2009;11(1):8–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532730902799946Google Scholar
Asscheman, H, Giltay, EJ, Megens, JA, et al. A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:635–642. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-1038Google Scholar
Wierchx, K, Mueller, S, Weyers, S, et al. Long-term evaluation of cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual persons. J Sex Med 2012;9:2641–2651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02876.xGoogle Scholar
Rossouw, JE, Anderson, GL, Prentice, RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2002;288:321–333. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321Google Scholar
Van Kesteren, PJ, Asscheman, H, Megens, JA, Gooren, LJ. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2601068.xGoogle Scholar
Haupt, C, Henke, M, Kutschmar, A, et al. Antiandrogen or estradiol treatment or both during hormone therapy in transitioning transgender women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;11(11):CD013138. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858Google Scholar
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet 2019;394:1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-XGoogle Scholar
Santen, RJ, Heitjan, DF, Gompel, A, et al. Underlying breast cancer risk and menopausal hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(6):dgaa073. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa073Google Scholar
Grzeskowiak, LE, Smithers, LG, Amir, LH, Grivell, RM. Domperidone for increasing breast milk volume in mothers expressing breast milk for their preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2018;125(11):1371–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15177Google Scholar
Reisman, T, Goldstein, Z. Case report: induced lactation in a transgender woman. Transgend Health 2018;3(1):24–26. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0044Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×