Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Contributors
- Part I Clinical Syndromes – General
- Part II Clinical Syndromes – Head and Neck
- Part III Clinical Syndromes – Eye
- Part IV Clinical Syndromes – Skin and Lymph Nodes
- Part V Clinical Syndromes – Respiratory Tract
- Part VI Clinical Syndromes – Heart and Blood Vessels
- Part VII Clinical Syndromes – Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, and Abdomen
- Part VIII Clinical Syndromes – Genitourinary Tract
- Part IX Clinical Syndromes – Musculoskeletal System
- Part X Clinical Syndromes – Neurologic System
- Part XI The Susceptible Host
- Part XII HIV
- Part XIII Nosocomial Infection
- Part XIV Infections Related to Surgery and Trauma
- Part XV Prevention of Infection
- Part XVI Travel and Recreation
- Part XVII Bioterrorism
- Part XVIII Specific Organisms – Bacteria
- 121 Actinomycosis
- 122 Anaerobic Infections
- 123 Anthrax and Other Bacillus Species
- 124 Bartonellosis (Carrión's Disease)
- 125 Cat Scratch Disease and Other Bartonella Infections
- 126 Bordetella
- 127 Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis
- 128 Brucellosis
- 129 Campylobacter
- 130 Clostridia
- 131 Corynebacteria
- 132 Enterobacteriaceae
- 133 Enterococcus
- 134 Erysipelothrix
- 135 HACEK
- 136 Helicobacter Pylori
- 137 Gonococcus: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- 138 Haemophilus
- 139 Legionellosis
- 140 Leprosy
- 141 Meningococcus and Miscellaneous Neisseriae
- 142 Listeria
- 143 Nocardia
- 144 Pasteurella Multocida
- 145 Pneumococcus
- 146 Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Burkholderia
- 147 Rat-Bite Fevers
- 148 Salmonella
- 149 Staphylococcus
- 150 Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, D, and G
- 151 Viridans Streptococci
- 152 Poststreptococcal Immunologic Complications
- 153 Shigella
- 154 Tularemia
- 155 Tuberculosis
- 156 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- 157 Vibrios
- 158 Yersinia
- 159 Miscellaneous Gram-Positive Organisms
- 160 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Organisms
- Part XIX Specific Organisms – Spirochetes
- Part XX Specific Organisms – Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
- Part XXI Specific Organisms – Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
- Part XXII Specific Organisms – Fungi
- Part XXIII Specific Organisms – Viruses
- Part XXIV Specific Organisms – Parasites
- Part XXV Antimicrobial Therapy – General Considerations
- Index
160 - Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Organisms
from Part XVIII - Specific Organisms – Bacteria
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2013
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Contributors
- Part I Clinical Syndromes – General
- Part II Clinical Syndromes – Head and Neck
- Part III Clinical Syndromes – Eye
- Part IV Clinical Syndromes – Skin and Lymph Nodes
- Part V Clinical Syndromes – Respiratory Tract
- Part VI Clinical Syndromes – Heart and Blood Vessels
- Part VII Clinical Syndromes – Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, and Abdomen
- Part VIII Clinical Syndromes – Genitourinary Tract
- Part IX Clinical Syndromes – Musculoskeletal System
- Part X Clinical Syndromes – Neurologic System
- Part XI The Susceptible Host
- Part XII HIV
- Part XIII Nosocomial Infection
- Part XIV Infections Related to Surgery and Trauma
- Part XV Prevention of Infection
- Part XVI Travel and Recreation
- Part XVII Bioterrorism
- Part XVIII Specific Organisms – Bacteria
- 121 Actinomycosis
- 122 Anaerobic Infections
- 123 Anthrax and Other Bacillus Species
- 124 Bartonellosis (Carrión's Disease)
- 125 Cat Scratch Disease and Other Bartonella Infections
- 126 Bordetella
- 127 Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis
- 128 Brucellosis
- 129 Campylobacter
- 130 Clostridia
- 131 Corynebacteria
- 132 Enterobacteriaceae
- 133 Enterococcus
- 134 Erysipelothrix
- 135 HACEK
- 136 Helicobacter Pylori
- 137 Gonococcus: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- 138 Haemophilus
- 139 Legionellosis
- 140 Leprosy
- 141 Meningococcus and Miscellaneous Neisseriae
- 142 Listeria
- 143 Nocardia
- 144 Pasteurella Multocida
- 145 Pneumococcus
- 146 Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Burkholderia
- 147 Rat-Bite Fevers
- 148 Salmonella
- 149 Staphylococcus
- 150 Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, D, and G
- 151 Viridans Streptococci
- 152 Poststreptococcal Immunologic Complications
- 153 Shigella
- 154 Tularemia
- 155 Tuberculosis
- 156 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- 157 Vibrios
- 158 Yersinia
- 159 Miscellaneous Gram-Positive Organisms
- 160 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Organisms
- Part XIX Specific Organisms – Spirochetes
- Part XX Specific Organisms – Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
- Part XXI Specific Organisms – Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
- Part XXII Specific Organisms – Fungi
- Part XXIII Specific Organisms – Viruses
- Part XXIV Specific Organisms – Parasites
- Part XXV Antimicrobial Therapy – General Considerations
- Index
Summary
Most gram-negative infections are caused by organisms in the Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonadaceae families; how ever, a few are caused by a heterogeneous group of gramnegative organisms. These organisms do not fit conveniently into a single genera and have undergone frequent taxonomic changes, making understanding them even more difficult for clinicians. The clinical presentation varies widely, affecting different types of hosts and requiring a variety of antibiotics for therapy (Table 160.1). Varied predisposing environmental and host factors are outlined in Table 160.2.
ACINETOBACTER
Acinetobacter is a member of the family Moraxellaceae, with at least 25 genospecies and two commonly recognized clinical species, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (formerly A. calcoaceticus var. Iwoffii) and Acinetobacter baumannii (formerly A. calcoaceticus var. anitratus). Because of problems in separating these two strains using phenotypic tests, some laboratories have chosen to report them as “A. calcoaceticus-baumannii complex.” They are nonmotile, oxidase-negative, gram-negative coccobacilli often appearing as diplococci and thus are easily confused with Neisseria or Haemophilus spp. They differ from Enterobacteriaceae in that they do not grow anaerobically or reduce nitrates. They are distinguished from Neisseria and Moraxella by their negative oxidase reaction. Virulence factors include a polysaccharide capsule that may prevent phagocytosis and fimbriae that potentiate adherence to epithelial cells.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Clinical Infectious Disease , pp. 1111 - 1118Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008