Abbott, Jason. 2001b. “[email protected]? The Challenges to the Emancipatory Potential of the Net: Lessons from China and Malaysia.” Third World Quarterly 22, No. 1: 99–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abbott, Jason P. 2004. “The Internet, Reformasi and Democratization in Malaysia.” In Gomez, Edmund Terence, ed. The State of Malaysia: Ethnicity, Equity and Reform. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Abdulai, David. 1992. “Rawlings ‘Wins’ Ghana's Presidential Elections: Establishing a New Constitutional Order.” Africa Today 39, No. 4: 66–71.Google Scholar

Abrahams, Fred. 1996. “Albania: A Tenuous Separation of Powers.” Transition 2, No. 3.Google Scholar

Abrahamyan, Gayane. 2008. “Leader of Karabakh War Veterans Struggles with Hobson's Choice.” Eurasia Insight, June 16.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Darin, and Robinson, James A. 2005. Economic Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ackermann, Alice. 1999. “Managing Conflicts Non-Violently Through Preventive Action: The Case of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.” Journal of Conflict Studies 19, No. 1: 5-2.Google Scholar

Ackermann, Alice. 2003. “International Intervention in Macedonia: From Preventative Engagement to Peace Implementation.” In Siani-Davies, Peter, ed. International Intervention in the Balkans since 1995. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ackroyd, William S. 1991. “Military Professionalism, Education, and Political Behavior in Mexico.” Armed Forces and Society 18, No. 1: 81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adar, Korwa G. 2000. “Assessing Democratization in Kenya: A Post-Mortem of the Moi Regime.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 38, No. 3 (November): 103–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adcock, Robert, and Collier, David. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95, No. 3 (September): 529–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agh, Attila. 1998. Emerging Democracies in Central Europe and the Balkans. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar

Aguayo Quezada, Sergio. 1993. “The Inevitability of Democracy in Mexico.” In Roett, Riordan, ed. Political and Economic Liberalization in Mexico: At a Critical Juncture?Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Aguayo Quezada, Sergio. 1995a. “A Mexican Milestone.” Journal of Democracy 6, No. 2 (April): 157–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aguayo Quezada, Sergio. 1995b. “Auge y perspectiva de los derechos humanos en México.” In Rubio, Luis and Fernández, Arturo, eds. México a la hora del cambio. Mexico City: Cal y Arena.Google Scholar

Ajulu, Rok. 1998. “Kenya's Democratic Experiment: The 1997 Elections.” Review of African Political Economy No. 76: 275–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ajulu, Rok. 2001. “Kenya: One Step Forward, Three Steps Back: The Succession Dilemma.” Review of African Political Economy No. 88: 197–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ajulu, Rok. 2003. “Kenya: A Reflection on the 2002 Elections: Third Time Lucky or More of the Same?” Institute for Global Dialogue, Occasional Paper No. 39. Braamfontein, South Africa: Institute for Global Dialogue.

Akivaga, S. Kichamu. 2002. “Towards a National Movement for Democratic Change in Kenya.” In Lawrence Murungu Mute, Wanza Kioko, and Akivaga, Kichamu, eds. Building an Open Society: The Politics of Transition in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Claripress.Google Scholar

Alagappa, Muthiah. 2001. “Introduction: Presidential Election, Democratization, and Cross-Strait Relations.” In Alagappa, Muthiah, ed. Taiwan's Presidential Politics: Democratization and Cross-Strait Relations in the Twenty-First Century. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Alao, Abiodun. 1995. “The Metamorphasis of the ‘Unorthodox’: The Integration and Early Development of the Zimbabwean National Army.” In Bhebe, Ngwabi and Ranger, Terence, eds. Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War. London: James Currey, Ltd.Google Scholar

Albats, Evgeniia. 1994. The State Within a State: The KGB and its Hold on Russia. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux.Google Scholar

Albritton, Robert B. 2004. “Cambodia in 2003: On the Road to Democratic Consolidation.” Asian Survey 44, No. 1 (January–February): 102–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alcocer, Jorge V. 1995. “Recent Electoral Reforms in Mexico: Prospects for a Real Multiparty Democracy.” In Roett, Riordan, ed. The Challenge of Institutional Reform in Mexico. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Alden, Christopher. 2000. “From Neglect to ‘Virtual Engagement’: The United States and its New Paradigm for Africa.” African Affairs 99, No. 396: 355–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alden, Chris. 2001. Mozambique and the Construction of the New African State: From Negotiations to Nation Building. London: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alden, Chris, and Simpson, Mark. 1993. “Mozambique: A Delicate Peace.” Journal of Modern African Studies 31, No. 1: 109–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, Jocelyn. 1997. “The Local State in Post-War Mozambique: Political Practice and Ideas about Authority.” Africa 67, No. 1: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, Jocelyn, and McGregor, Joann. 1999. “Representing Violence in Matabeland, Zimbabwe: Press and Internet Debates.” In Allen, Tim and Seaton, Jean, eds. The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Alexander, Peter. 2000. “Zimbabwean Workers, the MDC, and the 2000 Election.” Review of African Political Economy 27, No. 85: 385–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexeyeva, Liudmilla, and Chalidze, Valery. 1985. “Mass Unrest in the USSR.” Report No. 19, Office of Net Assessment of the Department of Defense (August).

Aligica, Paul Dragos. 2001. “Romania's Economic Policy: Before and After the Elections.” East European Constitutional Review 10, No. 1 (Winter).Google Scholar

Allen, Chris. 1992a. “Restructuring an Authoritarian State: Democratic Renewal in Benin.” Review of African Political Economy 19, No. 54: 42–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, Chris. 1992b. “‘Goodbye to All That’: The Short and Sad Story of Socialism in Benin.” Journal of Communist Studies 8: 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, Philip M. 1995. Madagascar: Conflicts of Authority in the Great Island. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Allina-Pisano, Jessica. 2005. “Informal Institutional Challenges to Democracy: Administrative Resource in Kuchma's Ukraine.” Prepared for presentation at the Danyliw Research Seminar in Contemporary Ukrainian Studies, Chair of Ukrainian Studies; University of Ottawa, 29 September–1 October.

Almond, Gabriel, and Verba, Sidney. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, Michael, Antonio, JoseLimongi, Chiebub, Fernando, and Przeworski, Adam. 1996. “Classifying Political Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 31, No. 3: 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amariei, Razvan. 2005. “Romania: Ghosts from the Past.” Transitions Online, 20 June.Google Scholar

Amariei, Razvan. 2006. “Romania: A Black Sea Berlusconi?” Transitions Online, 8 June.Google Scholar

Amchuk, Leonyd. 2005. Interview with Mykola Martynenko. Ukrainska Pravda, 20 April.Google Scholar

Watch, Americas. 1985. Political Freedom in Guyana. New York: Americas Watch.Google Scholar

Ames, Rolando, Bernales, Enrique, López, Sinesio, and Roncagliolo, Rafael. 2001. Situación de la Democracia en el Perú. Lima: Universidad Católica del Peru.Google Scholar

Amin, Julius. 2004. “Paul Biya's Foreign Policy: The Promise and Performance.” In Mbaku, John M and Takougang, Joseph, eds. The Leadership Challenge in Africa: Cameroon under Paul Biya. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar

International, Amnesty. 2001. “Amnesty International Report 2001: Kenya.” New York: Amnesty International.

International, Amnesty. 2002a. “Madagascar: Selective Justice.” Amnesty International Report, 10 December.

International, Amnesty. 2002b. “Amnesty International Report 2002: Kenya.” New York: Amnesty International.

International, Amnesty. 2003. “Madagascar: Former Prime Minister's Trial Must Respect International Standards of Fairness.” Amnesty International Public Statement, 17 December 2003.

Amuwo, ‘ Kunle. 2003. “The State and the Politics of Democratic Consolidation in Benin, 1990–1999.” In Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere and John Mukum Mbaku, eds. Political Liberalization and Democratization in Africa. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

Anderson, David M. 2003. “Briefing: Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era?” African Affairs 102: 331–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Leslie E. 2006. “The Authoritarian Executive? Horizontal and Vertical Accountability in Nicaragua.” Latin American Politics and Society 48, No. 2 (Summer): 141–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Leslie, and Dodd, Lawrence C. 2002. “Nicaragua Votes: The Elections of 2001.” Journal of Democracy 13, No. 3 (July): 80–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Leslie, and Dodd, Lawrence C. 2005. Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrejevich, Milan. 1990a. “Milosevic and the Socialist Party of Serbia.” Report on Eastern Europe. 3 August: 41–5.Google Scholar

Andrejevich, Milan. 1990b. “Milosevic and the Serbian Opposition.” Report on Eastern Europe. 19 October: 38–46.Google Scholar

Andrejevich, Milan. 1990c. “The Election Scorecard for Serbia, Montenegro, and Macedonia.” Report on Eastern Europe. 21 December: 37–9.Google Scholar

Andrejevich, Milan. 1991a. “Macedonia's New Political Leadership.” Report on Eastern Europe. 17 May: 22–5.Google Scholar

Andrejevich, Milan. 1991b. “Resurgent Nationalism in Macedonia: A Challenge to Pluralism.” Report on Eastern Europe. 17 May: 26–9.Google Scholar

Andrejevich, Milan. 1991c. “Unrest in Belgrade: A Symptom of Serbia's Crisis.” Report on Eastern Europe. 29 March: 12–18.Google Scholar

Andrejevich, Milan, and Bardos, Gordon N. 1992. “Media in Regions of Conflict: Serbia and Montenegro.” RFE/RL Research Report. Vol. 1, No. 39 (2 October): 86–91.Google Scholar

Andrews, Josephine T. 2002. When Majorities Fail: The Russian Parliament, 1990–1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anebo, Felix K. G. 1997. “Voting Patterns and Electoral Alliances in Ghana's 1996 Elections.” African Journal of Political Science 2, No. 2 (December): 38–52.Google Scholar

Angjeli, Anastas. 1995. “Problems of Albanian Democracy.” Mediterranean Quarterly 6, No. 4: 35–47.Google Scholar

Anjaparidze, Zaal. 2002. “Preparing for the Post-Shevardnadze Era.” Prism 8, No. 5. Available at http://www.jamestown.org/.Google Scholar

Anokwa, Kwadwo. 1997. “Press Performance under Civilian and Military Regimes in Ghana: A Reassessment of Past and Present Knowledge.” In Eribo, Festus and Jong-Ebot, William, eds. Press Freedom and Communication in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc.Google Scholar

Antonic, Slobodan. 2002. “A Captive Nation: Serbia under Slobodan Milosevic.” (English summary of Zarobljena zemlja: Srbija za vlade Slobodana Miloševiãa.)Beograd: Otkrovenje. Pp. 505–16. Available at www.dekart.f.bg.ac.yu/sociologija/01%20Osoblje/Antonic/Antonic_en.htm.Google Scholar

Antonic, Slobodan. 2003. “Serbia after Djindjic.” East European Constitutional Review 12, No. 2–3: 113–118.Google Scholar

Anuar, Mustafa K. 2002. “Defining Democratic Discourses: The Mainstream Press.” In Francis Loh Kik Wah and Khoo Boo Teik, eds. Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Curzon.Google Scholar

,ARD, Inc. 2003. “Democracy and Governance Assessment of Tanzania: Transitions from the Single Party State.” Report submitted to the U.S. Agency for International Development. Washington, DC: USAID.

Arceneaux, Craig, and Pion-Berlin, David. 2005. Transforming Latin America: The International and Domestic Sources of Change. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arias Quincot, César. 2001. “La Infama Década del Fujimorato.” In Batres, Carlos Milla, ed. Como Fujimori Jodió al Perú. Lima: Editorial Mill Batres.Google Scholar

Armony, Ariel, and Schamis, Hector. 2005. “Babel in Democratization Studies.” Journal of Democracy 16, No. 4: 113–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aron, Leon. 2000. Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Arrigo, Linda Gail. 1994. “From Democratic Movement to Bourgeois Democracy: The Internal Politics of the Taiwan Democratic Progressive Party in 1991.” In Rubinstein, Murray A, ed. The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the Present. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Ashley, David W. 1996. “The Nature and Causes of Human Rights Violations in Battambang Province.” In Heder, Steve and Ledgerwood, Judy, eds. Propaganda, Politics, and Violence in Cambodia: Democratic Transition Under United Nations Peacekeeping. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Ashley, David W. 1998. “The Failure of Conflict Resolution in Cambodia: Causes and Lessons.” In Brown, Frederick Z and Timberman, David G, eds. Cambodia and the International Community: The Quest for Peace.

Aslund, Anders. 2002. “Is the Belarusian Economic Model Viable?” In Lewis, Ann, ed. The EU and Belarus: Between Moscow and Brussels. London: Federal Trust.Google Scholar

Astourian, Stephan. 2000–2001. From Ter-Petrosian to Kocharian: Leadership Change in Armenia. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series (Winter).Google Scholar

Asuagbor, Greg O. 1998. Democratization and Modernization in a Multilingual Cameroon. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar

Atkins, G. Pope. 1981. Arms and Politics in the Dominican Republic. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Atkins, G. Pope, and Wilson, Larman C.. 1998. The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar

Aubynn, Anthony Kwesi. 2002. “Behind the Transparent Ballot Box: The Significance of the 1990s Elections in Ghana.” In Cowen, Michael and Laakso, Liisa, eds. Multi-Party Elections in Africa. Oxford, UK: James Currey, Ltd.Google Scholar

Austin, Kathi. 1994. Invisible Crimes: US Private Intervention and the War in Mozambique. Washington, DC: APIC.Google Scholar

Austin, Robert. 1993. “What Albania Adds to the Balkan Stew.” Orbis 37, No. 2 (March): 259–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, Robert. 2009. “Less Is More: Towards a Sustainable and Reliable Media in Albania.” In Dyczok, Marta and Gaman-Golutvina, Oxana, eds. Media, Democracy and Freedom: The Post-Communist Experience. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Avendaño, Jorge. 2001. “La Perpetuidad en el Poder a Través del Congreso (La Corrupción del Poder Judicial y del Sistema Electoral).” In Carlos Milla Batres, ed. Como Fujimori Jodió al Perú. Lima, Peru: Editorial Mill Batres.Google Scholar

Aves, Jonathan. 1992. “The Rise and Fall of the Georgian Nationalist Movement, 1987–1991.” In Hosking, Geoffrey A., Aves, Jonathan, and Duncan, Peter J. S., eds. The Road to Post-Communism: Independent Political Movements in the Soviet Union 1985–1991. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Aves, Jonathan. 1995. “National Security and Military Issues in the Transcaucasus.” In Parrott, Bruce, ed. State-Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Aves, Jonathan. 1996. “Politics, Parties and Presidents in Transcaucasia.” Caucasian Regional Studies 1: 5–23. Available at www.poli.vub.ac.be/publi/crs/eng/0101–02.htm.Google Scholar

Avirovic, Pajo. 1995. “Macedonian Postcommunism.” Uncaptive Minds. Spring: 67–74.Google Scholar

Ayee, Joseph R. A. 1997a. “Ghana's 1996 General Elections: A Post-Mortem.” African Association of Political Science Occasional Papers Series, Vol. 1, No. 1. Harare, Zimbabwe: African Association of Political Science.

Ayee, Joseph R. A. 1998b. “Election Management and Democratic Consolidation: The Case of the Electoral Commission of Ghana.” In Ayee, Joseph R. A, ed. The 1996 General Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana. Accra: University of Ghana, Department of Political Science.Google Scholar

Ayee, Joseph R. A. 1998c. “Elite Consensus and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana: The Inter-Party Advisory Committee (IPAC).” In Ayee, Joseph R. A, ed. The 1996 General Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana. Accra: University of Ghana, Department of Political Science.Google Scholar

Ayee, Joseph R. A. 2001. “The 2000 General Elections and Presidential Run-off in Ghana: An Overview.” In Ayee, Joseph R. A, ed. Deepening Democracy in Ghana: Politics of the 2000 Elections (Vol. 1). Accra: Freedom Publications.Google Scholar

Ayee, Joseph R. A. 2002. “The 2000 General Elections and Presidential Run-off in Ghana: An Overview.” Democratization 9, No. 2 (Summer): 148–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayisi, Ruth Ansah. 1991. “Mozambique: The Problems of Peace.” Africa Report March–April: 23–5.Google Scholar

Ayissa, Anatole, and Sangaré, Nouhoum. 2006. “Mali.” In Omitoogun, Wuyi and Hutchful, Eboe, eds. Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Process and Mechanisms of Control. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Aywa, Francis Ang'ila, and Grignon, Francois. 2001. “As Biased as Ever? The Electoral Commission's Performance Prior to Polling Day.” In Marcel Rutten, Alamin Mazrui, and Francois Grignon, eds. Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers.Google Scholar

Azevedo, Mario. 1995. “Ethnicity and Democratization: Cameroon and Gabon.” In Glickman, Harvey, ed. Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa. Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association Press.Google Scholar

Aziz Nassif, Alberto, and Sánchez, Jorge Alonso. 2003. “Votos, Reglas y Partidos.” In Nassif, Alberto Aziz, ed. México al inicio del siglo XXI: Democracia, ciudadanía y desarrollo. Mexico City: CIESAS.Google Scholar

Babb, Sarah. 2001. Managing Mexico: Economists from Nationalism to Neoliberalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Bacinic, Ivan. 1993. “The Croatian Economy: Achievements and Prospects.” RFE/RL Research Report. 25 June: 33–9.Google Scholar

Bacinic, Ivo, and Dominis, Iva. 1992. “Tudjman Remains Dominant after Croatian Elections.” RFE/RL Research Report. 18 September: 20–6.Google Scholar

Bacinic, Ivo and Dominis, Iva. 1993. “The Multi Party Elections in Croatia: Round Two.” RFE/RL Reports. 7: 17–21.Google Scholar

Baer, Josette. 2001. “Boxing and Politics in Slovakia: ‘Mečiarism’ Roots, Theory, Practice.” Democratizaion 8, No. 2 (Summer): 97–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bagley, Bruce M., and Tokatlian, Juan G. 1992. “Dope and Dogma: Explaining the Failure of U.S.–Latin American Drug Policies.” In Jonathan Hartlyn, Lars Schoultz, and Augusto Varas, eds. The United States and Latin America in the 1990s: Beyond the Cold War. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Bakalian, Anny P. 1992. Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar

Baker, Bruce. 2002. “Overstaying One's Welcome: The Presidential Third Term Debate in Africa.” Contemporary Politics 8, No. 4: 301–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, Bruce. 2003. “Policing and the Rule of Law in Mozambique.” Policing and Society 13, No. 2: 139–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, Peter, and Glasser, Susan. 2005. Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putin's Russia and the End of the Revolution. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar

Bala, Alban. 2001. “Albania: Ruling Socialist Party Faces Conflicts.” RFE/RL Reports. 10 December.Google Scholar

Bala, Alban. 2002. “Albania: Development Goals For Next 15 Years Set With UN.” RFE/RL Reports. 15 July.Google Scholar

Balbi, Carmen Rosa, and Palmer, David Scott. 2001. “‘Reinventing’ Democracy in Peru.” Current History 100, No. 643 (February): 65–72.Google Scholar

Baldwin, Kate. 2009. “Keeping the Party Going in Zambia.” In Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc, eds. Democratization in Africa. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Ballard, John R. 1998. Upholding Democracy: The United States Military Campaign in Haiti, 1994–97. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

Balzer, Harley. 2003. “Managed Pluralism: Vladimir Putin's Emerging Regime.” Post Soviet Affairs 19, No. 3 (July): 189–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bardos, Gordon. 2001. “Yugoslavia.” In Nations in Transit 2001. Washington, DC: Freedom House.Google Scholar

Barkan, Joel D. 1992. “The Rise and Fall of a Governance Realm in Kenya.” In Hyden, Goran and Bratton, Michael, eds. Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Barkan, Joel D. 1993. “Kenya: Lessons from a Flawed Transition.” Journal of Democracy 4, No. 3 (July): 85–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barkan, Joel D. 1994. “Divergence and Convergence in Kenya and Tanzania: Pressures for Reform.” In Barkan, Joel D, ed. Beyond Capitalism versus Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Barkan, Joel D. 1998. “Toward a New Constitutional Framework in Kenya.” Africa Today 45, No. 2 (April–June): 213–26.Google Scholar

Barkan, Joel D. 2003. “New Forces Shaping Kenyan Politics.” CSIS Africa Notes 18 (May).Google Scholar

Barkan, Joel D. 2004. “Kenya After Moi.” Foreign Affairs 83, No. 1 (January/February): 87–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barkan, Joel D. 2008. “Breaking the Stalemate in Kenya.” Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies (January 8).

Barkan, Joel, and Ng'ethe, Njuguna. 1999. “Kenya Tries Again.” In Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc, eds. Democratization in Africa. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Barnes, James F. 1992. Gabon: Beyond the Colonial Legacy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Barr, Robert R., and Dietz, Henry. 2006. “Fujimori and the Mayors of Lima, 1990–2001: The Impact and Legacy of Neopopulist Rule.” In Carrión, Julio, ed. The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of Electoral Authoritarianism in Peru. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Barraclough, Simon. 1985. “The Dynamics of Coercion in the Malaysian Political Process.” Modern Asian Studies 19, No. 4: 797–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartlett, David. 2000. “Civil Society and Democracy: a Zambian Case Study.” Journal of Southern African Studies, 26, No. 3: 429–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Basom, Kenneth E. 1995. “Prospects for Democracy in Serbia and Croatia.” East European Quarterly 29, No. 4: 509–34.Google Scholar

Basombrío, Carlos. 2000. “Civil Society Aid in Peru: Reflections from Experience.” In Ottaway, Marina and Carothers, Thomas, eds. Funding Virtue: Civil Society Aid and Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar

Baturin, Yu, A. Il'in, Kalatskii, V, Kostikov, V, Krasnov, M, Livshchits, A, Nikiforov, K, Pikhoia, L, and Satarov, G. 2001. Epokha El'tsina: Ocherki politicheskoi istorii. Moscow: Vagrius.Google Scholar

Baudais, Virginie, and Chauzal, Grégory. 2006. “Les partis politiques et l' ‘indépendance partisane’ d'Amadou Toumani Touré.” Politique Africaine 104: 61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baudaisa, Virginie, and Sborgib, Enrico. 2008. “The Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Mali, April and July 2007.” Electoral Studies 27, No. 4 (December): 769–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauer, Gretchen, and Taylor, Scott D. 2005. Politics in Southern Africa: State and Society in Transition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Baum, Julian. 1994. “The Money Machine.” Far Eastern Economic Review. 11 August: 62–6.Google Scholar

Baun, Michael. 2000. A Wider Europe: The Process and Politics of European Union Enlargement. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Bawumia, Mahamudu. 1998. “Understanding the Rural–Urban Voting Patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian Presidential Election: A Closer Look at the Distributional Impact of Ghana's Structural Adjustment Program.” Journal of Modern African Studies 36, No. 1: 47–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baylies, C., and Szeftel, M.. 1992. “The Fall and Rise of Multi-Party Politics in Zambia.” Review of African Political Economy 19, No. 54: 75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becarra, Ricardo, Pedro Salazar, and Woldenberg, José. 2000. La mecánica del cambio politico en México: Elecciones, partidos y reformas. Mexico City: Cal y Arena.Google Scholar

Beck, Linda J. 1997. “Senegal's ‘Patrimonial Democrats’: Incremental Reform and the Obstacles to the Consolidation of Democracy.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 31, No. 1: 1–31.Google Scholar

Beck, Linda J. 1999. “Senegal's Enlarged Presidential Majority: Deepening Democracy or Detour?” In Joseph, Richard, ed. State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Beck, Linda J. 2001. “Reining in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal.” African Affairs 100: 601–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beck, Linda J. 2008. Brokering Democracy in Africa: The Rise of Clientelist Democracy in Senegal. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bedevian, Asghik. 2006. “Ruling Parties Pledge Continued Cooperation.” RFE/RL Armenia Report, 6 February.Google Scholar

Bedlington, Stanley S. 1978. Malaysia and Singapore: The Building of New States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Behrman, Lucy C. 1970. Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beinin, Henry. 1978. Armies and Parties in Africa. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar

Beissinger, Mark R. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beissinger, Mark R. 2007. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5 (June): 259–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies (BISS). 2008. “New Russian President and Belarus: Sluggish Political Emancipation, Active Economic Expansion?” Vilnius, Lithuania, unpublished manuscript.

Belin, Laura, Clem, Ralph S, Craumer, Peter R, and Orttung, Robert W. 1997. The Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1995: The Battle for the Duma. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Bellamy, Alex. 2001. “Croatia after Tudjman: The 2000 Parliamentary and Presidential Elections.” Problems of Post-Communism 48, No. 5 (September–October): 18–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bellamy, Alex J. 2003. The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries Old Dream?Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bellin, Eva. 2000. “Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and the State in Late-Developing Countries.” World Politics 52, No. 2: 175–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bellin, Eva. 2004. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 36, No. 2: 139–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belloni, Roberto, and della Rocca, Roberto Morozzo. 2008. “Italy and the Balkans: The Rise of a Reluctant Middle Power.” Modern Italy 13, No. 3: 169–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bendaña, Alejandro. 1992. “Afterward: Elections, Intervention, and Revolution: A Sandinista Perspective.” In Robinson, William, A Faustian Bargain: U.S. Intervention in the Nicaraguan Elections and American Foreign Policy in the Post–Cold War Era. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Beresford, Melanie. 2005. “Cambodia: An Artificial Democratization Process.” Asian Survey 45, No. 1 (January–February): 134–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Siegler, Rainer. 1990. Political Stability and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Bergamaschi, Isaline. 2008. “Mali: Patterns and Limits of Donor-Driven Ownership.” In Whitfield, Lindsay, ed. The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Berman, Daniel K. 1992. Words Like Colored Glass: The Role of the Press in Taiwan's Democratization Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Bermeo, Nancy. 1990. “Rethinking Regime Change.” Comparative Politics 22, No. 3 (April): 359–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biberaj, Elez. 1993. “Albania's Road to Democracy.” Current History 92, No. 577: 381–85.Google Scholar

Biberaj, Elez. 1998. Albania in Transition: The Rocky Road to Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Bieber, Florian. 2003. “The Serbian Opposition and Civil Society: Roots of the Delayed Transition in Serbia.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 17, No. 1 (Fall): 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bieber, Florian. 2006. “Serbia and Montenegro.” Nations in Transit 2006. New York: Freedom House.Google Scholar

Bienen, Henry. 1967. Tanzania: Party Transformation and Economic Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Bierschenk, Thomas, and Sardan, Jean-Pierre Olivier. 2003. “Powers in the Village: Rural Benin between Democratization and Decentralization.” Africa 73, No. 2: 145–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bierschenk, Thomas, Elizabeth Thioléron, and Bako-Arifari, Nassirou. 2003. “Benin.” Development Policy Review 21, No. 2: 161–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bing, Rasmus, and Szajkowski, B. 1994. “Romania.” In Szajkowski, B, ed. Political Parties of Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Successor States. Stockton, UK: Essex.Google Scholar

Birch, Sarah. 2002. “The Presidential Election in Ukraine, October 1999.” Electoral Studies 21, No. 2 (June): 339–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birch, Sarah. 2003. “The Parliamentary Elections in Ukraine, March 2002.” Electoral Studies 22, No. 3 (September): 524–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bjelakovic, Nebojsa, and Tatic, Sava. 1998. “1997: Another Year of Bleak Continuity.” In Stokes, Gale and Rutland, Peter, eds. The Challenge of Integration: East West Institute Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. New York: EastWest Institute.Google Scholar

Black, Jan Knippers. 1986. The Dominican Republic: Politics and Development in an Unsovereign State. Boston: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Blair, David. 2002. Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Blair, David. 2003. Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe (Revised Edition). London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Blaydes, Lisa. Forthcoming. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak's Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bluff, Margot. 2008. “Belarus: Authorities Free Another Political Prisoner.” RFE/RL Reports. February 22.Google Scholar

Bluwey, Gilbert. 1998. “State Organizations and the Transition to Constitutional Democracy.” In Ninsin, Kwame A, ed. Ghana: Transition to Democracy. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA.Google Scholar

Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. 1998a. “Party Organization, Finance and the Democratic Process: The Case of the Opposition Parties.” In Ayee, Joseph R. A, ed. The 1996 General Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana. Accra: University of Ghana, Department of Political Science.Google Scholar

Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. 1998b. “The International Community and Ghana's Transition to Democracy.” In Ninsin, Kwame A, ed. Ghana: Transition to Democracy. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA.Google Scholar

Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. 1999. “Ghana: Structural Adjustment, Democratization, and the Politics of Continuity.” African Studies Review 42, No. 2 (September): 41–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. 2001. “Election Monitoring and Observation in Ghana: Problems and Prospects.” In Ayee, Joseph R. A, ed. Deepening Democracy in Ghana: Politics of the 2000 Elections (Vol. 1). Accra: Freedom Publications.Google Scholar

Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. 2003. “Political Parties and Democratic Sustainability in Ghana, 1992–2000.” In Salih, M. A. Mohamed, ed. African Political Parties: Evolution, Institutionalization and Governance. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Boas, Taylor C. 2005. “Television and Neopopulism in Latin America: Media Effects in Brazil and Peru.” Latin American Research Review 40, No. 2: 27–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobea, Lilian. 2002. “Recomposición de las Fuerzas de Seguridad en el Caribe y su Impacto en las Relaciones Cívico-Militares.” In Bobea, Lilian, ed. Soldados y Ciudadanos en el Caribe. Santo Domingo: FLACSO.Google Scholar

Boduszynski, Mieczyslaw P., and Balalovska, Kristina. 2004. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Croatia, Macedonia, and the Battle over Article 98.” Problems of Post-Communism 51, No. 1 (January–February): 18–30.Google Scholar

Boichenko, O. V. 2004. “Incidence of Wage Arrears in Ukraine.” Magisterium (National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy) 14: 22–5.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boix, Carles, and Stokes, Susan C. 2003. “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics 55, No. 4 (July): 517–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bojcun, Marko. 2001. “Russia, Ukraine, and European Integration.” EUI Working Paper, HEC No. 2001/4. Florence, Italy: European University Institute.Google Scholar

Bokeria, Giga, Targamadze, Givi, and Ramishvili, Levan. 1997. “Georgian Media in the 90s: A Step to Liberty.” Discussion Paper Series. Tbilisi: UN Development Programme – Georgia.

Boone, Catherine. 1990. “State Power and Economic Crisis in Senegal.” Comparative Politics 22, No. 3 (April): 341–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 1992. Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930–1985. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Booth, John A. 1985. The End and the Beginning: The Nicaraguan Revolution, Second Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Booth, John A. 1998. “Electoral Observation and Democratic Transition in Nicaragua.” In Middlebrook, Kevin, ed. Electoral Observation and Democratic Transitions in Latin America. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.–Mexican Studies.Google Scholar

Borisov, Vadim, and Clarke, Simon. 1994. “Reform and Revolution in the Communist National Park.” Capital & Class. No. 53 (Summer): 9–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borjas Benavente, Adriana. 2003. Partido de la Revolución Democrática: Estructura, Organización Interna y Desempeño Público: 1989–2003 (Vol. 2). Mexico City: Gernika.Google Scholar

Bosco, Joseph. 1994. “Faction versus Ideology: Mobilization Strategies in Taiwan's Elections.” The China Quarterly 137 (March): 28–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bossom, Kenneth. 1996. “Prospects for Democracy in Serbia and Croatia.” East European Quarterly 29, No. 4 (January): 509–28.Google Scholar

Bostrom, Mikael. 1994. “Contagion of Democracy in Latin America: The Case of Paraguay.” In Nagel, Stuart S, ed. Latin American Development and Public Policy. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Bouman, Marlies. 1987. “A Note on Chiefly and National Policing in Botswana.” Journal of Legal Pluralism 25 & 26: 275–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowen, Merle. 1992. “Beyond Reform: Adjustment and Political Power in Contemporary Mozambique.” Journal of Modern African Studies 30, No. 2 (June): 255–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowen, Sally, and Holligan, Jane. 2003. El Espía Imperfecto: La Telaraña Siniestra de Vladimiro Montesinos. Lima, Peru: Peisa.Google Scholar

Bowman, Larry. 1973. Politics in Rhodesia: White Power in an African State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyer, Allison. 1992. “An exemplary transition.” Africa Report 37 No. 4: 40–3.Google Scholar

Bratton, Michael. 1992. “Zambia Starts Over.” Journal of Democracy 3, No. 2 (April): 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bratton, Michael. 1994. “Economic Crisis and Political Realignment in Zambia.” In Widner, Jennifer A, ed. Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Bratton, Michael. 2005. “Building Democracy in Africa's Weak States.” Democracy at Large 1, No. 3: 12–15.Google Scholar

Bratton, Michael, and Chang, Eric C. C. 2006. “State-Building and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Forwards, Backwards, or Together.” Comparative Political Studies 39, No. 9: 1059–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bratton, Michael, and Masunungure, Eldred. 2006. “Popular Reactions to State Repression: Operation Murambatsvina in Zimbabwe.” African Affairs 106, No. 422: 21–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bratton, Michael, and Posner, Daniel. 1999. “A First Look at Second Elections in Africa, with Illustrations from Zambia.” In Joseph, Richard, ed. State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Bratton, Michael, and Walle, Nicolas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braun, Janice. 1992. “Is Macedonia Next? Chaos Moves South.” Commonweal (14 August): 7–8.Google Scholar

Breitinger, Eckhard. 1993. “Lamentations Patriotiques: Writers, Censors and Politics in Cameroon.” African Affairs 92, No. 369 (October): 557–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bremmer, Ian, and Welt, Cory. 1997. “Armenia's New Autocrats.” Journal of Democracy 8, No. 3: 77–91.Google Scholar

Bresani, Augusto. 2003. Osaso y Persecución. Lima, Peru: Bresani Ediciones.Google Scholar

Bricke, Dieter, Zdenek Lukas, and Szomolányi, Sona. 1995. “Slovakia.” In Weidenfield, Werner, ed. Central and Eastern Europe on the Way into the European Union: Problems and Prospects of Integration. Guttersloh, Germany: Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers.Google Scholar

Brinegar, Adam, Morgenstern, Scott, and Nielson, Daniel. 2006. “The PRI's Choice: Balancing Democratic Reform and its Own Salvation.” Party Politics 12, No. 1: 77–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brinks, Daniel, and Coppedge, Michael. 2006. “Diffusion Is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 39, No. 4: 463–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brkic, Misa. 1996–1997. “Elections in Serbia: An Unstable Coalition.” Uncaptive MindsWinter–Spring: 85–9.Google Scholar

Brown, Archie. 2005. “Comparative Politics: A View from Britain.” APSA-CP Newsletter 16, No. 1: 1–4.Google Scholar

Brown, Frederick Z. 1998. “Cambodia's Rocky Venture in Democracy.” In Kumar, Krishna, ed. Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Brown, Frederick Z., and Timberman, David G. 1998. “Introduction: Peace Development, and Democracy in Cambodia – Shattered Hopes.” In Brown, Frederick Z and Timberman, David G, eds. Cambodia and the International Community: The Quest for Peace, Development, and Democracy. New York: The Asia Society.Google Scholar

Brown, Graham. 2008. “Federal and State Elections in Malaysia, March 2008.” Electoral Studies 27, 4: 740–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Karen. 2001. “In the Realm of the Double-Headed Eagle: Parapolitics in Macedonia, 1994–1999.” In Cowan, J, ed. Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Brown, MacAlister, and Zasloff, Joseph J. 1998. Cambodia Confounds the Peacemakers: 1979–1998. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, Stephen. 2001. “Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to Keep Kenya's Daniel arap Moi in Power.” Third World Quarterly 22, No. 5: 725–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Stephen. 2003. “Quiet Diplomacy and Recurring ‘Ethnic Clashes’ in Kenya.” In Lekha Sriram, Chandra and Wermester, Karin, eds. From Promise to Practice: Strengthening UN Capacities for the Prevention of Violent Conflict. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Brown, Stephen. 2004. “Theorizing Kenya's Protracted Transition to Democracy.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 22, No. 3: 325–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brownlee, Jason. 2002. “…And Yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 37, No. 3: 35–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brownlee, Jason. 2007a. Durable Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brownlee, Jason. 2007b. “Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies.” World Politics 59, No. 4 (July): 595–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruhn, Kathleen. 1997. Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Bryan, Shari, and Baer, Denise, eds. 2005. Money in Politics: A Study of Party Financing Practices in 22 Countries. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute.Google Scholar

Bubnova, Nina, and Way, Lucan. 1998. Trends in Financing Regional Expenditures in Transition Economies: The Case of Ukraine. World Bank Discussion Paper. Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buechsenschuetz, Ulrich. 2001a. “New Rift in Macedonian Leadership?” Transitions Online, 10 August.Google Scholar

Buechsenschuetz, Ulrich. 2001b. “Are Bulgarian-Macedonian Relations Improving?” Transitions Online, 27 August.Google Scholar

Bujosevic, Dragan, and Radovanovic, Ivan. 2003. The Fall of Milosevic: The October 5 Revolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bunce, Valerie. 2003. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Post-Communist Experience.” World Politics 55, No. 2: 167–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bunce, Valerie, and Wolchik, Sharon. 2006a. “Defining and Domesticating the Electoral Model: A Comparison of Slovakia and Serbia.” Prepared for the conference, “Waves and Troughs of Post-Communist Transitions: What Role for Domestic vs. External Variables?” Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law; Stanford, CA, Stanford University. 28–29 April.

Bunce, Valerie, and Wolchick, Sharon. 2006b. “Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions.” Journal of Democracy 17, No. 4: 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. 2009. “Foreign Operations Appropriated Assistance.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State.

Burger, Ethan S., and Minchuk, Viktar. 2006. “Alyaksandr Lukashenka's Consolidation of Power.” In Joerg Forbrig, David R. Marples, and Pavol Demes, eds. Prospects for Democracy in Belarus. Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States.Google Scholar

Burke, Justin. 2001. “Significant Benefits await Armenia If Road and Rail Blockade Lifted.” Armenia Daily Digest. 11 June.Google Scholar

Burnell, Peter, ed. 2000a. Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Burnell, Peter. 2000b. “Democracy Assistance: The State of the Discourse.” In Burnell, Peter, ed. Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Burnell, Peter. 2001a. “The Party System and Party Politics in Zambia: Continuities Past, Present and Future.” African Affairs 100, No. 399: 239–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burnell, Peter. 2001b. “Does Economic Reform Promote Democratization? Evidence from Zambia's Third Republic.” New Political Economy 6, No. 2: 191–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burnell, Peter. 2003. “The Tripartite Elections in Zambia, December 2001.” Electoral Studies 22: 388–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burt, Jo-Marie. 1997. “Political Violence and the Grassroots in Lima, Peru.” In Chambers, Douglas A, Vilas, Carlos M, Hite, Katherine, Martin, Scott B, Piester, Kerianne, and Segarra, Monique, eds. The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Burt, Jo-Marie. 1998. “Unsettled Accounts: Militarization and Memory in Postwar Peru.” NACLA Report on the Americas 32, No. 2: 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burt, Jo-Marie. 2004. “State-Making Against Democracy: The Case of Fujimori's Peru.” In Burt, Jo-Marie and Mauceri, Philip, eds. Politics in the Andes: Identity, Conflict, Reform. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bush, Jason. 2005. “How Putin May Hang on to Power.” Business Week. 6 June.Google Scholar

Butora, Martin, Zora Butorova, and Meseznikov, Grigorij. 2003. “Slovakia's Democratic Awakening.” In Rupnik, Jacques and Zielnka, Jan, eds. The Road to the European Union: The Czech and Slovak Republics. New York: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Buturova, Zora, and Butora, Martin. 1995. “Political Parties, Value Orientations and Slovakia's Road to Independence.” In Wightman, G, ed. Party Formation in East Central Europe. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar

Cajina, Roberto J. 1997. Transición política y reconversíon militar en Nicaragua, 1990–1995. Managua, Nicaragua: CRIES.Google Scholar

Calder, Bruce J. 1984. The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916–1924. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Calderón, Alzati, and Cazés, Daniel. 1996. Las Elecciones Presidenciales de 1994. Mexico City: La Jornada Ediciones.Google Scholar

Calinescu, Matei, and Tismaneanu, Vladimir. 1992. “The 1989 Revolution and Romania's Future.” In Nelson, Daniel, ed. Romania after Tyranny. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Callaghy, Thomas M. 1991. “Africa and the World Economy: Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place.” In Harbeson, John W and Rothchild, Donald, eds. Africa in World Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Callaghy, Thomas M. 1993. Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Cameron, David. 2007. “Post-Communist Democracy: The Impact of the European Union.” Post-Soviet Affairs 23, No 3: 185–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cameron, Maxwell A. 1994. Democracy and Authoritarianism in Peru: Political Coalitions and Social Change. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Cameron, Maxwell A. 1997. “Political and Economic Origins of Regime Change in Peru: The Eighteenth Brumaire of Alberto Fujimori.” In Cameron, Maxwell and Mauceri, Philip, eds. The Peruvian Labyrinth. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Cameron, Maxwell A. 2000. “Elections in a Hybrid Regime: Civil–Military Relations and Caesarism in Peru.” Paper prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of the Latin American Studies Association; Miami, FL. 16–18 March.

Cameron, Maxwell A. 2006. “Endogenous Regime Breakdown: The Vladivideo and the Fall of Peru's Fujimori.” In Carrión, Julio, ed. The Fujimori Legacy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Camp, Roderic A. 1985. Intellectuals and the State in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Camp, Roderic A. 1992. Generals in the Palacio: The Military in Modern Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Camp, Roderic A. 1995. “Striving for Mexican Democracy: The PRI and the Opposition.” In Schulz, Donald E and Williams, Edward J, eds. Mexico Faces the 21st Century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Camp, Roderic A. 1999. Politics in Mexico: The Decline of Authoritarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Camp, Roderic A. 2002. Mexico's Mandarins: Crafting a Power Elite for the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Camp, Roderic A. 2005. Mexico's Military on the Democratic Stage. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies and Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar

Canak, Branislav. 1993. “The Power and Powerless: The Media in Serbia.” Uncaptive Minds (Summer): 81–7.Google Scholar

Caplan, Richard. 1998. “International Diplomacy and the Crisis in Kosovo.” International Affairs 74, No. 4: 745–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carbone, Giovanni M. 2003. “Emerging Pluralist Politics in Mozambique: The Frelimo–Renamo Party System.” Crisis States Programme Working Paper No. 23. London: London School of Economics Development Research Center.

Carbone, Giovanni M. 2005. “Continuidade na Renovação? Ten Years of Multiparty Politics in Mozambique: Roots, Evolution and Stabilisation of the Frelimo–Renamo Party System.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 43: 417–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carbonell, José. 2002. El Fin de las Certezas Autoritarias: Hacia la Construcción de un Nuevo Sistema Político y Constitucional para México. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar

Carey, Henry F. 1995. “Irregularities or Rigging: The 1992 Romanian Parliamentary Elections.” East European Quarterly 29: 43–67.Google Scholar

Carey, Henry F. 1998. “Electoral Observation and Democratization in Haiti.” In Middlebrook, Kevin, ed. Electoral Observation and Democratic Transitions in Latin America. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.–Mexican Studies.Google Scholar

Carey, Henry F. 2004. “Conclusion: Ambiguous Democratization?” In Carey, H, ed. Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society. Boulder, CO: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Carletto, Calogero, Benjamin Davis, Stampini, Marco, and Zezza, Alberto. 2006. “A Country on the Move: International Migration in Post-Communist Albania.” International Migration Review 40, No. 4: 767–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carney, Timothy. 1993. “Compromise and Confrontation: The Cambodian Future.” In Carney, Timothy and Choo, Tan Lian, eds. Wither Cambodia: Beyond the Election. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 1991. In the Name of Democracy: US Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 1996. Assessing Democracy Assistance: The Case of Romania. Washington D.C.: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 1997a. “Democracy without Illusions.” Foreign Affairs 76 (January–February): 85–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 1997b. “The Observers Observed.” Journal of Democracy 8, No. 3: 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 1997c. “Romania: The Political Background.” Democracy in Romania: Assessment Mission. Stockholm: IDEA.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 2000a. “Struggling with Semi-Authoritarians.” In Burnell, Peter, ed. Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 2000b. “Taking Stock of US Democracy Assistance.” In Cox, Michael, Ikenberry, G. John, and Inoguchi, Takashi, eds. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 2001. “Ousting Foreign Strongmen: Lessons from Serbia.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Brief 1, No. 5.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas. 2002. “The End of the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 13, No. 1: 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carothers, Thomas, James, Ray S., Soros, Jonathan, and Tudoran, Dorin. 1994. The Moldovan Parliamentary Elections: February 27, 1994. Washington, DC: International Foundation for Electoral Systems.Google Scholar

Carpenter, Michael. 1997.” Slovakia and the Triumph of Nationalist Populism.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 30, No. 2: 205–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carpenter, Ted. 2002. “Kosovo and Macedonia: The West Enhances the Threat.” Mediterranean Quarterly (Winter): 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrión, Julio F. 2006. “Public Opinion, Market Reforms, and Democracy in Fujimori's Peru.” In Carrión, Julio, ed. The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of Electoral Authoritarianism in Peru. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

,The Carter Center. 2002. “Observing the 2002 Mali Presidential Elections.” Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center.

,The Carter Center. 2005. “Observing the 2004 Mozambique Elections.” Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center.

Carver, Richard. 1994. “The Army Factor.” Africa Report 39, No. 1: 56–8.Google Scholar

Case, William. 1994. “The UMNO Party Election in Malaysia: One for the Money.” Asian Survey 34, No. 10: 916–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Case, William. 1995. “Comparing Regime Continuity and Change: Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.” Regime Change and Regime Maintenance in Asia and the Pacific Discussion Paper No. 15, Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

Case, William. 1996. Elites and Regimes in Malaysia: Revisiting a Consociational Democracy. Clayton, Australia: Monash Institute.Google Scholar

Case, William. 1997. “The 1996 UMNO Party Elections: ‘Two for the Show.’” Pacific Affairs 70, No. 3: 393–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Case, William. 2001a. “Malaysia's Resilient Pseudodemocracy.” Journal of Democracy 12, No. 1: 42–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Case, William. 2001b. “Malaysia's General Elections in 1999: A Consolidated and High-Quality Semi-Democracy.” Asian Studies Review 25, No. 1: 35–55.Google Scholar

Case, William. 2004a. “New Uncertainties for an Old Pseudo-Democracy: The Case of Malaysia.” Comparative Politics 37, No. 1: 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Case, William. 2004b. “Testing Malaysia's Pseudodemocracy.” In Gomez, Edmund Terence, ed. The State of Malaysia: Ethnicity, Equity and Reform. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Case, William. 2008. “Legitimacy Deficits and Stunning Elections: The Malaysian Experience.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association: Boston, MA. 28 August.

Cassá, Roberto. 1995. “Recent Popular Movements in the Dominican Republic.” Latin American Perspectives 22, No. 3 (Summer): 80–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castañeda, Jorge G. 1994. “Latin America and the End of the Cold War: An Essay in Frustration.” In Lowenthal, Abraham F and Trevorton, Gregory F, eds. Latin America in a New World. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Castañeda, Jorge G. 1995. The Mexican Shock: Its Meaning for the United States. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar

Castells, Manuel. 1997. The Power of Identity in the Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar

Catanese, Anthony V. 1999. Haitians: Migration and Diaspora. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Cedeño, Víctor Livio. 1999. Los Partidos Políticos en la Republica Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Editorial Diálogo.Google Scholar

Centeno, Miguel Ángel. 1994. Democracy within Reason: Technocratic Revolution in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

,Center for Political Education. 2006. The Fading Pillars of Power in Belarus: 100 days of Milinkevich. Bratislava: Pontis Foundation's Institute for Civic Diplomacy.Google Scholar

,Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2002. “Preview of Kenya's December 27 National Elections.” CSIS Africa Notes 12 (December).Google Scholar

Chachiua, Martinho. 2000. “Internal Security in Mozambique: Concerns Versus Policies.” African Security Review 9, No. 1. Available at http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/ASR/9NO1/%20SecurityMozambique.htmlCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan, Stephen. 2003. Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence. London: I. B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chand, Vikram K. 1997. “Democratization from the Outside In: NGO and International Efforts to Promote Open Elections.” Third World Quarterly 18, No. 3: 543–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chand, Vikram. 2001. Mexico's Political Awakening. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar

Chanda, Alfred. 2003. National Integrity Systems Country Study Report: Zambia 2003. Lusaka: Royal Norwegian Embassy.Google Scholar

Chandler, Andrea. 1998. Institutions of Isolation: Border Controls in the Soviet Union and Its Successor States, 1917–1993. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar

Chandler, David P. 1998. “The Burden of Cambodia's Past.” In Brown, Frederick Z. and Timberman, David G., eds. Cambodia and the International Community: The Quest for Peace, Development, and Democracy. New York: The Asia Society.Google Scholar

Chao, Linda, and Myers, Ramon H. 1994. “The First Chinese Democracy: Political Development of the Republic of China on Taiwan, 1986–1994.” Asian Survey 34, No. 3: 213–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chao, Linda, and Myers, Ramon H. 1997. Democracy's New Leaders in the Republic of China on Taiwan. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar

Chao, Linda, and Myers, Ramon H. 1998. The First Chinese Democracy: Political Life in the Republic of China on Taiwan. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Charlton, Roger. 1993. “The Politics of Elections in Botswana.” Africa 63, No. 3: 330–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chazan, Naomi. 1983. An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Chazan, Naomi. 1991. “The Political Transformation of Ghana under the PNDC.” In Rothchild, Donald, ed. Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Chazan, Naomi, Peter Lewis, Mortimer, Robert A, Rothchild, Donald, and Stedman, Stephen John. 1999. Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, Third Edition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheater, Angela. 2001. Human Rights and Zimbabwe's June 2000 Election. Harare: Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum Human Rights Special Unit, Special Report 1 (January).Google Scholar

Chebankova, Elena. 2008. “Adaptive Federalism and Federation in Putin's Russia.” Europe–Asia Studies 60, No. 6 (August): 989–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chege, Michael. 1994. “The Return of Multi-Party Politics.” In Barkan, Joel, ed. Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Chege, Michael. 1996. “Between Africa's Extremes.” In Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F, eds. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Chege, Michael. 2005. “Democratic Governance in Africa at the Start of the Twenty-First Century: Lessons of Experience.” In Villalón, Leonardo A and VonDoepp, Peter, eds. The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Yun Chen. 1998. “State, Media and Democracy in Taiwan.” Media, Culture and Society 20: 11–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheng, Li, and White, Lynn. 1990. “Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy.” The China Quarterly 121 (March): 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheng, Tun-jen. 1989. “Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan.” World Politics 41, No. 4: 471–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheng, Tun-jen, and Haggard, Stephan. 1992. “Regime Transformation in Taiwan: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives.” In Cheng, Tun-Jen and Haggard, Stephan, eds. Political Change in Taiwan. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Cheng, Tun-jen. 1997. “Taiwan in 1996: From Euphoria to Melodrama.” Asian Survey 37, No. 1 (January): 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheterian, Vicken. 2000. “The Struggle to Fill the Power Vacuum in Armenia.” Eurasia Insight. 3 April.Google Scholar

Chikuhwa, Jacob. 2004. A Crisis of Governance: Zimbabwe. New York: Algora Publishing.Google Scholar

Chimanikire, Donald P. 2003. “Foreign and Security Policy of Zimbabwe: From Independence to the DRC.” In Darnolf, Staffan and Laakso, Liisa, eds. Twenty Years of Independence in Zimbabwe: From Liberation to Authoritarianism. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Chin, James. 1997. “Malaysia in 1996: Mahathir-Anwar Bouts, UMNO Election, and Sarawak Surprise.” Asian Survey 37, No. 2: 181–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chin, James. 1998. “Malaysia in 1997: Mahathir's Annus Horribilis.” Asian Survey 38, No. 2: 183–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chipanyula, Eunice Nihero. 2003. Political Reporting Trends in Malawi: 1980s and 1990s. Makwasa, Malawi: Malamulo Publishing House.Google Scholar

Chipeta, Mapopa. 1992. “Political Process, Civil Society and The State.” In Mhone, Guy C. Z., ed. Malawi at the Crossroads: The Post-Colonial Political Economy. Harare: SAPES Books.Google Scholar

Chirwa, Wiseman C. 2000. “Civil Society in Malawi's Democratic Transition.” In Martin Ott, Kings M. Phiri, and Nandini Patel, eds. Malawi's Second Democratic Elections: Process, Problems and Prospects. Blantyre, Malawi: Christian Literature Association in Malawi.Google Scholar

Chitiyo, Knox, and Rupiya, Martin. 2005. “Tracking Zimbabwe's Political History: The Zimbabwe Defense Force from 1980–2005.” In Rupiya, Martin, ed. Evolutions and Revolutions: A Contemporary History of Revolutions in Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.Google Scholar

Choo, Lan Tian. 1993. “The Cambodian Elections: Wither the Future?” In Carney, Timothy and Choo, Tan Lian, eds. Wither Cambodia: Beyond the Election. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Christian, Shirley. 1985. Nicaragua: Revolution in the Family. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Chu, J. J. 1993. “Political Liberalization and the Rise of Taiwanese Labor Radicalism.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 23, No. 2: 173–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chu, Yun-han. 1992. Crafting Democracy in Taiwan. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute for National Policy Research.Google Scholar

Chu, Yun-han. 1994a. “Social Protest and Political Democratization in Taiwan.” In Rubinstein, Murray A, ed. The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the Present. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Chu, Yun-han. 1994b. “The Realignment of Business–Government Relations and Regime Transition in Taiwan.” In MacIntyre, Andrew, ed. Business and Government in Industrializing Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Chu, Yun-han. 1998. “Taiwan's Unique Challenges.” In Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F, eds. Democracy in East Asia. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Chu, Yun-han. 1999. “The Challenges of Democratic Consolidation.” In Tsang, Steve and Tien, Hung-mao, eds. Democratization in Taiwan: Implications for China. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Chu, Yun-han. 2005. “Taiwan's Year of Stress.” Journal of Democracy 16, No. 2: 43–57.Google Scholar

Chu, Yun-han, and Diamond, Larry. 1999. “Taiwan's 1998 Elections: Implications for Democratic Consolidation.” Asian Survey 39, No. 5: 808–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chu, Yun-han, Fu Hu, and Moon, Chung-in. 1997. “South Korea and Taiwan: The International Context.” In Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien, eds. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Regional Challenges. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Ciobanu, Monica. 2007. “Romania's Travails with Democracy and Accession to the European Union.” Europe–Asia Studies 59, No. 8 (December): 1429–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clapham, Christopher. 1996. Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, Andrew F. 2000. “From Military Dictatorship to Democracy: The Democratization Process in Mali.” In Bingem, R, Robinson, D, and Staatz, J, eds. Democracy and Development in Mali. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar

Clark, William A. 2006. “Communist Devolution: The Electoral Decline of the KPRF.” Problems of Post-Communism 53, No. 1 (January–February): 15–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clauson, Thomas. 1998. “Minding the Gap? State–Civil Society Relations in Ghana's Fourth Republic.” In Ayee, Joseph R. A, ed. The 1996 General Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana. Accra: University of Ghana, Department of Political Science.Google Scholar

Clinkenbeard, Steven E. 2004. “Donors versus Dictators – The Impact of Multilateral Aid Conditionality on Democratization: Kenya and Malawi in Comparative Context, 1990–2004.” Ph.D. Diss., Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Close, David. 1988. Nicaragua: Politics, Economics and Society. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Close, David. 1999. Nicaragua: The Chamorro Years. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Close, David. 2004a. “Undoing Democracy in Nicaragua.” In Close, David and Deonandan, Kalowatie, eds. Undoing Democracy: The Politics of Electoral Caudillismo. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Close, David. 2004b. “President Bolaños Runs a Reverse, or How Arnoldo Alemán Wound up in Prison.” In Close, David and Deonandan, Kalowatie, eds. Undoing Democracy: The Politics of Electoral Caudillismo. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Clough, Ralph N. 1998. “The Enduring Influence of the Republic of China on Taiwan Today.” In Shambaugh, David, ed. Contemporary Taiwan. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Coatsworth, John H. 1999. “The United States and Democracy in Mexico.” In Bulmer-Thomas, Victor and Dunkerley, James, eds. The United States and Latin America: The New Agenda. London: Institute of Latin American Studies.Google Scholar

Cohen, Lenard J. 1997. “Embattled Croatia: Postcommunist Croatia in Transition.” In Parrott, Bruce and Dawisha, Karen, eds. Politics, Power, and the Struggle for Democracy in South East Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cohen, Lenard J. 2001a. Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milosevic. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Cohen, Lenard J. 2001b. “Post-Milosevic Serbia.” Current History 100, No. 644: 99–108.Google Scholar

Cohen, Yousef, Brown, Brian R, and Organski, A. F. K. 1981. “The Paradoxical Nature of State-Making: The Violent Creation of Order.” American Political Science Review 75, No. 4: 901–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohn, Betsy, and Hynds, Patricia. 1987. “The Manipulation of the Religious Issue.” In Walker, Thomas W, ed. Reagan versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on Nicaragua. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Cokorinos, Lee. 1984. “The Political Economy of State and Party Formation in Zimbabwe.” In Schatzberg, Michael G, ed. The Political Economy of Zimbabwe. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Collier, David, Brady, Henry E, and Seawright, Jason. 2004a. “Critiques, Responses, and Trade-Offs: Drawing Together the Debate.” In Brady, Henry E and Collier, David, eds. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Collier, David, Brady, Henry E, and Seawright, Jason. 2004b. “Sources of Leverage in Causal Inference: Toward an Alternative View of Methodology.” In Brady, Henry E and Collier, David, eds. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Collier, David, and Levitsky, Steven. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49, No. 3: 430–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collier, Ruth Berins. 1992. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Change in Mexico. Berkeley, CA: International and Area Studies.Google Scholar

Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999a. Pathways toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999b. “The Transformation of Labor-Based One-Partyism at the End of the Twentieth Century: The Case of Mexico.” In Giliomee, Hermann and Simkins, Charles, eds. The Awkward Embrace: One-Party Domination and Democracy. Cape Town, South Africa: Tafelberg.Google Scholar

Collier, Ruth Berins, and Collier, David. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Collier, Stephen, and Way, Lucan. 2004. “Beyond the Deficit Model: Social Welfare in Post-Soviet Georgia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 20, No. 3: 258–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collina, Tom Z., and Wolfsthal, Jon B. 2002. “Nuclear Terrorism and Warhead Control in Russia.” Arms Control Today 32, No. 3: 15–20.Google Scholar

Collins, Kathleen. 2002. “Clans, Pacts and Politics in Central Asia.” Journal of Democracy 13, No. 3: 137–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, Kathleen. 2003. “The Political Role of Clans in Central Asia.” Comparative Politics 35, No. 2: 171–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, Susan M., and Rodrick, Dani. 1991. Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the World Economy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Colovic, Ivan. 1996. “Football, Hooligans and War.” In Popov, N, ed. The Road to War in Serbia. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar

Colton, Timothy J. 1996. “From the Parliamentary to the Presidential Election: Russians Get Real about Politics.” Democratizatsiya IV, No. 3 (Summer): 371–79.Google Scholar

Colton, Timothy J. 2008. Yeltsin: A Life. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Colton, Timothy J., and Hough, Jerry F. 1998. Growing Pains: Russian Democracy and the Election of 1993. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Colton, Timothy J., and McFaul, Michael. 2003. Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Colton, Timothy, and Skach, Cindy. 2005. “The Russian Predicament.” Journal of Democracy 16, No. 3: 113–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Juristas, Comisión Andina. 2001. Las Tareas de la Transición Democrática. Lima, Peru: In Comisión Andina de Juristas.Google Scholar

,Commonwealth Observer Group. 2000. “The Parliamentary Elections in Zimbabwe: 24-25 June 2000.” London: Commonwealth Secretariat.

,Commonwealth Observer Group. 2007. “Kenya General Election.” London: Commonwealth Secretariat (December).

Conaghan, Catherine M. 1998. “Stars of the Crisis: The Ascent of Economists in Peruvian Public Life.” In Centeno, Miguel A and Silva, Patricio, eds. The Politics of Expertise in Latin America. London: Macmillan Press.Google Scholar

Conaghan, Catherine M. 2001. “Making and Unmaking Authoritarian Peru: Re-Election, Resistance, and Regime Transition.” North–South Agenda Paper No. 47. Miami, FL: University of Miami, North–South Center.

Conaghan, Catherine M. 2005. Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Conaghan, Catherine M. 2008. “Ecuador: Correa's Plebiscitary Presidency.” Journal of Democracy 19, No. 2 (April): 46–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conaghan, Catherine M. and Espinal, Rosario. 1990. “Unlikely Transitions to Uncertain Regimes? Democracy without Compromise in the Dominican Republic and Ecuador.” Journal of Latin American Studies 22, No. 3: 553–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conroy, Michael E. 1987. “Patterns of Changing External Trade in Revolutionary Nicaragua: Voluntary and Involuntary Trade Diversification.” In Spalding, Rose J, ed. The Political Economy of Revolutionary Nicaragua. Boston: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Conroy, Michael E. 1990. “La Política Económica en las Elecciones Nicaraguenses de 1990.” Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 16, No. 2: 47–69.Google Scholar

Copani, Adem, and Danopoulos, Constantine. 1995. “The Role of the Military in the Democratization of Marxist–Leninist Regimes: Albania as a Case Study.” Mediterranean Quarterly 6, No. 2: 117–34.Google Scholar

Copper, John F. 1989. “The Evolution of Political Parties in Taiwan.” Asian Affairs 16, No. 1: 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copper, John F. 1995. “Taiwan's 1994 Gubernatorial and Mayoral Elections.” Asian Affairs 22, No. 2: 97–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copper, John F. 1997. The Taiwan Political Miracle: Essays on Political Development, Elections, and Foreign Relations. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar

Copper, John F. 1998. Taiwan's Mid-1990s Elections: Taking the Final Step to Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

Coppieters, Bruno, and Legvold, Robert, eds. 2005. Statehood and Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Corke, Bettina, ed. 1984. Quien es Quien en la Política y los Gobiernos de America Latina. New York: Decade Media Books.Google Scholar

Cornelius, Wayne A. 1994. “Mexico's Delayed Democratization.” Foreign Policy 95, (Summer): 53–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornelius, Wayne A. 1996. Mexican Politics in Transition: The Breakdown of a One-Party Dominant Regime. San Diego, CA: Center for U.S.–Mexican Studies.Google Scholar

Cornelius, Wayne A. 2004. “Mobilized Voting in the 2000 Elections: The Changing Efficacy of Vote Buying and Coercion in Mexican Electoral Politics.” In Domínguez, Jorge I and Lawson, Chappell, eds. Mexico's Pivotal Democratic Election: Candidates, Voters, and the Presidential Campaign of 2000. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Cornelius, Wayne A., Gentleman, Judith, and Smith, Peter H. 1989. “Overview: The Dynamics of Political Change in Mexico.” In Cornelius, Wayne A, Gentleman, Judith, and Smith, Peter H, eds. Mexico's Alternative Political Futures. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S–Mexico Studies.Google Scholar

Cornell, Svante E. 1999. “International Reactions to Massive Human Rights Violations: The Case of Chechnya,” Europe-Asia Studies 51, No. 1: 85–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cornell, Svante E. 2001. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cornwell, Richard. 2003. “Madagascar: First Test for the African Union.” African Security Review 12, No. 1: 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corrales, Javier, and Penfold, Michael. 2007. “Venezuela: Crowding out the Opposition,” Journal of Democracy 18, No. 2 (April): 99–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corso, Molly. 2004. “Civil Society: Georgian President Saakashvili's Campaign Against Corruption.” Eurasianet. 22 December.Google Scholar

Corso, Molly. 2006a. “Georgia: Pressure to Report.” Transitions Online. 27 February.Google Scholar

Corso, Molly. 2006b. “Georgia: Free Enough?” Transitions Online. 5 April.Google Scholar

Corten, André. 1993. El Estado Débil. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Taller.Google Scholar

Cotler, Julio. 1994. Política y Sociedad en el Perú. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar

Cotler, Julio. 2000. “La Gobernabilidad en el Perú: Entre el Autoritarismo y la Democracia.” In Cotler, Julio and Grompone, Romeo, eds. El Fujimorismo: ascenso y caída de un régimen autoritario. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar

Cotler, Julio. 2001. “Navegar Contra el Viento: Las Elecciones y la Democracia en el Perú.” In Batres, Carlos Milla, ed. Como Fujimori Jodió al Perú. Lima, Peru: Editorial Mill Batres.Google Scholar

Coulon, Christian. 1988. “Senegal: The Development and Fragility of a Semidemocracy.” In Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds. Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Coulon, Christian, and O'Brien, Donal B. Cruise. 1989. “Senegal.” In O'Brien, Donal B. Cruise, Dunn, John, and Rathbone, Richard, eds. Contemporary West African States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Coulson, Andrew. 1982. Tanzania: A Political Economy. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

,Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government/National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. 1990a. The 1990 Elections in the Dominican Republic: Report of an Observer Delegation. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center of Emory University.Google Scholar

,Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government. 1990b. Observing Nicaragua's Elections, 1989–1990. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center of Emory University.Google Scholar

,Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government. 1993. Observing Guyana's Electoral Process, 1990–1992. The Carter Center Special Report #3. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center of Emory University.Google Scholar

Covell, Maureen. 1987. Madagascar: Politics, Economics and Society. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar

Cowen, Michael, and Kanyinga, Karuti. 2002. “The 1997 Elections in Kenya: The Politics of Communality and Locality.” In Cowen, Michael and Laakso, Liisa, eds. Multi-Party Elections in Africa. Oxford, UK: James Currey Ltd.Google Scholar

Cox, Michael G., Ikenberry, John, and Inoguchi, Takashi, eds. 2000. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, Gordon. 1997. “Foreign Aid and Political Conditionality: Issues of Effectiveness and Consistency.” Democratization 4, No. 3: 69–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, Gordon. 2001. Foreign Aid and Political Reform: A Comparative Analysis of Democracy Assistance and Political Conditionality. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Creevey, Lucy, Paul Ngomo and Vengroff, Richard. 2005. “Party Politics and Different Paths to Democratic Transitions: A Comparison of Benin and Senegal.” Party Politics 11, No. 4: 471–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crespo, José Antonio. 1995. Urnas de Pandora: Partidos Políticos y Elecciones en el Gobierno de Salinas. Mexico City: Espasa Calpe.Google Scholar

Crespo, José Antonio. 1999. Fronteras Democráticas en México: Retos, Peculariaridades y Comparaciones. Mexico City: Oceano.Google Scholar

Croissant, Aurel, and Merkel, Wolfgang. 2004. “Introduction: Democratization in the Early Twenty-First Century.” Democratization 11, No. 5 (December): 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crook, Richard C. 1999. “‘No Party’ Politics and Local Democracy in Africa: Rawlings' Ghana in the 1990s and ‘Ugandan Model.’” Democratization 6, No. 4 (Winter): 114–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crouch, Harold. 1992. “Authoritarian Trends, the UMNO Split and the Limits to State Power.” In Kahn, Joel S and Loh, FrancisWah, Kok, eds. Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia. North Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Crouch, Harold. 1993. “Malaysia: Neither Authoritarian nor Democratic.” In Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Gerry Rodan, eds. Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy, and Capitalism. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Crouch, Harold. 1996a. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Crouch, Harold. 1996b. “Malaysia: Do Elections Make a Difference?” In Taylor, R. H, ed. The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar

Crowther, William. 1996. “The Moldovan Ethno-National Movement.” In Dyer, Donald L., ed. Studies in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs.Google Scholar

Crowther, William. 1997. “The Politics of Democratization in Postcommunist Moldova.” In Dawisha, Karen and Parrott, Bruce, eds. Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crowther, William. 2003. “The European Union and Romania: The Politics of Constrained Transition.” In Kubicek, Paul, ed. The European Union and Democratization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Crowther, William. 2007. “Moldova, Transnistria and the PCRM's Turn to the West.” East European Quarterly 61, No. 3: 273–304.Google Scholar

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1971. The Mourides of Senegal: The Political and Economic Organization of an Islamic Brotherhood. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1975. Saints and Politicians: Essays in the Organization of a Senegalese Peasant Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1978. “Senegal.” In Dunn, John, ed. West African States: Failure and Promise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cruz, Arturo J. 1989. Memoirs of a Counterrevolutionary: Life with the Contras, the Sandinistas, and the CIA. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Cular, Goran. 2000. “Political Development in Croatia 1990–2000: Fast Transition – Postponed Consolidation.” Politička Misao 37, No. 5: 30–46.Google Scholar

Cullen, Trevor. 1994. Malawi: A Turning Point. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Pentland Press.Google Scholar

Cumings, Bruce. 2007. “Why Didn't North Korea Collapse, and Why Did So Many Influential Americans Think It Would?” Paper prepared for the conference, “Why Didn't Communism Collapse?” Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. 25–26 May.

Curtis, Grant. 1998. Cambodia Reborn? The Transition to Democracy and Development. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Daalder, Ivo H., and O'Hanlon, Michael E. 2000. Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Daci, Halic. 1998. Albanian Military and Regime Changes. The Netherlands: Centre for European Studies, Harmonie Papers.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dale, Richard. 1978. “The Challenges and Restraints of White Power for a Small African State: Botswana and Its Neighbours.”Africa Today, 25, no. 3, 7–23.Google Scholar

Dammert, Manuel. 2001. Fujimori–Montesinos: El Estado Mafioso. Lima, Peru: El Virrey.Google Scholar

Danielian, Mikael. 1996–1997. “Elections in Armenia: A Funeral for Democracy.” Uncaptive Minds 9, No. 1–2: 125–31.Google Scholar

Danielyan, Emil. 1998. “Ter-Petrossian Rigged 1996 Election, Fell into ‘Depression,’ Says Top Ally.” RFE/RL Armenia Report. 30 December.Google Scholar

Danielyan, Emil. 2004a. “Armenian Ruling Coalition Beset by Renewed Infighting.” Transitions Online. 10–16 February.

Danielyan, Emil. 2004b. “Armenia: A Dictator in the Making.” Transitions Online. 24 June.Google Scholar

Danielyan, Emil. 2004c. “The State of Democracy in Armenia.” Transitions Online. 7 July.Google Scholar

Danielyan, Emil. 2005. “Controversial Arrests Shed Light on Armenia's Murky Security Service.” Eurasia Daily Monitor 2, No. 199 (October 25).Google Scholar

Danielyan, Emil. 2007a. “Armenian Security Services Suspected of Spying on Opposition Leader.” Eurasia Daily Monitor 4, No. 85 (May 1).Google Scholar

Danielyan, Emil. 2007b. “West Gives Armenian Leaders a Boost after Disputed Election Win.” Eurasianet. May 15.Google Scholar

Danielyan, Emil. 2008. “Armenia in Turmoil after Presidential Election Praised by West.” Eurasia Daily Monitor 5, No. 36.Google Scholar

Danilochkin, Sergei. 2003. “Ukraine: Kuchma Cleared to Run for Third Term.” RFE/RL Reports. December 30.

Danns, George K. 1982. Domination and Power in Guyana: A Study of the Police in a Third World Context. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar

Danns, George K. 1983. “Decolonization and Militarization in the Caribbean: The Case of Guyana.” In Henry, Paget and Stone, Carl, eds. The New Caribbean: Decolonization, Democracy, and Development. Philadelphia, PA: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.Google Scholar

Darden, Keith. 2001. “Graft and Governance: Corruption as an Informal Mechanism of State Control.” Paper prepared for the Conference on Informal Institutions and Politics in the Developing World, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. April 5–6.

Darden, Keith. 2008. “The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal State Institution.” Politics and Society 36, No. 1: 35–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davidow, Jeffrey. 2004. The U.S. and Mexico: The Bear and the Porcupine. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener.Google Scholar

Debrah, E. 2001. “Mechanisms for Ensuring Free and Fair 2000 General Elections in Ghana.” In Ayee, Joseph R. A, ed. Deepening Democracy in Ghana: Politics of the 2000 Elections (Vol. 1). Accra: Freedom Publications.Google Scholar

Brito, Luis. 2007. “Rebuilding Frelimo's Hegemony in Mozambique: The Politics of a Presidential Succession.” Paper presented at the conference, “The Politics of Nations and Nationalism in Lusophone Africa.” Oxford, UK: University of Oxford. December 6.

Decalo, Samuel. 1990. Coups and Army Rule in Africa: Motivations and Constraints. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Decalo, Samuel. 1997. “Benin: The First of the New Democracies.” In Clark, John F and Gardinier, David E, eds. Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Decalo, Samuel. 1998. The Stable Minority: Civilian Rule in Africa. Gainesville, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Degregori, Carlos Iván. 2000. La Década de la Antipolítica: Auge y Huida de Alberto Fujimori y Vladimiro Montesinos. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar

Krnjevic-Miskovic, Damjan. 2001. “Serbia's Prudent Revolution.” Journal of Democracy 12, No. 3: 96–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeLancey, Mark W. 1986. “Cameroon's Foreign Relations.” In Schatzberg, Michael G and Zartman, I. William, eds. The Political Economy of Cameroon. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

DeLancey, Mark W. 1989. Cameroon: Dependence and Independence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Deletant, Dennis. 1995. “The Securitate Legacy in Romania: Who Is in Charge?” Problems of Post-Communism 42, No. 6: 23–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar