Abdalati, W., Krabill, W., Frederick, E., et al. (2001). Outlet glacier and margin elevation changes: near-coastal thinning of the Greenland ice sheet. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33 729–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abram, N. J., Mulvaney, R., Wolff, E. W. and Mudelsee, M. (2007). Ice core records as sea ice proxies: an evaluation from the Weddell Sea region of Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D15101, doi:10.1029/2006JD008139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,ACIA (2005). Arctic Climate Impact Assessment – Scientific Report, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Adhémar, J. A. (1842). Revolutions de la mer, Paris: privately published.Google Scholar

Adler, R. F., Huffman, G. J., Chang, A., et al. (2003). The version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979–present). J. Hydromet., 4, 1147–67.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agassiz, L. (1840). Etudes sur les glaciers, Neuchâtel, Switzerland: privately published.Google Scholar

Ahn, J. and Brook, E. J. (2008). Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period. Science, 322, 83–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ahn, J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B. L., et al. (2004). A record of atmospheric CO2 during the last 40,000 years from the Siple Dome, Antarctica ice core. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13305, doi:10.1029/2003JD064415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexanderson, H., Hjort, C., Möller, P., Antonov, O., and Pavlov, M. (2001). The North Taymyr ice-marginal zone, Arctic Siberia: a preliminary overview and dating. Global Planet. Change, 31, 427–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexeev, V. A. (2003). Sensitivity to CO2 doubling of an atmospheric GCM coupled to an oceanic mixed layer: a linear analysis. Clim. Dyn., 20, 775–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexeev, V. A., Langen, P. L. and Bates, J. R. (2005). Polar amplification of surface warming on an aquaplanet in ‘ghost forcing’ experiments without sea ice feedbacks. Clim. Dyn., 24, 655–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, C. S., Pike, J., Pudsey, C. J. and Leventer, A. (2005). Submillennial variations in ocean conditions during deglaciation based on diatom assemblages from the southwest Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 20, PA2012, doi:10.1029/2004PA001055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alley, R. B., Meese, D. A., Shuman, C. A., et al. (1993). Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event. Nature, 362, 527–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alley, R. B., Mayewski, P. A., Sowers, T., et al. (1997). Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology, 25, 483–6.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ambaum, M. H. P., Hoskins, B. J. and Stephenson, D. B. (2001). Arctic Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation? J. Clim., 14, 3495–507.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andersen, K. K., Azuma, N., Barnola, J. M., et al. (2004). High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, J. B., Shipp, S. S., Lowe, A. L., Wellner, J. S., and Mosola, A. B. (2001a). The Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent retreat history: a review. Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 49–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, L., Abbott, M. B. and Finney, B. P. (2001b). Holocene climate inferred from oxygen isotope ratios in lake sediments, central Brooks Range, Alaska. Quat. Res., 55, 313–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, T. L., Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., et al. (2003). Climate forcing by aerosols: a hazy picture. Science, 300, 1103–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrews, J. T., Helgadottir, G., Geirsdottir, A. and Jennings, A. E. (2001). Multicentury-scale records of carbonate (hydrographic?) variability on the northern Iceland margin over the last 5000 years. Quat. Res., 56, 199–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Angell, J. K. (1997). Estimated impact of Agung, El Chichon and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions on global and regional total ozone after adjustment for the QBO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 647–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aoki, S. (2002). Coherent sea level response to the Antarctic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1950, doi:10.1029/2002GL015733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aoki, S., Bindoff, N. L. and Church, J. (2005). Interdecadal water mass changes in the Southern Ocean between 30°E and 160°E. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07607, doi:10.1029/2004GL022220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arbic, B. K., MacAyeal, D. R., Mitrovica, J. X., and Milne, G. A. (2004). Ocean tides and Heinrich events. Nature, 432, 460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arblaster, J. and Meehl, G. A. (2006). Contributions of external forcings to Southern Annular Mode trends. J. Clim., 19, 2896–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arguez, A., Waple, A. M. and Sanchez-Lugo, A. M. (2007). State of the climate in 2006. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 933–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armstrong, R. L. and Brodzik, M. J. (2001). Recent northern hemisphere snow extent: a comparison of data derived from visible and microwave satellite sensors. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3673–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnell, N. W. (1999). Climate change and global water resources. Global Environ. Change, 9, S31–S49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arrhenius, S. (1896) On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Philos. Mag., 41, 237–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arzel, O., Fichefet, T. and Goosse, H. (2006). Sea ice evolution over the 20th and 21st centuries as simulated by current AOGCMs. Ocean Model., 12, 401–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Azumaya, T. and Ohtani, K. (1995). Effect of winter meteorological conditions on the formation of the cold bottom water in the eastern Bering Sea shelf. J. Oceanogr., 51, 665–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, M. P. (2001). Annular modes in global daily surface pressure. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4115–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, M. P. and Dunkerton, T. J. (2001). Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes. Science, 294, 581–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ballantyne, J. and Long, D. G. (2002). A multidecadal study of the number of Antarctic icebergs using scatterometer data. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2002. IGARSS '02, Washington, DC: IEEE International, pp. 3029–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bals-Elsholz, T. M., Atallah, E. H., Bosart, L. F., et al. (2001). The wintertime Southern Hemisphere split jet: structure, variability, and evolution. J. Clim., 14, 4191–215.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barbante, C., Turetta, C., Gambaro, A., Capodaglio, G. and Scarponi, G. (1998). Sources and origins of aerosols reaching Antarctica as revealed by lead concentration profiles in shallow snow. Ann. Glaciol., 27, 674–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barber, D. C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., et al. (1999). Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature, 400, 344–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, S. P., Diz, M. J., Vautravers, J., et al. (2009). Interhemispheric Atlantic seesaw response during the last glaciations. Nature, 457, 1097–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bard, E., Raidbeck, G., Yiou, F. and Jouzel, J. (2000). Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides. Tellus, 52B, 985–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnola, J. M., Pimienta, P., Raynaud, D. and Korotkevich, Y. S. (1991). CO2 climate relationship as deduced from the Vostok ice core: a re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating. Tellus, 43B, 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baroni, C. and Orombelli, G. (1994). Abandoned penguin rookeries as Holocene paleoclimatic indicators in Antarctica. Geology, 22, 23–6.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barrows, T. T., Lehman, S. J., Fifield, L. K., and Deckker, P. (2007). Absence of cooling in New Zealand and the adjacent ocean during the Younger Dryas chronozone. Science, 318, 86–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barsch, D. and Mäusbacher, R. (1986). New data on the relief development of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Interdiscipl Sci. Rev., 11, 211–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Batifol, F., Boutron, C. and Deangelis, M. (1989). Changes in copper, zinc and cadmium concentration in Antarctic ice during the past 40,000 years. Nature, 337, 544–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauch, H. A., Erlenkeuser, H., Spielhagen, R. F., et al. (2001). A multiproxy reconstruction of the evolution of deep and surface waters in the subarctic Nordic seas over the last 30,000 years. Quat. Sci. Rev., 20, 659–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baumann, K.-H., Lackschweitz, S., Mangerud, J., et al. (1995). Reflection of Scandinavian Ice Sheet fluctuations in Norwegian Sea sediments during the past 150,000 years. Quat. Res., 43, 185–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckley, B. D., Lemoine, F. G., Luthcke, S. B., Ray, R. D. and Zelensky, N. P. (2007). A reassessment of global and regional mean sea level trends from TOPEX and Jason-1 altimetry based on revised reference frame and orbits. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14608, doi:10.1029/2007GL030002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becquey, S. and Gersonde, R. (2002). Past hydrographic and climatic changes in the Subantarctic zone of the South Atlantic: the Pleistocene record from ODP Site 1090. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 182, 221–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beer, J., Mende, W., Stellmacher, R. and White, O. R. (1996). Intercomparisons of proxies for past solar variability. In Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, ed. Jones, P. D., Bradley, R. S., and Jouzel, J., Berlin: Springer, pp. 501–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beilman, D. and Robinson, S. D. (2003). Peatland permafrost thaw and landform type along a climatic gradient. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, Switzerland, 21–25 July 2003, Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema Publishers, pp. 61–5.Google Scholar

Bellucci, A. and Richards, K. J. (2006). Effects of NAO variability on the North Atlantic Ocean circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02612, doi:10.1029/2005GL024890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beltrami, H. and Taylor, A. E. (1995). Records of climatic change in the Canadian Arctic: towards calibrating oxygen isotope data with geothermal data. Global Planet. Change, 11, 127–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bengtsson, L., Semenov, V. A. and Johannessen, O. M. (2004). The early twentieth-century warming in the Arctic: a possible mechanism. J. Clim., 17, 4045–57.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bentley, M. J. (1999). Volume of Antarctic ice at the Last Glacial Maximum, and its impact on global sea level change. Quat. Sci. Rev., 18, 1569–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bentley, M. J., Hodgson, D. A., Sugden, D. E., et al. (2005). Early Holocene retreat of the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. Geology, 33, 173–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bentley, M. J., Fogwill, C. J., Kubik, P. W. and Sugden, D. E., (2006). Geomorphological evidence and cosmogenic 10Be/26Al exposure ages for the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. Geol. Soc Amer. Bull., 118, 1149–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bentley, M. J., Hodgson, D. A., Smith, J. A., et al. (2009). Mechanisms of Holocene palaeoenvironmental change in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Holocene, 19, 51–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, A. (2001). The role of CO2, sea-level and vegetation during the Milankovitch-forced glacial-interglacial cycles. In Geosphere-Biosphere Interactions and Climate, ed. Bengtsson, L. and Hammer, C. U., New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 119–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, A., Li, X. S., and Loutre, M. F., (1999). Modelling northern hemisphere ice volume over the past 3 Ma. Quat. Sci. Rev., 18, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, W. H. and Wefer, G. (2003). On the dynamics of the ice ages: Stage-11 Paradox, Mid-Brunhes Climate Shift, and 100-ky cycle. In Earth's Climate and Orbital Eccentricity: The Marine Isotope Stage 11 Question., ed. Droxler, A. W., Poore, R. Z. and Burckle, L. H., Washington DC: AGU, pp. 41–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, W. H., Yasuda, M. K., Bickert, T., Wefer, G. and Takayama, T. (1994). Quaternary time scale for the Ontong Java Plateau: Milankovitch template for ocean drilling program. Geology, 22, 463–7.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berresheim, H. (1987). Biogenic sulfur emissions from the subantarctic and Antarctic oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13 245–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bi, D., Budd, W. F., Hirst, A. C. and Wu, X. (2001). Collapse and reorganisation of the Southern Ocean overturning under global warming in a coupled model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3927–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bianchi, C. and Gersonde, R. (2002). The Southern Ocean surface between Marine Isotope Stages 6 and 5d: shape and timing of climate changes. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 187, 151–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C. (2001). Properties of the aerosol over the central Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32 101–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bindoff, N., Willebrand, J., Artale, V., et al. (2007). Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. Solomon, S., Qin, D. and Manning, M., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 385–432.Google Scholar

Bintanja, R. and Wal, R. S. W. (2008). North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles. Nature, 454, 869–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Birks, C. J. A. and Koc, N. (2002). A high-resolution diatom record of late-Quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea. Boreas, 31, 323–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birks, H. H. and Birks, H. J. B. (2003). Reconstructing Holocene climates from pollen and plant macrofossils. In Global Change in the Holocene, ed. Mackay, A., Battarbee, R., Birks, J., and Oldfield, F., London: Arnold, pp. 342–357.Google Scholar

Bitz, C. M. and Roe, G. H. (2004). A mechanism for the high rate of sea ice thinning in the Arctic Ocean. J. Clim., 17, 3623–32.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Björck, S., Håkansson, H., Zale, R., Karlén, W. and Jönsson, B. L. (1991). A late Holocene lake sediment sequence from Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, with palaeoclimatic implications. Antarct. Sci., 3, 61–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Björck, S., Håkansson, H., Olsson, S., Barnekow, L. and Janssens, J. (1993). Paleoclimatic studies in South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, based on numerous stratigraphic variables in lake sediments. J. Paleolimnol., 8, 233–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Björck, S., Olsson, S., Ellisevans, C., et al. (1996). Late Holocene palaeoclimatic records from lake sediments on James Ross Island, Antarctica. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 121, 195–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blanchon, P. and Shaw, J. (1995). Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and ice-sheet collapse. Geology, 23, 4–8.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blunier, T. and Brook, E. J. (2001). Timing of millenial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period. Science, 291, 109–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bockheim, J. and Hall, K. (2002). Periglacial processes and landforms of the Antarctic continent: a review. South African J. Sci., 98, 82–101.Google Scholar

Bodhaine, B. A., Deluisi, J. J., Harris, J. M., Houmere, P. and Bauman, S. (1986). Aerosol measurements at the South Pole. Tellus, 38B, 223–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W., et al. (1992). Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North-Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period. Nature, 360, 245–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., et al. (1997). A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science, 278, 1257–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., et al. (2001). Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science, 294, 2130–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bormann, N. and Thépaut, J. N. (2004). Impact of MODIS polar winds in ECMWF's 4DVAR data assimilation system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 929–40.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boutron, C. F. and Wolff, E. W. (1989). Heavy-metal and sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from human activities in Antarctica. Atmos. Environ., 23, 1669–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowen, D. Q. (2010). Sea level ~400 000 years ago (MIS 11): analogue for present and future sea-level? Clim. Past, 6, 19–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyer, T. P., Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Locarnini, R. A. and Garcia, H. E. (2005). Linear trends in salinity for the World Ocean, 1955–1998. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01604, doi:10.1029/2004GL021791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bracegirdle, T. J., Connolley, W. M. and Turner, J. (2008). Antarctic climate change over the twenty first century. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03103, doi:10.1029/2007JD008933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brachfeld, S., Domack, E., Kissel, C., et al. (2003). Holocene history of the Larsen-A Ice Shelf constrained by geomagnetic paleointensity dating. Geology, 31, 749–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradley, R. S. (1988). The explosive volcano eruption signal in Northern Hemisphere continental temperature records. Climatic Change, 12, 221–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradley, R. S. (2003). Climate forcing during the Holocene. In Global Change in the Holocene, ed. Mackay, A., Battarbee, R., Birks, J. and Oldfield, F., London: Arnold, pp. 10–19.Google Scholar

Braithwaite, R. J. and Olesen, O. B. (1990). A simple energy-balance model to calculate ice ablation at the margin of the Greenland Ice-Sheet. J. Glaciol., 36, 222–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Briffa, K. R. (2000). Annual variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees. Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 87–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Briffa, K. R., Bartholin, T. S., Eckstein, D., et al. (1990). A 1,400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia. Nature, 346, 434–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broecker, W. S. (2000). Was a change in thermohaline circulation responsible for the Little Ice Age? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97, 1339–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Broecker, W. S. (2001). Paleoclimate: was the medieval warm period global? Science, 291, 1497–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Broecker, W. S. (2006). Was the Younger Dryas triggered by a flood? Science, 312, 1146–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Broecker, W. S., Bond, G., Klas, M., Bonani, G. and Wolfi, W. (1990). A salt oscillator in the glacial Atlantic? 1. The concept. Paleoceanography, 5, 469–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H. (1988). Snowfall in high southern latitudes. Rev. Geophys., 26, 149–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H. and Fogt, R. L. (2004). Strong trends in the skill of the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses in the high and middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, 1958–2001. J. Clim., 17, 4603–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H. and Kurtz, D. D. (1984). Katabatic wind forcing of the Terra Nova Bay polynya. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3561–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., Carrasco, J. F. and Stearns, C. R. (1992). Satellite observations of katabatic-wind propagation for great distances across the Ross Ice Shelf. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1940–9.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., Rogers, A. N., Kållberg, P., et al. (2000). ECMWF analyses and reanalyses depiction of ENSO signal in Antarctic precipitation. J. Clim., 13, 1406–20.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., Cassano, J. J., Klein, T., et al. (2001). Mesoscale modeling of katabatic winds over Greenland with the Polar MM5. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2290–309.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., Toracinta, E. R., Wei, H., et al. (2004). Polar MM5 simulations of the winter climate of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at the LGM. J. Clim., 17, 3415–33.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., Monaghan, A. J., Manning, K. W. and Powers, J. G. (2005). Real-time forecasting for the Antarctic: an evaluation of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 579–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., Fogt, R. L., Hodges, K. I. and Walsh, J. E. (2007). A tropospheric assessment of the ERA-40, NCEP, and JRA-25 global reanalyses in the polar regions. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10111, doi:10.1029/2006JD007859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brook, E. J., Harder, S., Severinghaus, J., Steig, E. J. and Sucher, C. M. (2000). On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric methane during the last glacial period. Global Biogeochem. Cyc., 14, 559–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, J., Hinkel, K. M. and Nelson, F. E. (2000). The circumpolar active layer monitoring (calm) program: research designs and initial results. Polar Geogr., 24, 165–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budd, W. F. (1991). Antarctica and global change. Climatic Change, 18, 271–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bugnion, V. (2000). Reducing the uncertainty in the contribution of Greenland to sea-level rise in the 20th and 21st centuries. Ann. Glaciol., 31, 121–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cai, M. (2005). Dynamical amplification of polar warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22710, doi:10.1029/2005GL 024481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cai, W. J., Baines, P. G. and Gordon, H. B. (1999). Southern mid- to high-latitude variability, a zonal wavenumber-3 pattern, and the Antarctic circumpolar wave in the CSIRO coupled model. J. Clim., 12, 3087–104.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caillon, N., Severinghaus, J. P., Jouzel, J., et al. (2003). Timing of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature changes across Termination III. Science, 299, 1728–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calkin, P. E., Wiles, G. C. and Barclay, D. J. (2001). Holocene coastal glaciation of Alaska. Quat. Sci. Rev., 20, 449–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, I. D., Campbell, C., Apps, M. J., Rutter, N. W. and Bush, A. B. G. (1998). Late Holocene ca.1500 yr climatic periodicities and their implications. Geology, 26, 471–3.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carril, A. F., Menendez, C. G. and Navarra, A. (2005). Climate response associated with the Southern Annular Mode in the surroundings of Antarctic Peninsula: a multimodel ensemble analysis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16713, doi:10.1029/GL023581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carsey, F. D. (1980). Microwave observations of the Weddell Polynya. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 2032–44.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cash, B. A., Kushner, P. J. and Vallis, G. K. (2002). The structure and composition of the annular modes in an aquaplanet general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3399–414.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassano, J. J., Uotila, P. and Lynch, A. H. (2006). Changes in synoptic weather patterns in the polar regions in the 20th and 21st centuries. Part 1. Int. J. Climatol., 26, 1027–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavalieri, D. J., Parkinson, C. L. and Vinnikov, K. Y. (2003). 30-year satellite record reveals contrasting Arctic and Antarctic decadal sea ice variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1970, doi:10.1029/2003GL018031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chambers, M. J. G. (1966). Investigations of patterned ground at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands: II. Temperature regimes in the active layer. BAS Bull., 10, 71–83.Google Scholar

Chapman, W. L. and Walsh, J. E. (1993). Recent variations in sea ice and air temperature at high latitudes. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 33–48.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, W. L. and Walsh, J. E. (2007). A synthesis of Antarctic temperatures. J. Clim., 20, 4096–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chappellaz, J., Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y. S. and Lorius, C. (1990). Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years. Nature, 345, 127–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Raynaud, D., et al. (1993). Synchronous changes in atmospheric CH4 and Greenland climate between 40 and 8 kyr BP. Nature, 366, 443–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chappellaz, J., Brook, E., Blunier, T. and Malaiz, B. (1997). CH4 and δ18O of O2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: a clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26 547–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charles, C. D., Rind, D., Jouzel, J., Koster, R. D., and Fairbanks, R. G. (1994). Glacial-interglacial changes in moisture sources for Greenland: influences on the ice core record of climate. Science, 263, 508–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Meinrat, O. A. and Warren, S. G. (1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmosphric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature, 326, 655–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chase, T. N., Herman, B., Pielke, R. A., Zeng, X. and Leuthold, M. (2002). A proposed mechanism for the regulation of minimum midtropospheric temperatures in the Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4193, doi:10.1029/2001JD001425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheddadi, R., Yu, G., Guiot, J., Harrison, S. P. and Prentice, I. C. (1996). The climate of Europe 6000 years ago. Clim. Dyn., 13, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, B., Smith, S. R. and Bromwich, D. H. (1996). Evolution of the tropospheric split jet over the South Pacific Ocean during the 1986–89 ENSO cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1711–31.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, J. L., Wilson, C. R., Blankenship, D. D. and Tapley, B. D. (2006). Antarctic mass rates from GRACE. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11502, doi:10.1029/2006GL026369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Briecker, W. S., et al. (2009). Ice age terminations. Science, 326, 248–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Christoph, M., Barnett, T. P. and Roeckner, E. (1998). The Antarctic Circumpolar Wave an a coupled ocean – atmosphere GCM. J. Clim., 11, 1659–72.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Church, J. A. and White, N. J. (2006). A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01602, doi:10.1029/2005GL024826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ciais, P., Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., et al. (1992). Evidence for an Early Holocene climatic optimum in the Antarctic deep ice core record. Clim. Dyn., 6, 169–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ciais, P., Jouzel, J., Petit, J. R., Lipenkov, V. and White, J. W. C. (1994). Holocene temperature variations inferred from six Antarctic ice cores. Ann. Glaciol., 20, 427–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clague, J. J. and James, T. S. (2002). History and isostatic effects of the last ice sheet in southern British Columbia. Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 71–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clapperton, C. M. and Sugden, D. E. (1988). Holocene glacier fluctuations in South America and Antarctica. Quat. Sci. Rev., 7, 185–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clapperton, C. M., Sugden, D. E., Birnie, J. and Wilson, M. J. (1989). Late-glacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations and environmental-change on South Georgia, Southern-Ocean. Quat. Res., 31, 210–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, C. D., Knight, J. K., and Gray, J. T. (2000). Geomorphological reconstruction of the Labrador Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 1343–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, P. U., Alley, R. B. and Pollard, D. (1999). Climatology: Northern hemisphere ice-sheet influences on global climate change. Science, 286, 1104–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, P. U., Mitrovica, J. X., Milne, G. A. and Tamisiea, M. E. (2002). Sea-level fingerprinting as a direct test for the source of global meltwater pulse 1A. Science, 295, 2438–41.Google Scholar

Clark, P. U., Archer, D., Pollard, D., et al. (2006). The middle Pleistocene transition: characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in amospheric pCO2. Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 3150–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, G. K. C. (2005). Subglacial processes. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 247–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, G. K. C., Leverington, D. W., Teller, J. T. and Dyke, A. S. (2004). Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 BP cold event. Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 389–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Claussen, M., Mysak, L. A., Weaver, A. J., et al. (2002). Earth system models of intermediate complexity: closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models. Clim. Dyn., 18, 579–86.Google Scholar

,COHMAP members (1988). Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: observations and model simulations. Science, 241, 1043–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comiso, J. C. (2000). Variability and trends in Antarctic surface temperatures from in situ and satellite infrared measurements. J. Clim., 13, 1674–96.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comiso, J. C. (2003). Warming trends in the Arctic from clear sky satellite observations. J. Clim., 16, 3498–510.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comiso, J. C. and Nishio, F. (2008). Trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible AMSR-E, SSM/I and SMMR data. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S07, doi:10.1029/2007JC004257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comiso, J. C., Wadhams, P., Pedersen, L. T. and Gersten, R. A. (2001). Seasonal and interannual variability of the Odden ice tongue and a study of environmental effects, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9093–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S. and Sardeshmukh, P. D. (2006). Feasibility of a 100 year reanalysis using only surface pressure data. Bull. Amer. Meteorol Soc., 87, 175–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connolley, W. M. (1997). Variability in annual mean circulation in southern high latitudes. Clim. Dyn., 13, 745–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connolley, W. M. (2002). Long-term variation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8076, doi:10.1029/2000JC000380.Google Scholar

Connolley, W. M. and Bracegirdle, T. J. (2007). An Antarctic assessment of IPCC AR4 coupled models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22505, doi:10.1029/2007GL031648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connolley, W. M. and King, J. C. (1993). Atmospheric water vapour transport to Antarctica inferred from radiosonde data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor Soc., 119, 325–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conway, H., Hall, B. L., Denton, G. H., Gades, A. M. and Waddington, E. D. (1999). Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science, 286, 280–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cook, A. J., Fox, A. J., Vaughan, D. G. and Ferrigno, J. G. (2005). Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century. Science, 308, 541–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooper, A. P. R. (1997). Historical observations of Prince Gustav Ice Shelf. Polar Rec., 33, 285–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cortijo, E., Lehman, S., Keigwin, L., et al. (1999). Changes in meridional temperature and salinity gradients in the North Atlantic Ocean (30°–72°N) during the last interglacial period. Paleoceanography, 14, 23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Croll, J. (1875). Climate and Time, New York: Appleton & Co.Google Scholar

Crosta, X., Debret, M., Denis, D., Courty, M.-A. and Ther, O. (2007). Holocene long- and short-term climate changes off Adelie Land, East Antarctica. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 8, Q11009, doi:10.1029/2007GC001718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crowley, T. J. (2000). Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science, 289, 270–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cubasch, U., Meehl, G. A., Boer, G. J., et al. (2001). Projections of future climate change. In Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis-Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change, ed. Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., et al., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 525–82.Google Scholar

Cuffey, K. M. and Clow, G. D. (1997). Temperature, accumulation, and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26 383–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cuffey, K. M., Clow, G. D., Alley, R. B., et al. (1995). Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin-Holocene glacial transition. Science, 270, 455–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cullather, R. I. and Bromwich, D. H. (2000). The atmospheric hydrologic cycle over the Arctic basin from reanalyses. Part I: Comparison with observations and previous studies. J. Clim., 13, 923–37.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cullather, R. I. and Lynch, A. H. (2003). The annual cycle and interannual variability of atmospheric pressure in the vicinity of the North Pole. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1161–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cullather, R. I., Bromwich, D. H. and Woert, M. L. (1996). Interannual variations in Antarctic precipitation related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19 109–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cullather, R. I., Bromwich, D. H. and Woert, M. L. (1998). Spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic precipitation from atmospheric methods. J. Clim., 11, 334–67.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curran, M. A. J., Vanommen, T. D., Morgan, V. I., Phillips, K. L. and Palmer, A. S. (2003). Ice core evidence for Antarctic sea ice decline since the 1950s. Science, 302, 1203–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Curry, J. A., Rossow, W. B., Randall, D. and Schramm, J. L. (1996). Overview of Arctic cloud and radiation characteristics. J. Clim., 9, 1731–64.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Czaja, A. and Marshall, J. C. (2006). The partitioning of poleward heat transport between the atmosphere and ocean, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1498–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahl-Jensen, D., Mosegaard, K., Gundestrup, N., et al. (1998). Past temperatures directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science, 282, 268–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dällenbach, A., Blunier, T., Flückiger, J., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J. and Raynaud, D. (2000). Changes in the atmospheric CH4 gradient between Greenland and Antarctica during the last glacial and the transition to the Holocene. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1005–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dansgaard, W. (1985). Greenland ice core studies. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 50, 185–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Reeh, N., et al. (1975). Climatic changes, Norsemen and modern man. Nature, 255, 24–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dansgaard, W., White, J. W. C. and Johnsen, S. J. (1989). The abrupt termination of the Younger Dryas climate event. Nature, 339, 532–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., et al. (1993). Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature, 364, 218–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, C. H., Li, Y. H., McConnell, J. R., Frey, M. M. and Hanna, E. (2005). Snowfall-driven growth in East Antarctic ice sheet mitigates recent sea-level rise. Science, 308, 1898–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Angelis, H. and Kleman, J. (2005). Palaeo-ice streams in the northern Keewatin sector of the Laurentide ice sheet. Ann. Glaciol., 42, 135–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mare, W. (1997). Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature, 389, 57–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vernal, A. and Hillaire-Marcel, C. (2000). Sea-ice cover, sea-surface salinity and halo-/thermocline structure of the northwest North Atlantic: modern versus full glacial conditions. Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 65–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vernal, A. and Hillaire-Marcel, C. (2008). Natural variability of Greenland climate, vegetation, and ice volume during the past million years. Science, 320, 1622–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vernal, A., Miller, G. H., and Hillaire-Marcel, C. (1991). Paleoenvironments of the last interglacial in northwest North Atlantic region and adjacent mainland Canada. Quat. Int., 10–12, 95–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vernal, A., Eynaud, F., Hillaire-Marcel, C., et al. (2005). Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 897–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vernal, A., Rosell-Melé, A., Kucera, M., et al. (2006). Comparing proxies for the reconstruction of LGM sea-surface conditions in the northern North Atlantic. Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 2820–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Delmotte, M., Chappellaz, J., Brook, E., et al. (2004). Atmospheric methane during the last four glacial-interglacial cycles: rapid changes and their link with Antarctic temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12104, doi:10.1029/2003JD004417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

deMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T. and Samthein, M. (2000). Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the Holocene warm period. Science, 288, 2198–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Denton, G. H. and Karlén, W. (1973). Holocene climatic variations: their pattern and possible cause. Quat. Res., 3, 155–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deser, C. (2000). On the teleconnectivity of the ‘Arctic Oscillation’. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 779–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deser, C., Walsh, J. E. and Timlin, M. S. (2000). Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends. J. Clim., 13, 617–33.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickson, R. R. (1999). All change in the Arctic. Nature, 397, 389–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dickson, R. R., Meincke, J., Malmberg, S.-A. and Lee, A. J. (1988). The ‘Great Salinity Anomaly’ in the Northern North Atlantic 1968–1982. Prog. Oceanogr., 20, 103–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickson, R. R., Lazier, J., Meincke, J., Rhines, P. and Swift, J. (1996). Long-term co-ordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 38, 241–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickson, R. R., Osborn, T. J., Hurrell, J. W., et al. (2000). The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Clim., 13, 2671–96.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickson, R. R., Yashayaev, I., Meincke, J., et al. (2002). Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature, 416, 832–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Divine, D. V. and Dick, C. (2006). Historical variability of sea ice edge position in the Nordic Seas. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C01001, doi:10.1029/2004JC002851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doake, C. S. and Vaughan, D. G. (1991). Rapid disintegration of the Wordie Ice Shelf in response to atmospheric warming. Nature, 350, 328–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Domack, E., Duran, D., Leventer, A., et al. (2005). Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 436, 681–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorale, J. A., Onac, B. P., Fornós, J. J., et al. (2010). Sea-level highstand 81,000 years ago in Mallorca. Science, 327, 860–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Doran, P. T., Wharton, R. A. and Lyons, W. B. (1994). Paleolimnology of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. J. Paleolimnol., 19, 85–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doran, P. T., Priscu, J. C., Lyons, W. B., et al. (2002). Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response. Nature, 415, 517–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Douglas, M. S. V., Smol, J. P. and Blake, W. (1994). Marked post-18th century environmental-change in high-Arctic ecosystems. Science, 266, 416–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dowdeswell, J. A., Hagen, J. O., Bjornsson, H., et al. (1997). The mass balance of circum-Arctic glaciers and recent climate change. Quat. Res., 48. 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Drinkwater, M., Long, M. D. and Bingham, A. (2001). Greenland snow accumulation estimates from satellite radar scatterometer data. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33 935–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dukhovskoy, D. S., Johnson, M. A. and Proshutinsky, A. (2004). Arctic decadal variability: an auto-oscillatory system of heat and fresh water exchange. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L03302, doi:10.1029/2003GL019023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dyke, A. S. and Prest, V. K. (1987). Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Geogr. Phys. Quatern., 41, 237–63.Google Scholar

Dyke, A. S., Hooper, J. and Savelle, J. M. (1996). A history of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on postglacial remains of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Arctic, 49, 235–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dyke, A. S., England, J., Reimnitz, E. and Jette, H. (1997). Changes in driftwood delivery to the Canadian Arctic archipelago: the hypothesis of postglacial oscillations of the transpolar drift. Arctic, 50, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dyke, A. S., Andrews, J. T., Clark, P. U., et al. (2002). The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 9–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dyurgerov, M. B. (2001). Mountain glaciers at the end of the twentieth century: global analysis in relation to climate and water cycle. Polar Geogr., 25, 241–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dyurgerov, M. B. and Meier, M. F. (2000). Twentieth century climate change: evidence from small glaciers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97, 1406–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eddy, J. A. (1976). Maunder minimum. Science, 192, 1189–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elkibbi, M. and Rial, J. A. (2001). An outsider's review of the astronomical theory of the climate: is the eccentricity-driven insolation the main driver of the ice ages? Earth-Sci. Rev., 56, 161–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellis, J. M. and Calkin, P. E. (1984). Chronology of Holocene glaciation, central Brooks Range, Alaska. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 95, 897–912.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Emiliani, C. (1955). Pleistocene temperatures. J. Geol., 63, 538–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Emslie, S. D., Coats, L. and Licht, K. (2007). A 45,000 yr record of Adélie penguins and climate change in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Geology, 35, 61–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

England, J., Atkinson, N., Bednarski, J., et al. (2006). The Innuitian Ice Sheet: configuration, dynamics and chronology. Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 689–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,EPICA Community Members (2004). Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature, 429, 623–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,EPICA Community Members (2006). One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature, 444, 195–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Langenfelds, R. L., et al. (1996). Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4115–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, J., Pudsey, C. J., Ó Cofaigh, C., Morris, P. and Domack, E. (2005). Late Quaternary glacial history, flow dynamics and sedimentation along the eastern margin of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 741–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fahrbach, E., Hoppema, M., Rohardt, G., Schröder, M. and Wisotzki, A. (2004). Decadal-scale variations of water mass properties in the deep Weddell Sea. Ocean Dyn., 54, 77–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farley, K. A. and Patterson, D. B. (1995). A 100-kyr periodicity in the flux of extraterrestrial 3He to the sea floor. Nature, 378, 600–3.Google Scholar

Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G. and Shanklin, J. D. (1985). Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal CClOx/NOx interaction. Nature, 315, 207–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feldstein, S. B. (2000). Teleconnections and ENSO: the timescale, power spectra, and climate noise properties. J. Clim., 13, 4430–40.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feldstein, S. B. (2002). The recent trend and variance increase of the annular mode. J. Clim., 15, 88–94.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fischer, H., Wahlen, M., Smith, J., Mastroianni, D., and Deck, B. (1999). Ice core records of atmospheric CO2 around the last three glacial terminations. Science, 283, 1712–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fischer, H., Traufetter, F., Oerter, H., Weller, R. and Miller, H. (2004). Prevalence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave over the last two millenia recorded in Dronning Maud Land ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08202, doi:10.1029/2003GL019186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fischer, H., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Ruth, U., Rothlisberger, R. and Wolff, E. (2007). Glacial/interglacial changes in mineral dust and sea-salt records in polar ice cores: sources, transport, and deposition. Rev. Geophys., 45, RG1002, doi:10.1029/2005RG000192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fisher, D. A., and Koerner, R. M. (2003). Holocene ice-core climate history: a multi-variable approach. In Global Change in the Holocene, ed. Mackay, A., Battarbee, R., Birks, J., and Oldfield, F., London: Arnold, pp. 281–93.Google Scholar

Fogt, R. L. and Bromwich, D. H. (2006). Decadal variability of the ENSO teleconnection to the high latitude South Pacific governed by coupling with the Southern Annular Mode. J. Clim., 19, 979–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foldvik, A., Gammelsrod, T., Osterhus, S., et al. (2004). Ice shelf water overflow and bottom water formation in the southern Weddell Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02015, doi:10.1029/2003JC002008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, A. J. and Cooper, A. P. R. (1998). Climate change indicators from archival aerial photography of the Antarctic Peninsula. Ann. Glaciol., 27, 636–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Francis, J. A. (1994). Improvements to TOVS retrievals over sea ice and applications to estimating Arctic energy fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10 395–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frauenfeld, O. W., Zhang, T., Barry, R. G. and Gilichinsky, D. (2004). Interdecadal changes in seasonal freeze and thaw depths in Russia. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D05101, doi:10.1029/2003JD004245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fréchette, B., Wolfe, A. P., Miller, G. H., Richard, P. J. H., and Vernal, A. (2006). Vegetation and climate of the last interglacial on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 236, 91–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

French, H. M. (1996). The Periglacial Environment, 2nd edn., Harlow, UK: Longmans.Google Scholar

Fronval, T. and Jansen, E. (1996). Rapid changes in ocean circulation and heat flux in the Nordic seas during the last interglacial period. Nature, 383, 806–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fyfe, J. C. (2006). Southern Ocean warming due to human influence. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19701, doi:10.1029/2006GL027247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fyfe, J. C. and Lorenz, D. J. (2005). Characterizing midlatitude jet variability: lessons from a simple GCM. J. Clim., 18, 3400–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fyfe, J. C. and Saenko, O. A. (2006). Simulated changes in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere winds and currents. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06701, doi:10.1029/2005GL025332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gallée, H., Ypersele, J. P., Fichefet, T., Tricot, C. and Berger, A. (1991). Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a coupled, sectorially averaged climate-ice sheet model, 1. The climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13 139–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganachaud, A. and Wunsch, C. (2000). Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data. Nature, 408, 453–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ganopolski, A. and Rahmstorf, S. (2001). Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature, 409, 153–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganopolski, A., Rahmstorf, S., Petoukhov, V. and Claussen, M. (1998). Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity. Nature, 391, 351–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garrett, J. F. (1980). Availability of the FGGE drifting buoy system data set. Deep-Sea Res., 27A, 1083–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garrett, T. J., and Zhao, C. F. (2006). Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes. Nature, 440, 787–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Genthon, C. and Krinner, G. (1998). Convergence and disposal of energy and moisture on the Antarctic polar cap from ECMWF reanalyses and forecasts. J. Clim., 11, 1703–16.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genthon, C., Krinner, G. and Sacchettini, M. (2003). Interannual Antarctic tropospheric circulation and precipitation variability. Clim. Dyn., 21, 289–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genthon, C., Kaspari, S. and Mayewski, P. A. (2005). Interannual variability of the surface mass balance of West Antarctica from ITASE cores and ERA40 reanalyses, 1958–2000. Clim. Dyn., 24, 759–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ouahdi, R., et al. (2003). Precise dating of Dansgaard-Oeschger climate oscillations in western Europe from stalagmite data. Nature, 421, 833–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gersonde, R. and Zielinski, U. (2000). The reconstruction of late Quaternary Antarctic sea-ice distribution: the use of diatoms as a proxy for sea-ice. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 162, 263–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A. and Armand, L. (2005). Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum: a circum-Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records. Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 869–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibb, J. G. (1986). A New Zealand regional Holocene eustatic sea level curve and its application for determination of vertical tectonic movements. Bull. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, 24, 377–95.Google Scholar

Gibson, J. K., Kållberg, P. and Uppala, S. (1996). The ECMWF re-analysis (ERA) project. ECMWF Newsletter, 7–17.Google Scholar

Gille, S. T. (2002). Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s. Science, 295, 1275–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gille, S. T. (2008). Decadal-scale temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere ocean. J. Clim., 21, 4749–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillett, N. P., Allen, M. R. and Williams, K. D. (2003). Modelling the atmospheric response to doubled CO2 and depleted stratospheric ozone using a stratosphere-resolving coupled GCM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 947–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillett, N. P., Stone, D. A., Stott, P. A., et al. (2009). Attribution of polar warming to human influence. Nature Geosci., 1, 750–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gloersen, P. (1995). Modulation of hemispheric sea-ice cover by ENSO events. Nature, 373, 503–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gloersen, P. and White, W. B. (2001). Reestablishing the circumpolar wave in sea ice around Antarctica from one winter to the next. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4391–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gong, D. and Wang, S. (1999). Definition of Antarctic oscillation index. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 459–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, I. D. (1998). Did changes in Antarctic ice volume influence late Holocene sea-level lowering? Quat. Sci. Rev., 17, 319–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, I. D., Ommen, T. D., Curran, M. A. J. and Mayewski, P. A. (2004). Mid latitude winter climate variability in the South Indian and southwest Pacific regions since 1300 AD. Clim. Dyn., 22, 783–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goosse, H. and Renssen, H. (2001). A two-phase response of the Southern Ocean to an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3469–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goosse, H. and Renssen, H. (2005). A simulated reduction in antarctic sea-ice area since 1750: implications of the long memory of the ocean. Int. J. of Climatol., 25, 569–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, A. N., Brönnimann, S. and Haimberger, L. (2008). Recent Arctic warming vertical structure contested. Nature, 455, E2–E3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grachev, A. M. and Severinghaus, J. P. (2005) A revised +10 ± 4 °C magnitude of the abrupt change in Greenland temperature at the Younger Dryas termination using published GISP2 gas isotope data and air thermal diffusion constants. Quat. Sci Rev. 24, 513–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graversen, R. G., Mauritsen, T., Tjernstrom, M., Kallen, E. and Svensson, G. (2008). Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming. Nature, 451, 53–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gregory, J. M., Huybrechts, P. and Raper, S. C. B. (2004). Climatology: threatened loss of the Greenland ice-sheet. Nature, 428, 616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Groisman, P. Y., Karl, T. R., Knight, R. W. and Stenchikov, G. L. (1994). Changes of snow cover, temperature, and radiative heat balance over the northern hemisphere. J. Clim., 7, 1633–56.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grootes, P. M., Stuiver, M., White, J. W. C., Johnsen, S. and Jouzel, J. (1993). Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature, 366, 552–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grove, J. M. (1990). The Little Ice Age, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Grudd, H., Briffa, K. R., Karlen, W., et al. (2002). A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: natural climatic variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales. Holocene, 12, 657–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grumet, N. S., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A., et al. (2001). Variability of sea-ice extent in Baffin Bay over the last millennium. Climatic Change, 49, 129–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guo, Z. C., Bromwich, D. H. and Cassano, J. J. (2003). Evaluation of Polar MM5 simulations of Antarctic atmospheric circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 384–411.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haas, C., Nicolaus, M., Willmes, S., Worby, A. and Flinspach, D. (2008). Sea ice and snow thickness and physical properties of an ice floe in the western Weddell Sea and their changes during spring warming. Deep-Sea Res. II, 55, 963–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haigh, J. D. (1996). The impact of solar variability on climate. Science, 272, 981–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hall, A. and Visbeck, M. (2002). Synchronous variability in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean resulting from the Annular Mode. J. Clim., 15, 3043–57.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallberg, R. and Gnanadesikan, A. (2006). The role of eddies in determining the structure and response of the wind-driven Southern Hemisphere overturning: results from the modeling eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO) project. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 2232–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanna, E. and Cappelen, J. (2003). Recent cooling in coastal southern Greenland and relation with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1132, doi:10.1029/2002GL015797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanna, E., Huybrechts, P. and Mote, T. L. (2002). Surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from climate-analysis data and accumulation/runoff models. Ann. Glaciol., 35, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanna, E., Jónsson, T. and Box, J. E. (2004). An analysis of the Icelandic climate since the nineteenth century. Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1193–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, J. M. (1992). An analysis of 5-day midtropospheric flow patterns for the south pole: 1985–1989. Tellus, 44B, 409–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hartmann, D. L. and Lo, F. (1998). Wave-driven zonal flow vacillation on the Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1303–15.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hartmann, D. L., Wallace, J. M., Limpasuvan, V., Thompson, D. W. J. and Holton, J. R. (2000). Can ozone depletion and global warming interact to produce rapid climate change? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97, 1412–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harvey, L. D. D. (1980). Solar variability as a contributing factor to Holocene climatic change. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 4, 487–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J. and Shackleton, N. J. (1976). Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science, 194, 1121–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hearty, P. J., Kindler, P., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L. (1999). A +20 m middle Pleistocene sea-level highstand (Bermuda and the Bahamas) due to partial collapse of Antarctic ice. Geology, 27, 375–8.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heinrich, H. (1988). Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic-Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quat. Res., 29, 142–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hemming, S. R. (2004). Heinrich events: massive late Pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint. Rev. Geophys., 42, RG1005, doi:10.1029/2003RG000128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herber, A., Thomason, L. W., Dethloff, K., et al. (1996). Volcanic perturbation of the atmosphere in both polar regions: 1991–1994. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3921–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herber, A., Thomason, L. W., Gernandt, H., et al. (2002). Continuous day and night aerosol optical depth observations in the Arctic between 1991 and 1999. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4097, doi:10.1029/2001JD000536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herterich, K. (1988). A three-dimensional model of the Antarctic ice sheet. Ann. Glaciol., 11, 32–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heusser, C. J. (1989). Southern westerlies during the last glacial maximum. Quat. Res., 31, 423–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hewitt, C. D., Stouffer, R. J., Broccoli, A. J., Mitchell, J. F. B. and Valdes, P. J. (2003). The effect of ocean dynamics in a coupled GCM simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum. Clim. Dyn., 20, 203–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hillaire-Marcel, C., Vernal, A., Bilodeau, G. and Weaver, A. J. (2001). Absence of deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea during the last interglacial period. Nature, 410, 1073–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hines, K. M., Bromwich, D. H. and Marshall, G. J. (2000). Artificial surface pressure trends in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. J. Clim., 12, 3940–52.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hines, K. M. and Bromwich, D. H., (2008). Development and testing of Polar WRF. Part I. Greenland ice sheet meteorology, Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1971–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hjort, C., Ingólfsson, O., Moller, P. and Lirio, J. M. (1997). Holocene glacial history and sea-level changes on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. J. Quat. Sci., 12, 259–73.3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hjort, C., Ingólfsson, O., Bentley, M. J. and Björck, S. (2003). Late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial and climate history of the Antarctic Peninsula region: a brief overview of the land and late sediment records. In Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: A Historical and Paeoenvironmental Perspective. Antarctic Research Series 79, ed. Domack, E., Burnett, A., Convey, P., Kirby, M., and Bindschadler, R., Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 95–101.Google Scholar

Hodgson, D. and Vincent, J. S. (1984). A 10,000 year B.P. extensive ice shelf over Viscount Melville Sound, Arctic Canada. Quat. Res., 22, 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hodgson, D. A. and Convey, P. (2005). A 7000-year record of oribatid mite communities on a maritime-Antarctic island: responses to climate change. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 37, 239–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hodgson, D. A., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., et al. (2005). Late Quaternary climate-driven environmental change in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, multi-proxy evidence from a lake sediment core. Quat. Res., 64, 83–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hogg, A. M., Meredith, M. P., Blundell, J. R. and Wilson, C. (2008). Eddy heat flux in the Southern Ocean: response to variable wind forcing. J. Clim., 21, 608–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holland, D. M., Jacobs, S. S. and Jenkins, A. (2003). Modeling Ross Sea ice shelf – ocean interaction. Antarct. Sci., 15, 13–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holland, M. M. and Bitz, C. M. (2003). Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models. Clim. Dyn., 21, 221–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoskins, B. J. and Hodges, K. I. (2002). New perspectives on the Northern Hemisphere winter storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1041–61.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoskins, B. J. and Hodges, K. I. (2005). A new perspective on Southern Hemisphere storm tracks. J. Clim., 18, 4108–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoskins, B. J. and Karoly, D. J. (1981). The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179–96.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hu, R. M., Blanchet, J. P. and Girard, E. (2005). Evaluation of the direct and indirect radiative and climate effects of aerosols over the western Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11213, doi:10.1029/2004JD005043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huber, C., Leuenberger, M., Spahni, R., et al. (2006). Isotope calibrated Greenland temperature record over Marine Isotope Stage 3 and its relation to CH4. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 243, 504–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, C. W., Woodworth, P. L., Meredith, M. P., et al. (2003). Coherence of Antarctic sea levels, Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode, amd flow through Drake Passage. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1464, doi:10.1029/2003GL017240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hulbe, C. L., MacAyeal, D. R., Denton, G. H., Kleman, J. and Lowell, T. V. (2004). Catastrophic ice shelf breakup as the source of Heinrich event icebergs. Paleoceanography, 19, PA1004, doi:10.1029/2003PA000890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurrell, J. W. (1995). Decadal trends in the North-Atlantic oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269, 676–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hurrell, J. W. (1996). Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 665–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G. and Visbeck, M. (2003). An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. In The North Atlantic Oscillation, ed. Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G. and Visbeck, M., Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 1–35.Google Scholar

Huybers, P. and Denton, G. (2008). Antarctic temperature at orbital timescales controlled by local summer duration. Nat. Geosci., 1, 787–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huybers, P. and Wunsch, C. (2005). Obliquity pacing of the late Pleistocene glacial terminations. Nature, 434, 491–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Huybrechts, P. and Wolde, J. (1999). The dynamic response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to multiple-century climatic warming. J. Clim., 12, 2169–88.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huybrechts, P., Gregory, J., Janssens, I. and Wild, M. (2004). Modelling Antarctic and Greenland volume changes during the 20th and 21st centuries forced by GCM time slice integrations. Global Planet. Change, 42, 83–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ichiyanagi, K., Numaguti, A. and Kato, K. (2002). Interannual variation of stable isotopes in Antarctic precipitation in response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1001, doi:10.1029/2000GL012815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ikehara, M., Kawamura, K., Ohkouchi, N., et al. (1997). Alkenone sea surface temperature in the Southern Ocean for the last two deglaciations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 679–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Imbrie, J., Berger, A., Boyle, E. A., et al. (1993). On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 2. The 100,000-year cycle. Paleoceanography, 8, 699–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Indermuhle, A., Stocker, T. F., Joos, F., et al. (1999). Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica. Nature, 398, 121–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Intrieri, J. M. and Shupe, M. D. (2004). Characteristics and radiative effects of diamond dust over the western Arctic Ocean region. J. Clim., 17, 2953–60.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jacobs, G. A. and Mitchell, J. L. (1996). Ocean circumpolar variations associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2947–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, S. S., Giulivi, C. F. and Mele, P. A. (2002). Freshening of the Ross Sea during the late 20th century. Science, 297, 386–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jakobsson, M., Løvlie, R., Arnold, E. M., et al. (2001). Pleistocene stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental variation from Lomonosov Ridge sediments, central Arctic Ocean. Global Planet. Change, 31, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jansen, J. H. F., Kuijpers, A. and Troelstra, S. R. (1986). A mid-Brunhes climatic event: long-term changes in global atmosphere and ocean circulation. Science, 232, 619–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jennings, A. E. and Weiner, N. W. (1996). Environmental change in eastern Greenland during the last 1300 years: evidence from foraminifera and lithofacies in Nansen Fjord, 68° N. Holocene, 6, 179–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jennings, A. E., Knudsen, K. L., Hald, M., Hansen, C. V. and Andrews, J. T. (2002). A mid-Holocene shift in Arctic sea-ice variability on the East Greenland Shelf. Holocene, 12, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jiang, H., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Knudsen, K. L. and Eriksson, J. (2002). Late-Holocene summer sea-surface temperatures based on a diatom record from the north Icelandic shelf. Holocene, 12, 137–47.Google Scholar

Jiang, X., Pawson, S., Camp, C. D., et al. (2008). Interannual variability and trends of extratropical ozone. Part I: Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3013–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johannessen, O. M., Bengtsson, L., Miles, M. W., et al. (2004). Arctic climate change: observed and modelled temperature and sea-ice variability. Tellus, 56A, 328–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnsen, K. P., Miao, J. and Kidder, S. Q. (2004). Comparison of atmospheric water vapor over Antarctica derived from CHAMP/GPS and AMSU-B data. Phys. Chem. Earth, 29, 251–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., et al. (1992). Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core. Nature, 359, 311–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, R. G. and Lauritzen, S.-E. (1995). Hudson Bay–Hudson Strait Jökulhlaups and Heinrich events: a hypothesis. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 117, 123–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, A., Bowden, T. and Turner, J. (1998). Predicting total ozone based on GTS data: applications for Southern Hemisphere high-latitude populations. J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 477–85.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, D. A. and Simmonds, I. (1993). A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Clim. Dyn., 9, 131–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, J. M. and Widmann, M. (2003). Instrument- and tree-ring-based estimates of the Antarctic oscillation. J. Clim., 16, 3511–24.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, J. M., Fogt, R. L., Widmann, M., et al. (2009) Historical Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode variability. Part I: Century length seasonal reconstructions of the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode. J. Clim., 22, 5319–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, P. D. (1990). Antarctic temperatures over the present century: a study of the early expedition record. J. Clim., 3, 1193–203.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J. and Briffa, K. R. (2003). Pressure-based measures of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO): a comparison and an assessment of changes in the strength of the NAO and in its influence on surface climate parameters. In The North Atlantic Oscillation, ed. Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G. and Visbeck, M., Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 51–62.Google Scholar

Jones, V. J., Hodgson, D. A. and Chepstow-Lusty, A. P. (2000). Palaeolimnological evidence for marked Holocene environmental changes on Signy Island, Antarctica. Holocene, 10, 43–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jorgenson, M. T., Racine, C. H. and Osterkamp, T. (2001). Permafrost degradation and ecological changes associated with a warming climate in central Alaska. Climatic Change, 48, 551–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jourdain, B. and Legrand, M. (2001). Seasonal variations of atmospheric dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfur dioxide, methanesulfonate, and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols at Dumont d'Urville (coastal Antarctica) (December 1998 to July 1999). J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14 391–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Joussaume, S. and Taylor, K. E. (1995) Status of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). In Proceedings of the First International AMIP Scientific Conference WCRP-92, Monterey, CA. ed. Gates, L. W., Geneva: WMO, pp. 425–430.Google Scholar

Jouzel, J., Alley, R. B., Cuffey, K. M., et al. (1997). Validity of the temperature reconstruction from water isotopes in ice cores. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26 471–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., et al. (2007). Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science, 317, 793–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kahl, J. D., Serreze, M. C., Shiotani, S., Skony, S. M. and Schnell, R. C. (1992). In-situ meteorological sounding archives for Arctic studies. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1824–30.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar