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3 - Urban climate

Processes, trends, and projections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2012

By
Reginald Blake ,
Alice Grimm ,
Toshiaki Ichinose ,
Radley Horton ,
Stuart Gaffin ,
Shu Jiong ,
Daniel Bader  and
L. DeWayne Cecil
Edited by
Cynthia Rosenzweig ,
William D. Solecki ,
Stephen A. Hammer  and
Shagun Mehrotra
Reginald Blake
Affiliation:
New York City College of Technology
Alice Grimm
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Paranà
Toshiaki Ichinose
Affiliation:
Nagoya University/National Institute for Environmental Studies
Radley Horton
Affiliation:
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University
Stuart Gaffin
Affiliation:
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University
Shu Jiong
Affiliation:
East China Normal University
Daniel Bader
Affiliation:
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University
L. DeWayne Cecil
Affiliation:
US Geological Survey
Cynthia Rosenzweig
Affiliation:
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
William D. Solecki
Affiliation:
Hunter College, City University of New York
Stephen A. Hammer
Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York
Shagun Mehrotra
Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York
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Summary

Introduction

Cities play a multidimensional role in the climate change story. Urban climate effects, in particular the urban heat island effect, comprise some of the oldest observations in climatology, dating from the early nineteenth century work of meteorologist Luke Howard (Howard, 1820). This substantially predates the earliest scientific thought about human fossil fuel combustion and global warming by chemist Svante Arrhenius (Arrhenius, 1896). As areas of high population density and economic activity, cities may be responsible for upwards of 40 percent of total worldwide greenhouse gas emissions (Satterthwaite, 2008), although various sources have claimed percentages as high as 80 percent (reviewed in Satterthwaite, 2008). Figure 3.1 shows a remotely sensed map of nocturnal lighting from urban areas that is visible from space and vividly illustrates one prodigious source of energy use in cities. Megacities, often located on the coasts and often containing vulnerable populations, are also highly susceptible to climate change impacts, in particular sea level rise. At the same time, as centers of economic growth, information, and technological innovation, cities will play a positive role in both climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Urban population recently surpassed non-urban population worldwide and is projected to grow from 50 percent currently to 70 percent by 2050 (UNFPA, 2007). The urban population growth rate will be even more rapid in developing countries. In terms of absolute numbers, urban population will grow from ~3.33 billion today to ~6.4 billion in 2050, about a 90 percent increase.

Type
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Information
Climate Change and Cities
First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network
 , pp. 43 - 82
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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