Bakhtin's earliest surviving texts date back to the first half of the 1920s. They comprise a very short essay entitled ‘Art and Responsibility’ (1919), and two much longer, although incomplete, philosophical essays known as ‘Author and Hero in Aesthetic Activity’ and ‘Towards a Philosophy of the Act’. ‘Author and Hero’ is a treatise on aesthetics; it forms the subject of the next chapter. ‘Philosophy of the Act’ was almost certainly written before ‘Author and Hero’, but even if it was not it belongs before it on thematic grounds. We know this because in ‘Philosophy of the Act’ (122) Bakhtin himself provides an outline of a large philosophical project (which he never completed) in four parts, of which ‘Philosophy of the Act’ is the first. The second part was to be on aesthetics, so it is reasonable to assume that ‘Author and Hero’ fits in at this point, and the third and fourth parts were to be devoted to the ethics of politics and the ethics of religion respectively. These last two parts, if they were ever begun, have unfortunately not survived.

All of these works were produced during Bakhtin's years in Nevel′ and Vitebsk immediately following his graduation from Petrograd University in 1918.