The concluding chapter recaps a number of points made in the book. It expresses views on the co-evolution of culture and institutions in developed and developing states, and recognizes the need to avoid a deterministic approach when exploring the impact of culture. The chapter suggests that, although competition laws in China, Japan, and Korea are understandably considered legal transplants, they exhibit distinctive characteristics that differ from the legal regimes of the ‘West’. A culture-based investigation of the factors that underlie the substance, enforcement patterns, institutions and legal and regulatory features in the countries concerned facilitates a better understanding of the distinctiveness of competition law and practice in East Asia.