INTRODUCTION

Until the imposition of an income-tax in India in 1860, virtually all taxation except land revenue was indirect. In a way, this predominance of indirect taxation was not counter to prevailing economic opinion in Britain. Both Adam Smith and Malthus had described indirect taxes as not very welcome although necessary. Ricardo thought that indirect taxes on luxuries were to be preferred to income and other direct taxes. Mc-Culloch felt that practicability was more important even than equity and hence indirect taxation was to be preferred to direct taxation, as the former stimulated ingenuity and invention. As a rule the Classical economists preferred no taxation to any particular form of taxation. If indirect taxes affected the allocation of resources, direct taxes had the disadvantage of reducing the capital resources available for investment. Hence it would be very difficult to deduce a set of policy prescriptions regarding taxation that would find favour with all Classical economists. The only set of criteria which every economist accepted were the four canons of taxation prescribed by Adam Smith: certainty, economy, convenience and equality.