Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- List of Contributors
- Collective Guilt
- Section 1 Defining the nature of collective guilt
- 1 International Perspectives on the Experience of Collective Guilt
- 2 The Measurement of Collective Guilt: What It Is and What It Is Not
- 3 The Evocation of Moral Emotions in Intergroup Contexts: The Distinction Between Collective Guilt and Collective Shame
- 4 Collective Guilt in the United States: Predicting Support for Social Policies that Alleviate Social Injustice
- 5 Gender Inequality and the Intensity of Men's Collective Guilt
- Section 2 The Relationship Between Group Identification and Collective Guilt
- Section 3 Consequences for Intergroup Relations
- Section 4 Commentary on the Volume
- Index
- References
5 - Gender Inequality and the Intensity of Men's Collective Guilt
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 January 2012
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- List of Contributors
- Collective Guilt
- Section 1 Defining the nature of collective guilt
- 1 International Perspectives on the Experience of Collective Guilt
- 2 The Measurement of Collective Guilt: What It Is and What It Is Not
- 3 The Evocation of Moral Emotions in Intergroup Contexts: The Distinction Between Collective Guilt and Collective Shame
- 4 Collective Guilt in the United States: Predicting Support for Social Policies that Alleviate Social Injustice
- 5 Gender Inequality and the Intensity of Men's Collective Guilt
- Section 2 The Relationship Between Group Identification and Collective Guilt
- Section 3 Consequences for Intergroup Relations
- Section 4 Commentary on the Volume
- Index
- References
Summary
Inequality between women and men is perhaps the most pervasive form of group-based inequality facing humankind; it has a long history stretching back thousands of years (Johns, 1947; Seagle, 1947/1971) and exists to some degree in essentially all modern societies (Peterson & Runyan, 1993). In societies where gender inequality exists, its form is exclusively patriarchal with men having more power, resources, and status than women (Abel & Nelson, 1990; Beck & Keddie, 1978; Busch, 1990; Collier & Yanagisako, 1987; Keegen, 1993; Wood & Eagly, 2002). Women continue to be disadvantaged in the labor force compared to men (Burn, 1996; Kanter, 1977; Vasquez, 2001; Williams, 1992), even when controlling for qualifications, job type, and required skills (Bartol, 1999; Jacobs, 1995; Jacobs & Steinberg, 1990; Reskin & Padavic, 1994; Stroh, Brett, & Reilly, 1992). Furthermore, women are more likely than men to be poor (McClanahan & Kelly, 1999), engage in unpaid work (Shelton, 1999), and are the primary victims of domestic abuse and sexual assault (Rozee & Koss, 2001).
Individual men vary in the extent to which they are responsible for maintaining gender inequality. Furthermore, the form and extent of male privilege varies depending on social class, ethnicity, age, and sexual orientation (Connell, 1987). However, at the group level, gender inequality clearly benefits men at the expense of women. In this chapter, we consider a number of factors that are likely to influence the extent to which gender inequality will lead men to experience a sense of collective guilt.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Collective GuiltInternational Perspectives, pp. 75 - 92Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2004
References
Abel, E., & Nelson, M. (1990). Circles of care: Work and identity in women's lives. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press
Arnold, M. B (1969). Human emotion and action. In T. Mischel (Ed.), Human action (pp. 167–97). New York: Academic Press
Barkan, E. (2000). The guilt of nations. New York: W. W. Norton
Bartol, K. M. (1999). Gender influences on performance evaluations. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 165–78). London: SageCrossRef
, , & (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, L., & Keddie, N. (1978). Women in the Muslim world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Billings, L., & Brehm, J. W. (1997). Determinants of sympathy for the disabled. Unpublished manuscript, University of Kansas
(1998). Thinking about one's gender-group's privileges or disadvantages: Consequences for well-being in women and men. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 167–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branscombe, N. R., Doosje, B., & McGarty, C. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of collective guilt. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 49–66). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press
(1999). The intensity of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 2–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brehm, J. W., & Self, E. A. (1989). The intensity of motivation. In M. R. Rozenweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (pp. 109–31). Palo Alto, CA: Annual ReviewsCrossRef
Burn, S. M. (1996). The social psychology of gender. New York: McGraw-Hill
Busch, R. C. (1990). Family systems: Comparative study of the family. New York: P. Langxs
Collier J., & Yanagisako, S. J. (Eds.). (1987). Gender and kinship: Essays toward a unified analysis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
D'Anello, S. C. (1997). Paradoxical effects of losing money and experiencing a health threat on happiness intensity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas
, & (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , & (1998). Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 872–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1941). An explanation of “emotional” phenomenoa without the use of the concept “emotion.”Journal of General Psychology, 25, 283–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faludi, S. (1992). Backlash: The undeclared war against American women. New York: Doubleday
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1985). Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men. New York: Basic Books
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Herman, E. S., & Comsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon Books
Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Jacobs, J. A. (Ed.). (1995). Gender inequality at work. London: Sage
, & (1990). Compensating differentials and the male-female wage gap: Evidence from the New York state comparable worth study. Social Forces, 69, 439–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johns, C. H. W. (1947). Babylonian and Assyrian laws, contracts, and letters. New York: Scribner
Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books
Keegen, J. (1993). The history of warfare. New York: Knopf
Kilmartin, C. T. (1994). The masculine self. New York: Macmillan
Lazurus, R. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: McGraw-Hill
(1948). A motivational theory of emotion to replace “emotion as a disorganized response.”Psychological Review, 55, 5–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. (2001). Constructing public opinion: How political elites do what they want and why we seem to go along with it. New York: Columbia University Press
McLanahan, S. S., & Kelly, E. L. (1999). The feminization of poverty: Past and future. In J. S. Chafetz (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of gender, (pp. 127–45). New York: Plenum
, , & (1994). “If only I weren't” versus “If only I hadn't”: Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 585–95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, V. S., & Runyan, A. S. (1993). Global gender issues. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Reskin, B., & Padavic, I. (1994). Women and men at work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press
, , & (1994). Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 206–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (2001). Rape: A century of resistance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 295–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , & (2000) Gender, ethnicity, and education as privileges: Exploring the generalizability of the existential guilt reaction. Social Justice Research, 13, 313–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (2003). Attitudes toward group-based inequality: Social dominance or social identity?British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 161–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, M. T., Ellemers, N., & Branscombe, N. R. (2003). Perceiving and responding to gender discrimination at work. In S. A. Haslam, D. Van Knippenberg, M. J. Platow, & N. Ellemers (Eds.), Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice (pp. 277–92). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press
Seagle, W. (1947/1971). Men of law, from Hammurabi to Holmes. New York: Hafner
Shelton, B. A. (1999). Gender and unpaid work. In J. S. Chafetz (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 375–90). New York: Plenum
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993). The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social dominance. In P. M. Sniderman, P. E. Tetlock, & E. G. Carmines (Eds.), Prejudice, politics, and the American dilemma (pp. 173–211). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
, , & (1992). All the right stuff: A comparison of female and male managers' career progression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 251–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1999). White guilt: Its antecedents and consequences for attitudes toward affirmative action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24), Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall
(2001). Leveling the playing field – Toward the emancipation of women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 89–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the “female” professions. Social Problems, 39, 253–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
, & (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699–727CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, R. A. (1996). Brehm's theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 424–53). New York: Guilford
- 30
- Cited by