Book contents
- Clinical Topics in Old Age Psychiatry
- ‘Clinical Topics In … ’
- Clinical Topics in Old Age Psychiatry
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgement
- Editors’ Note
- Abbreviations
- Introductory Comments
- Section 1 Epidemiology and Types of Disorders
- Chapter 1 Epidemiology and Mental Health in Old Age
- Chapter 2 Vascular Dementia
- Chapter 3 Young-Onset Dementias
- Chapter 4 Rare and Unusual Dementias
- Chapter 5 Mania in Late Life
- Chapter 6 Alcohol Misuse in Older People
- Chapter 7 Drug Misuse in Older People
- Chapter 8 Mental Health in Parkinson’s Disease
- Section 2 Assessment and Investigations
- Section 3 Approaches to Management
- Section 4 Law, Ethics, and Philosophy
- Index
- References
Chapter 2 - Vascular Dementia
from Section 1 - Epidemiology and Types of Disorders
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 September 2020
Book contents
- Clinical Topics in Old Age Psychiatry
- ‘Clinical Topics In … ’
- Clinical Topics in Old Age Psychiatry
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgement
- Editors’ Note
- Abbreviations
- Introductory Comments
- Section 1 Epidemiology and Types of Disorders
- Chapter 1 Epidemiology and Mental Health in Old Age
- Chapter 2 Vascular Dementia
- Chapter 3 Young-Onset Dementias
- Chapter 4 Rare and Unusual Dementias
- Chapter 5 Mania in Late Life
- Chapter 6 Alcohol Misuse in Older People
- Chapter 7 Drug Misuse in Older People
- Chapter 8 Mental Health in Parkinson’s Disease
- Section 2 Assessment and Investigations
- Section 3 Approaches to Management
- Section 4 Law, Ethics, and Philosophy
- Index
- References
Summary
Over the course of the last hundred years our understanding of dementia has undergone considerable change. For much of that time ‘senility’ was seen as an almost inevitable concomitant of ageing and was usually attributed to atherosclerosis. In the post-war period, a concept of multi-infarct dementia emerged, but at the same time Alzheimer’s disease (AD) came to be seen not as a rare young-onset disorder but as the cause of most cases of dementia. Indeed, the concept of dementia itself was built around the impairments seen in AD, notably the impairment of memory. With greater understanding of dementia, particularly its pathological basis, it came to be realized that many different kinds of pathology can produce a dementia syndrome and that multiple types of pathology are the rule rather than the exception. This chapter aims to review our current understanding of how cerebrovascular disease contributes to cognitive impairment in order to assist those involved in the assessment and management of people with cognitive impairments to understand the strengths and limitations of our current concepts, and to inform diagnosis and management.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Clinical Topics in Old Age Psychiatry , pp. 24 - 37Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Hachinski, VC, Lassen, NA, Marshall, J. Multi-infarct dementia: a cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet 1974; 304: 207–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erkinjuntti, T, Gauthier, S. Diagnosing vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: concepts and controversies. In Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice (eds Wahlund, LO, Erkinjuntti, T, Gauthier, S): 3–10. Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Boyle, PA, Yu, L, Wilson, RS et al. Person-specific contribution of neuropathologies to cognitive loss in old age. Ann Neurol 2018; 83: 74–83.Google Scholar
Power, MC, Mormino, E, Soldan, A et al. Combined neuropathological pathways account for age-related risk of dementia Ann Neurol 2018; 84: 10–22.Google Scholar
De Reuck, J, Maurage, C-A, Deremacourt, V et al. Aging and cerebrovascular lesions in pure and in mixed neurodegenerative and vascular dementia brains: a neuropathological study. Folia Neuropathol 2018; 56: 81–87.Google Scholar
Niemantsverdriet, E, Feyen, BFE, Le Bastard, N et al. Overdiagnosing vascular dementia using structural brain imaging in dementia work-up. J Alz Dis 2015; 45: 1039–43.Google Scholar
Nagy, ZS, Esiri, MM, Jobst, KA et al. Relative roles of plaques and tangles in the dementia of Alzheimer’s disease: correlations using three sets of neuropathological criteria. Dement Geriat Cogn Dis 1995; 6: 21–31.Google Scholar
Skrobot, OA, Attems, J, Esiri, M et al. Vascular cognitive impairment neuropathology guidelines (VCING): the contribution of cerebrovascular pathology to cognitive impairment Brain 2016; 139: 2957–69.Google Scholar
Moorhouse, P, Rockwood, K. Vascular cognitive impairment: current concepts and clinical developments. Lancet Neurology 2008; 7: 246–55.Google Scholar
Barkhof, F, Fox, NC, Bastos-Leite, AJ, Scheltens, P. Neuroimaging in Dementia. Springer, 2011.Google Scholar
Tatemichi, TK, Desmond, DW, Mayeux, R et al. Dementia after stroke. Neurology 1992; 42: 1185.Google Scholar
Pendlebury, ST, Rothwell, PM. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurology 2009; 8: 1006–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pendlebury, ST, Rothwell, PM for the Oxford Vascular Study.Incidence and prevalence of dementia associated with transient ischaemic attack and stroke: analysis of the population-based Oxford Vascular Study. Lancet Neurology 2019; 18:248–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smallwood, A, Oulhaj, A, Joachim, C et al. (2012) Cerebral subcortical small vessel disease and its relation to cognition in elderly subjects: a pathological study in the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA) cohort. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38: 337–43.Google Scholar
van der Flier, W, Staekenborg, SS, Barkhof, F et al. Structural neuroimaging: CT and MRI. In Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice (eds Wahlund, L, Erkinjuntti, T, Gauthier, S): 58–69. Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Erkinjuntti, T, Inzitari, D, Pantoni, L et al. Research criteria for subcortical vascular dementia in clinical trials. J Neural Transm. Supple 2000; 59: 23–30.Google Scholar
Scheltens, P, Erkinjuntti, T, Leys, D et al. White matter changes on CT and MRI: an overview of visual rating scales. Eur Neurol 2000; 39: 80–9.Google Scholar
Linn, J, Halpin, A, Demacrel, P et al. Prevalence of superficial siderosis in patients with cerebral congophilic angiopathy. Neurology 2010; 74: 1346–50.Google Scholar
Charimidou, A, Gang, Q, Werring, DJ. Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy revisited: recent insights into pathophysiology and clinical spectrum. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83: 124–37.Google Scholar
Ince, G, Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study–MRC CFAS. Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Lancet 2001; 357: 169–175.Google Scholar
Charlton, RA, Morris, RG, Nitkunan, A, Markus, HS. The cognitive profiles of CADASIL and sporadic small vessel disease. Neurology 2006; 66: 1523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiederkehr, S, Simard, M, Fortin, C et al. Validity of the clinical diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia: a critical review. Part II. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 20: 162–77.Google Scholar
Fischer, P, Jellinger, K, Gatterer, G et al. Prospective neuropathological validation of Hachinski’s Ischaemic Score in dementias. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 580.Google Scholar
Rockwood, K, Davis, H, MacKnight, C et al. The Consortium to Investigate Vascular Impairment of Cognition: methods and first findings. Can J Neurol Sci 2003; 30: 237–43.Google Scholar
Verhey, FRJ, Lodder, J, Rozendaal, N et al. Comparison of seven sets of criteria used for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiology 1996; 15: 166–72.Google Scholar
O’Brien, JT, Erkinjuntti, T, Reisberg, B et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurology 2003; 2: 89–98.Google Scholar
Sachdev, PS, Looi, JCL. Neuropsychological differentiation of Alzheimer’s Disease and vascular dementia. In Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Preventable Dementia (eds Bowler, JV, Hachinski, V): 152–176. Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Price, CC, Jefferson, AL, Merino, JG et al. Subcortical vascular dementia. Neurology 2005; 65: 376–82.Google Scholar
Hachinski, V, Iadecola, C, Petersen, RC et al. National institute of neurological disorders and stroke-Canadian stroke network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006; 37: 2220–41.Google Scholar
Hebert, R, Brayne, C. Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiology 1995; 14: 240–57.Google Scholar
Ueda, K, Kawano, H, Hasuo, Y et al. Prevalence and etiology of dementia in a Japanese community. Stroke 1992; 23: 798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikeda, M, Hokoishi, K, Maki, N et al. Increased prevalence of vascular dementia in Japan. Neurology 2001; 57: 839.Google Scholar
Fratiglioni, L, Launer, LJ, Andersen, K et al. Incidence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurology 2000; 54: S10–5.Google Scholar
Hebert, R, Lindsay, J, Verreault, R et al. Vascular dementia: incidence and risk factors in the Canadian study of health and aging. Stroke 2000; 31: 1487.Google Scholar
Lopez, OL, Wolk, DA. Clinical evaluation: a systematic but user-friendly approach. In Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice (eds Wahlund, L, Erkinjuntti, T, Gauthier, S): 32–45. Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Wilcock, GK, Bucks, RS, Rockwood, K. Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: A Manual for Memory Disorders Teams. Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Hodges, JR. Cognitive Assessment for Clinicians. 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Smith, AD, Smith, SM, de Jager, CA et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PloS One 2010; 5: e12244.Google Scholar
Wald, DS, Kasturiratne, A, Simmonds, M. Serum homocysteine and dementia: meta-analysis of eight cohort studies including 8669 participants. Alz Dement 2011; 7: 412–17.Google Scholar
NICE. Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. Clinical Guideline 42 (amended March 2011). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Google Scholar
Alexopoulos, GS, Abrams, RC, Young, RC et al. Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biol Psychiat 1988; 23: 271–84.Google Scholar
Black, S, Román, GC, Geldmacher, DS et al. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 2003; 34: 2323–32.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, D, Doody, R, Helme, R et al. Donepezil 308 Study Group. Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2003; 61: 479–86.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, DG, Doody, RS, Black, SE et al. Donepezil in vascular dementia: combined analysis of two large-scale clinical trials. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 20: 338–44.Google Scholar
Erkinjuntti, T, Kurz, A, Gauthier, S et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1283–90.Google Scholar
Mok, V, Wong, A, Ho, S et al. Rivastigmine in Chinese patients with subcortical vascular dementia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2007; 3(6): 943–8.Google Scholar
Ballard, C, Sauter, M, Scheltens, P et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients with probable vascular dementia: the VantagE study. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24(9):2561–74.Google Scholar
Orgogozo, J, Rigaud, A, Stoffler, A et al. Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke 2002; 33: 1834–9.Google Scholar
Wilcock, G, Möbius, HJ, Stöffler, A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 297–305.Google Scholar
NICE. Alzheimer’s disease – donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine. Technology Appraisal 217. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2011.Google Scholar
Erkinjuntti, T, Román, G, Gauthier, S et al. Emerging therapies for vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke 2004; 35: 1010.Google Scholar
Román, G. Therapeutic strategies for vascular dementia. In Dementia (eds Burns, A, O’Brien, J, Ames, D): 574–600. Hodder Arnold, 2005.Google Scholar
Bahar-Fuchs, A, Clare, L, Woods, B. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD003260.Google Scholar
Alexopoulos, GS, Meyers, BS, Young, RC et al. ‘Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiat 1997; 54: 915–22.Google Scholar
Sheline, YI, Pieper, CF, Barch, DM et al. Support for the vascular depression hypothesis in late-life depression: results of a 2-site, prospective, antidepressant treatment trial. Arch Gen Psychiat 2010; 67: 277–85.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S. The Use of Antipsychotic Medication for People with Dementia: Time for Action. Department of Health, London, 2009.Google Scholar
McGuinness, B, Todd, S, Passmore, P et al. Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.Google Scholar
Forette, F, Seux, ML, Staessen, JA et al. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Int Med 2002; 162: 2046–52.Google Scholar
Tzourio, C, Anderson, C, PROGRESS Collaborative Group et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Int Med 2003; 163: 1069–75.Google Scholar
Bowler, JV. Modern concept of vascular cognitive impairment. Br Med Bull 2007; 83: 291–305.Google Scholar