Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2008. “The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development.” Working Paper No. 10. Washington, DC: Commission for Growth and Development.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar

Ades, Alberto, and Tella, Rafael Di. 1999. “Rents, Competition, and Corruption.” The American Economic Review 89(4): 982–93.Google Scholar

Amsden, Alice. 1989. Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Andrews, Matt, Pritchett, Lant, and Woolcock, Michael. 2013. “Escaping Capability Traps through Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA).” World Development 51(C): 234–44.Google Scholar

Andrews, Matt, Woolcock, Michael, and Pritchett, Lant. 2017. Building State Capability: Evidence, Analysis, Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen. 2012. “Counting Cadres: A Comparative View of the Size of China’s Public Employment.” The China Quarterly 211: 676–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen.2014. “Authoritarian Restraints on Online Activism Revisited: Why ‘I-Paid-a-Bribe’ Worked in India but Failed in China.” Comparative Politics 47(1): 21–40.Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen.2016. How China Escaped the Poverty Trap. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen.2017. “Beyond Weber: Conceptualizing an Alternative Ideal-Type of Bureaucracy in Developing Contexts.” Regulation and Governance 11(3): 282–98.Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen.2018a. “Autocracy with Chinese Characteristics: Beijing’s Behind-the-Scenes Reforms.” Foreign Affairs 97(3): 39–46.Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen.2018b. “Domestic Flying Geese: Industrial Transfer and Delayed Policy Diffusion in China.” The China Quarterly 234: 420–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen.2018c. “The Real China Model: It’s Not What You Think It Is.” Foreign Affairs (29 June).Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen.2018d. “Going Local 2.0: How to Reform Aid Agencies to Make Development Agencies More Than Talk.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/going_local_2.0_how_to_reform_development_agencies_localized_aid# (accessed 11 November 2019).Google Scholar

Ang, Yuen Yuen, and Jia, Nan. 2014. “Perverse Complementarity: Political Connections and the Use of Courts among Private Firms in China.” The Journal of Politics 76(2): 318–32.Google Scholar

Åslund, Anders. 2013. How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bachman, David. 2017. “China Is Corrupt, but There Is More to the Story.” Asia Policy 23: 158–62.Google Scholar

Baker, Andrew. 2010. “Restraining Regulatory Capture? Anglo-America, Crisis Politics and Trajectories of Change in Global Financial Governance.” International Affairs 86(3): 647–63.Google Scholar

Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Pande, Rohini. 2007. “Parochial Politics: Ethnic Preferences and Politician Corruption.” KSG Working Paper No. RWP07-031, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.976548 (accessed 11 November 2019).Google Scholar

Bardhan, Pranab. 1997. “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues.” Journal of Economic Literature 35(3): 1320–46.Google Scholar

Bardhan, Pranab.2010. Awakening Giants, Feet of Clay: Assessing the Economic Rise of China and India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Baum, Richard, and Shevchenko, Alexei. 1999. “The ‘State of the State,’” in Goldman, Merle and MacFarquhar, Roderick (eds.), The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, pp. 333–60.Google Scholar

Baydar, Nazli, White, Michael, Simkins, Charles, and Babakol, Ozer. 1990. “Effects of Agricultural Development Policies on Migration in Peninsular Malaysia.” Demography 27(1): 97–109.Google Scholar

Beck, Ulrich, and Lau, Christoph. 2005. “Second Modernity as a Research Agenda.” The British Journal of Sociology 56(4): 525–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Becker, Gary, and Stigler, George J.. 1974. “Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers.” The Journal of Legal Studies 3(1): 1–18.Google Scholar

Bell, Daniel. 2016. The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benedict, Ruth. 1974. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Scarborough, Ont.; New York, NY: New American Library.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Thomas, and Xiaobo, Lü. 2003. Taxation without Representation in Rural China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Besley, Timothy, and John, McLaren. 1993. “Taxes and Bribery: The Role of Wage Incentives.” Economic Journal 103(416): 119–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhagwati, Jagdish N. 1982. “Directly Unproductive, Profit-Seeking Activities.” The Journal of Political Economy 90(5): 988–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhargava, Vinay. 2005. “The Cancer of Corruption.” Paper presented at the World Bank Global Issues Seminar Series, October 2005.Google Scholar

Blanchard, Olivier, and Shleifer, Andrei. 2001. “Federalism with and without Political Centralization: China versus Russia.” IMF Staff Papers 48(S1): 171–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blecher, Marc. 1991. “Developmental State, Entrepreneurial State: The Political Economy of Socialist Reform in Xinju Municipality and Guanghan County,” in White, Gordon (ed.), The Chinese State in the Era of Economic Reform: The Road to Crisis. London: Macmillan, pp. 265–91.Google Scholar

Blecher, Marc, and Shue, Vivienne. 2001. “Into Leather: State-Led Development and the Private Sector in Xinji.” The China Quarterly 166: 368–93.Google Scholar

Bose, Niloy, Capasso, Salvatore, and Murshid, Antu Panini. 2008. “Threshold Effects of Corruption: Theory and Evidence.” World Development 36(7): 1173–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brands, H. W. 2010. American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865–1900. New York, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Brewer, John. 1988. The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783. London; Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, J. David, Earle, John S., and Gehlbach, Scott. 2009. “Helping Hand or Grabbing Hand? State Bureaucracy and Privatization Effectiveness.” American Political Science Review 103(2): 264–83.Google Scholar

Burns, John P. 2007. “Civil Service Reform in China.” OECD Journal on Budgeting 7(1): 1–25.Google Scholar

Bussell, Jennifer. 2012. Corruption and Reform in India: Public Services in the Digital Age. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bussell, Jennifer.2015. “Typologies of Corruption: A Pragmatic Approach,” in Rose-Ackerman, Susan and Lagunes, Paul (eds.), Greed, Corruption, and the Modern State. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 21–45.Google Scholar

Cai, Meina. 2014. “Flying Land: Institutional Innovation in Land Management in Contemporary China,” in Teets, Jessica C. and Hurst, William (eds.), Local Governance Innovation in China: Experimentation, Diffusion, and Defiance. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 63–87.Google Scholar

Cai, Yongshun. 2015. State and Agents in China: Disciplining Government Officials. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Carter, David, and Signorino, Curtis. 2010. “Back to the Future: Modeling Time Dependence in Binary Data.” Political Analysis 18(3): 271–92.Google Scholar

Centeno, Miguel. 2002. Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Chan, Hon S., and Jun, Ma. 2011. “How Are They Paid? A Study of Civil Service Pay in China.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 77(2): 294–321.Google Scholar

Chang, Gordon. 2001. The Coming Collapse of China. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar

Chang, Ha-Joon. 2002. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem.Google Scholar

Chen, Hui, Parsley, David, and Yang, Ya‐Wen. 2015. “Corporate Lobbying and Firm Performance.” Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 42(3–4): 444–81.Google Scholar

Chen, Ling. 2014. “Varieties of Global Capital and the Paradox of Local Upgrading in China.” Politics and Society 42(2): 223–52.Google Scholar

Chen, Nan, and Zhong, Zemin. 2017. “The Economic Impact of China’s Anti-corruption Campaign.” SSRN Electronic Journal (16 September), http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2996009 (accessed 12 November 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, Yunling, Liu, Ming, and Jun, Su. 2013. “Greasing the Wheels of Bank Lending: Evidence from Private Firms in China.” Journal of Banking and Finance 37(7): 2533–45.Google Scholar

Coase, Ronald, and Wang, Ning. 2012. How China Became Capitalist. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Colclough, Christopher. 1997. Public Sector Pay and Adjustment: Lessons from Five Countries. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cole, Matthew, Elliott, Robert, and Zhang, Jing. 2009. “Corruption, Governance and FDI Location in China: A Province-Level Analysis.” The Journal of Development Studies 45(9): 1494–512.Google Scholar

Collier, David, and Adcock, Robert. 1999. “Democracy and Dichotomies: A Pragmatic Approach to Choices about Concepts.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 537–65.Google Scholar

Collier, David, Seawright, Jason, and Brady, Henry E.. 2003. “Qualitative versus Quantitative: What Might This Distinction Mean?” Qualitative Methods 1(1): 1–8.Google Scholar

Coyne, Christopher. 2013. Doing Bad by Doing Good: Why Humanitarian Action Fails. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Crowley, Joceleyn, and Theda, Skocpol. 2001. “The Rush to Organize: Explaining Associational Formation in the United States, 1860s–1920s.” American Journal of Political Science 45(4): 813–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, James, and Ruhe, John. 2003. “Perceptions of Country Corruption: Antecedents and Outcomes.” Journal of Business Ethics 43(4): 275–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Boef, Suzanna, and Keele, Luke. 2008. “Taking Time Seriously.” American Journal of Political Science 52(1): 184–200.Google Scholar

Di Tella, Rafael, and Fisman, Raymond. 2004. “Are Politicians Really Paid Like Bureaucrats?” The Journal of Law and Economics 47(2): 477–513.Google Scholar

Di Tella, Rafael, and Schargrodsky, Ernesto. 2003. “The Role of Wages and Auditing during a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires.” The Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 46(1): 269–92.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2008. Wealth into Power: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2016. The Dictator’s Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ding, Xueliang. 2000. “The Illicit Asset Stripping of Chinese State Firms.” The China Journal 43: 1–28.Google Scholar

Dubrow, Joshua. 2015. Political Inequality in the Age of Democracy: Cross-National Perspectives. London; New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Duckett, Jane. 1998. The Entrepreneurial State in China: Real Estate and Commerce Departments in Reform Era Tianjin. London; New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Economy, Elizabeth. 2018. The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Edin, Maria.2003. “State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective.” The China Quarterly 173: 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edin, Maria.2005. “Remaking the Communist Party-State: The Cadre Responsibility System at the Local Level in China.” China: An International Journal 1(1): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehlers, Torsten, Kong, Steven, and Zhu, Feng. 2018. “Mapping Shadow Banking in China: Structure and Dynamics.” Bank for International Settlements Working Paper 701.Google Scholar

Ehrlich, Isaac, and Lui, Francis. 1999. “Bureaucratic Corruption and Endogenous Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 107(S6): 270–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Peter. 1989. “Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State.” Sociological Forum 4(4): 561–87.Google Scholar

Evans, Peter 1995. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Peter, and Heller, Peter. 2013. “Human Development, State Transformation and the Politics of the Developmental State,” in Leibfried, Stephan, Nullmeier, Frank, Huber, Evelyne, Lange, Matthew, Levy, Jonah, and Stephens, John D. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Transformations of the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Evans, Peter, and Rauch, James. 1999. “Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of ‘Weberian’ State Structures on Economic Growth.” American Sociological Review 64(5): 748–65.Google Scholar

Faccio, Mara. 2006. “Politically Connected Firms.” American Economic Review 96(1): 369–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fan, Chengze Simon, Lin, Chen, and Treisman, Daniel. 2010. “Embezzlement versus Bribery.” NBER Working Paper 16542.Google Scholar

Fan, Gang, and Wang, Xiaolu. 2000. NERI Index of Marketization of China’s Provinces. Beijing: Economic Science Press.Google Scholar

Fenno, Richard. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Fisman, Raymond, and Golden, Miriam. 2017. Corruption: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fisman, Raymond, and Svensson, Jakob. 2007. “Are Corruption and Taxation Really Harmful to Growth? Firm Level Evidence.” Journal of Development Economics 83(1): 63–75.Google Scholar

Fisman, Raymond, and Wang, Yongxiang. 2014. “Corruption in Chinese Privatizations.” NBER Working Paper No. 20090.Google Scholar

Frye, Timothy, and Shleifer, Andrei. 1997. “The Invisible Hand and the Grabbing Hand.” The American Economic Review 87(2): 354–58.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 1994. Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

George, Alexander, and Bennett, Andrew. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Gerring, John, and Thacker, Strom C.. 2004. “Political Institutions and Corruption: The Role of Unitarism and Parliamentarism.” British Journal of Political Science 34(2): 295–330.Google Scholar

Gilens, Martin. 2012. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Glaeser, Edward, and Goldin, Claudia. 2006. Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America’s Economic History. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gong, Ting. 2002. “Dangerous Collusion: Corruption as a Collective Venture in Contemporary China.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 35(1): 85–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, David, and Amaro-Reyes, Jose. 1983. “The Effects of Corruption on Administrative Performance: Illustrations from Developing Countries.” World Bank Working Papers No. 580.Google Scholar

Gray, Cheryl W., and Kaufman, Daniel. 1998. Corruption and Development. PREM Notes No. 4. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Grimmer, Justin, Westwood, Sean, and Messing, Solomon. 2014. The Impression of Influence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Gunter, Frank. 2017. “Corruption, Costs, and Family: Chinese Capital Flight, 1984–2014.” China Economic Review 43(C): 105–17.Google Scholar

Guo, Gang. 2009. “China’s Local Political Budget Cycles.” American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 621–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guo, Yong. 2008. “Corruption in Transitional China: An Empirical Analysis.” The China Quarterly 194: 349–64.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan. 2018. Developmental States. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Han, Sang-Jin, and Shim, Young-Hee. 2010. “Redefining Second Modernity for East Asia: A Critical Assessment.” The British Journal of Sociology 61(3): 465–88.Google Scholar

Hao, Yufan, and Johnston, Michael. 1995. “China’s Surge of Corruption.” Journal of Democracy 6(4): 80–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

He, Zengke. 2000. “Corruption and Anti-corruption in Reform China.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 33(2): 243–70.Google Scholar

Heilmann, Sebastian, and Perry, Elizabeth. 2011. Mao’s Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Heinrich, Carolyn. 2004. “Measuring Public Sector Performance and Effectiveness,” in Peters, Guy and Jon, Pierre (eds.), Handbook of Public Administration. London: Sage Publications, pp. 25–37.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen. 2011. “Clientelism.” Annual Review of Political Science 14: 289–310.Google Scholar

Hillman, Ben. 2014. Patronage and Power: Local State Networks and Party-State Resilience in Rural China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Hilton, Root. 1996. “Corruption in China: Has It Become Systemic?” Asian Survey 36(8): 741–57.Google Scholar

Hoffman, David. 2002. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia. New York, NY: Public Affairs.Google Scholar

Houston, Joel, Jiang, Liangliang, Lin, Chen, and Yue, Ma. 2014. “Political Connections and the Cost of Bank Loans.” Journal of Accounting Research 52(1): 193–243.Google Scholar

Howson, Nicholas. 2017. “A Partial View of China’s Governance Trajectory.” Asia Policy 23: 162–66.Google Scholar

Hsueh, Roselyn 2011. China’s Regulatory State: A New Strategy for Globalization. New York, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Philip C. C. 2011. “Chongqing: Equitable Development Driven by a ‘Third Hand’?” Modern China 37(6): 569–622.Google Scholar

Huang, Yukon. 2017. Cracking the China Conundrum: Why Conventional Economic Wisdom Is Wrong. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hui, Eddie Chi-Man, Cong Liang, Ziyou Wang, Bo-Tong Song, and Qi Gu, . 2012. “Real Estate Bubbles in China: A Tale of Two Cities.” Construction Management and Economics 30(11): 951–61.Google Scholar

Hui, Victoria Tin-bor. 2005. War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Igan, Deniz, Mishra, Prachi, and Tressel, Thierry. 2011. “A Fistful of Dollars: Lobbying and the Financial Crisis.” NBER Working Paper No. 17076.Google Scholar

International Monetary Fund. 2016. “IMF and Good Governance,” www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/gov.htm (accessed 26 August 2019).Google Scholar

Issacharoff, Samuel. 2010. “On Political Corruption.” Harvard Law Review 124(1): 118–42.Google Scholar

Jain, Arvind. 2001. “Corruption: A Review.” Journal of Economic Surveys 15(1): 71–121.Google Scholar

Jia, Nan. 2014. “Are Collective Political Actions and Private Political Actions Substitutes or Complements? Empirical Evidence from China’s Private Sector.” Strategic Management Journal 35(2): 292–315.Google Scholar

Jia, Nan.2016. “Political Strategy and Market Capabilities: Evidence from the Chinese Private Sector.” Management and Organization Review 12(1): 75–102.Google Scholar

Jia, Nan, Jing Shi, and Yongxiang Wang (Forthcoming). “The Interdependence of Public and Private Stakeholder Influence: A Study of Political Patronage and Corporate Philanthropy in China.” Advances in Strategic Management.Google Scholar

Jia, Ruixue, Kudamatsu, Masayuki, and Seim, David. 2015. “Political Selection in China: The Complementary Roles of Connections and Performance.” Journal of the European Economic Association 13(4): 631–68.Google Scholar

Johnson, Chalmers. 1995. Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar

Johnston, Michael. 2008. “Japan, Korea, the Philippines, China: Four Syndromes of Corruption.” Crime, Law and Social Change 49(3): 205–23.Google Scholar

Joseph, Richard A. 1987. Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kalathil, Shanthi. 2018. “China in Xi’s ‘New Era’: Redefining Development.” Journal of Democracy 29(2): 52–58.Google Scholar

Kang, David C. 2002a. “Bad Loans to Good Friends: Money Politics and the Developmental State in South Korea.” International Organization 56(1): 177–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kang, David C. 2002b. Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kaufman, Herbert. 1960. The Forest Ranger: A Study in Administrative Behavior. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, Aart, and Pablo, Zoido-Lobatón. 1999. “Governance Matters.” Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 2196. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, Daniel, and Wei, Shang-Jin. 2000. “Does ‘Grease Money’ Speed up the Wheels of Commerce?” IMF Working Paper.Google Scholar

Kenny, Charles. 2017. Results Not Receipts: Counting the Right Things in Aid and Corruption. Washington, DC:Center for Global Development.Google Scholar

Khan, Mushtaq. 2010. “Political Settlements and the Governance of Growth-Enhancing Institutions.” Working Paper. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar

Khan, Mushtaq.2012. “Governance and Growth Challenges for Africa,” in Noman, Akbar, Botchwey, Kwesi, Stein, Howard, and Stiglitz, Joseph (eds.), Good Growth and Governance in Africa: Rethinking Development Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 114–39.Google Scholar

Kim, Jin-Hyuk. 2008. “Corporate Lobbying Revisited.” Business and Politics 10(2): 3–23.Google Scholar

King, Gary, and Wand, Jonathan. 2007. “Comparing Incomparable Survey Responses: Evaluating and Selecting Anchoring Vignettes.” Political Analysis 15(1): 46–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, Gary, Keohane, Robert, and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Murray, Christopher J. L., Salomon, Joshua A., and Tandon, Ajay. 2004. “Enhancing the Validity and Cross-cultural Comparability of Measurement in Survey Research.” American Political Science Review 98: 191–207.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Tomz, Michael, and Wittenberg, Jason. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 347–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klitgaard, Robert E. 1988. Controlling Corruption. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Ko, Kilkon, and Weng, Cuifen. 2012. “Structural Changes in Chinese Corruption.” The China Quarterly 211: 718–40.Google Scholar

Kohli, Atul. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kostka, Genia, and Xiaofan, Yu. 2014. “Career Backgrounds of Municipal Party Secretaries: Why Do So Few Municipal Party Secretaries Rise from the County Level?” Modern China 41(5): 467–505.Google Scholar

Krueger, Anne. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64(3): 291–303.Google Scholar

Kung, James Kai-Sing, and Chen, Shuo. 2011. “The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China’s Great Leap Famine.” American Political Science Review 105(1): 27–45.Google Scholar

La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez de Silanes, Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1999. “The Quality of Government.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15(1): 222–79.Google Scholar

Lah, Tae Joon, and Perry, James L.. 2008. “The Diffusion of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 in OECD Countries: A Tale of Two Paths to Reform.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 28(3): 282–99.Google Scholar

Landry, Pierre. 2008. Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party’s Control of Local Elites in the Post-Mao Era. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lane, Jan-Erik. 2000. New Public Management. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Lardy, Nicholas. 2014. Markets over Mao: The Rise of Private Business in China. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Lardy, Nicholas.2019. The State Strikes Back: The End of Economic Reform in China? Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar

Larsson, Tomas. 2006. “Reform, Corruption, and Growth: Why Corruption Is More Devastating in Russia Than in China.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 39(2): 265–81.Google Scholar

Lau, Lawrence J., Qian, Yingyi, and Roland, Gérard. 2000. “Reform without Losers: An Interpretation of China’s Dual-Track Approach to Transition.” Journal of Political Economy 108(1): 120–43.Google Scholar

Lazear, Edward P. 1995. Personnel Economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Leahy, Nathan. 2010. “The Panic of 1893 and ‘The £1,000,000 Bank-Note.’” The Mark Twain Annual no. 8: 76–85.Google Scholar

Lee, Charlotte. 2015. Training the Party: Party Adaptation and Elite Training in Reform-Era China. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Leff, Nathaniel H. 1964. “Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption.” American Behavioral Scientist 8(3): 8–14.Google Scholar

Lessig, Lawrence. 2018. America, Compromised. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Li, Bobai, and Walder, Andrew G.. 2001. “Career Advancement as Party Patronage: Sponsored Mobility into the Chinese Administrative Elite, 1949–1996.” The American Journal of Sociology 106(5): 1371–408.Google Scholar

Li, Hongbin, and Zhou, Li-An. 2005. “Political Turnover and Economic Performance: The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China.” Journal of Public Economics 89(9–10): 1743–62.Google Scholar

Li, Hongbin, Meng, Lingsheng, Wang, Qian, and Zhou, Li-An. 2008. “Political Connections, Financing and Firm Performance: Evidence from Chinese Private Firms.” Journal of Development Economics 87(2): 283–99.Google Scholar

Li, Hongbin, Meng, Lingsheng, and Zhang, Junsen. 2006. “Why Do Entrepreneurs Enter Politics? Evidence from China.” Economic Inquiry 44(3): 559–78.Google Scholar

Lieberthal, Kenneth. 1995. Governing China: From Revolution through Reform. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Lin, Chen, Morck, Randall, Yeung, Bernard, and Zhao, Xiaofeng. 2016. “Anti-corruption Reforms and Shareholder Valuations: Event Study Evidence from China.” NBER Working Paper 2201.Google Scholar

Lin, Karen Jingrong, Tan, Jinsong, Zhao, Liming, and Karim, Khondkar. 2015. “In the Name of Charity: Political Connections and Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in a Transition Economy.” Journal of Corporate Finance 32(C): 327–46.Google Scholar

Lindauer, David, and Nunberg, Barbara. 1994. Rehabilitating Government: Pay and Employment Reform in Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Lipsky, Michael. 1980. Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Lu, Fengming, and Xiao, Ma. 2018. “Is Any Publicity Good Publicity? Media Coverage, Party Institutions, and Authoritarian Power-Sharing.” Political Communication 36(1): 64–82.Google Scholar

Lu, Xiaobo. 2000. “Booty Socialism, Bureau-preneurs, and the State in Transition: Organizational Corruption in China.” Comparative Politics 32(3): 273–94.Google Scholar

Lü, Xiaobo. 2000. Cadres and Corruption: The Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Lü, Xiaobo, and Landry, Pierre F.. 2014. “Show Me the Money: Interjurisdiction Political Competition and Fiscal Extraction in China.” American Political Science Review 108(3): 706–22.Google Scholar

Lu, Xi, and Lorentzen, Peter. 2016. “Rescuing Autocracy from Itself: China’s Anti-corruption Campaign.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 6 November, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2835841 (accessed 9 November 2018).Google Scholar

Mahoney, James. 2009. “After KKV: The New Methodology of Qualitative Research.” World Politics 62(1): 120–47.Google Scholar

Malesky, Edmund J., and Taussig, Markus David. 2008. “Where Is Credit Due? Legal Institutions, Connections, and the Efficiency of Bank Lending in Vietnam.” The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 25(2): 535–78.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 1996. “Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 12(1): 167–95.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie.2004. Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar

Manion, Melanie.2016. “Taking China’s Anticorruption Campaign Seriously.” Economic and Political Studies 4(1): 3–18.Google Scholar

Mauro, Paolo. 1995. “Corruption and Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3): 681–712.Google Scholar

Mauro, Paolo.1996. “The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure.” IMF Working Paper WP/96/98. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar

McDonnell, Erin Metz. 2017. “Patchwork Leviathan: How Pockets of Bureaucratic Governance Flourish within Institutionally Diverse Developing States.” American Sociological Review 82(3): 476–510.Google Scholar

McFaul, Michael. 1995. “State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia.” World Politics 47(2): 210–43.Google Scholar

McMillan, John, and Zoido, Pablo. 2004. “How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru.” Journal of Economic Perspective 18(4): 69–92.Google Scholar

Mehta, Pratap Bhanu, and Walton, Michael, 2014. “Ideas, Interests, and the Politics of Development Change in India.” Global Development Institute Working Paper Series, ESID-036–14, University of Manchester.Google Scholar

Menes, Rebecca. 2006. “Limiting the Reach of the Grabbing Hand: Graft and Growth in American Cities,” in Glaeser, Edward and Goldin, Claudia (eds.),Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America’s Economic History. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 63–94.Google Scholar

Méon, Pierre-Guillaume, and Sekkat, Khalid. 2005. “Does Corruption Grease or Sand the Wheels of Growth?” Public Choice 122(1): 69–97.Google Scholar

Minzner, Carl. 2015. “China after the Reform Era.” Journal of Democracy 26(3): 129–43.Google Scholar

Mo, Pak-Hung. 2001. “Corruption and Economic Growth.” Journal of Comparative Economics 29(1): 66–79.Google Scholar

Moe, Terry. 1984. “The New Economics of Organization.” American Journal of Political Science 28(4): 739–77.Google Scholar

Montinola, Gabriella, and Jackman, Robert. 2002. “Sources of Corruption: A Cross-country Study.” British Journal of Political Science 32(1): 147–70.Google Scholar

Montinola, Gabriella, Qian, Yingyi, and Weingast, Barry R.. 1995. “Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China.” World Politics 48(1): 50–81.Google Scholar

Mookherjee, Dilip. 1997. “Incentive Reforms in Developing Country Bureaucracies: Lessons from Tax Administration.” Paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference in Development Economics, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Mulvad, Andreas. 2015. “Competing Hegemonic Projects within China’s Variegated Capitalism: ‘Liberal’ Guangdong vs. ‘Statist’ Chongqing.” New Political Economy 20(2): 199–227.Google Scholar

Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. 2015. The Quest for Good Governance: How Societies Develop Control of Corruption. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nathan, Andrew J. 1973. “A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics.” The China Quarterly 53: 34–66.Google Scholar

Nathan, Andrew J. 2003. “Authoritarian resilience.” Journal of Democracy 14(1): 6–17.Google Scholar

Naughton, Barry. 1995. Growing out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993. New York, NY: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Naughton, Barry.2018. The Chinese Economy: Adaptation and Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Nee, Victor. 1989. “A Theory of Market Transition: From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism.” American Sociological Review 54(5): 663–81.Google Scholar

Nichols, Philip M. 2017. “What Is Organizational Corruption?,” in Aßländer, Michael S. and Hudson, Sarah (eds.), The Handbook of Business and Corruption: Cross-sectoral Experiences. Bingley: Emerald Publishing, pp. 3–23.Google Scholar

Nichols, Philip M., and Robertson, Diana C. (eds.). 2017. Thinking about Bribery: Neuroscience, Moral Cognition and the Psychology of Bribery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Niehaus, Paul, and Sukhtankar, Sandip. 2013. “Corruption Dynamics: The Golden Goose Effect.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5(4): 230–69.Google Scholar

North, Douglass C., Wallis, John, and Weingast, Barry R.. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nye, Joseph S. 1967. “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost–Benefit Analysis.” The American Political Science Review 61(2): 417–27.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 2006. “Discovery, Research (Re)Design, and Theory Building,” in Heimer, Maria and Stig, Thøgersen (eds.), Doing Fieldwork in China. Hawaii, HI: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 27–41.Google Scholar

Oded, Galor. 1996. “Convergence? Inferences from Theoretical Models.” The Economic Journal 106(437): 1056–69.Google Scholar

OECD. 2006. Challenges for China’s Public Spending: Toward Greater Effectiveness and Equity. Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar

OECD 2008. Corruption: A Glossary of International Standards in Criminal Law. Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar

OECD 2016. “Putting an End to Corruption,” www.oecd.org/corruption/putting-an-end-to-corruption.pdf (accessed 26 November 2019).Google Scholar

OECD 2018. “OECD Strategic Approach to Combating Corruption and Promoting Integrity,” www.oecd.org/corruption/oecd-strategic-approach-to-combating-corruption-and-promoting-integrity.htm (accessed 11 November 2019).Google Scholar

Oi, Jean C. 1985. “Communism and Clientelism: Rural Politics in China.” World Politics 37(2): 238–66.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean C. 1992. “Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China.” World Politics 45(1): 99–126.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean C. 1999. Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean C., and Goldstein, Steve (eds.). 2018. Zouping Revisited: Adaptive Governance in a Chinese County. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Olken, Benjamin. 2009. “Corruption Perceptions vs. Corruption Reality.” Journal of Public Economics 93(7–8): 950–64.Google Scholar

Olowu, Bamidele. 1999. “Redesigning African Civil Service Reforms.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 37(1): 1–23.Google Scholar

Olowu, Bamidele.2010. “Civil Service Pay Reforms in Africa.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 76(4): 632–52.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 2000. Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Osburg, John. 2013. Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality among China’s New Rich. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Overholt, William. 1986. “The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand Marcos.” Asian Survey 26(11): 1137–63.Google Scholar

Parrillo, Nicholas. 2013. Against the Profit Motive: The Salary Revolution in American Government, 1780–1940. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Pastor, Robert, and Tan, Qingshan. 2000. “The Meaning of China’s Village Elections.” The China Quarterly 162: 490–512.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin. 1999. “Will China Become Another Indonesia?” Foreign Policy, 116: 94–109.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin.2006. China’s Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin.2016. China’s Crony Capitalism: The Dynamics of Regime Decay. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth. 2011. “From Mass Campaigns to Managed Campaigns: ‘Constructing a New Socialist Countryside,’” in Perry, Elizabeth and Heilmann, Sebastian (eds.), Mao’s Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 30–61.Google Scholar

Perry, James L. 1996. “Measuring Public Service Motivation: An Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6(1): 5–22.Google Scholar

Perry, James L., and Wise, Lois Recascino. 1990. “The Motivational Bases of Public Service.” Public Administration Review 50(3): 367–73.Google Scholar

Piketty, Thomas. 2018. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pitcher, Anne. Party Politics and Economic Reform in Africa’s Democracies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Pomeranz, Kenneth. 2000. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Pritchett, Lant, Sen, Kunal, and Werker, Eric (eds.). 2018. Deals and Development: The Political Dynamics of Growth Episodes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pritchett, Lant, and Woolcock, Michael. 2004. “Solutions When the Solution Is the Problem: Arraying the Disarray in Development.” World Development 32(2): 191–212.Google Scholar

Pritchett, Lant, Woolcock, Michael, and Andrews, Matt. 2013. “Looking Like a State: Techniques of Persistent Failure in State Capability for Implementation.” Journal of Development Studies 49(1): 1–18.Google Scholar

Qian, Yingyi. 2003. “How Reform Worked in China,” in Rodrik, Dani (ed.), In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 297–333.Google Scholar

Quade, Elizabeth A. 2007. “The Logic of Anticorruption Enforcement Campaigns in Contemporary China.” Journal of Contemporary China 16(50): 65–77.Google Scholar

Rainey, Hal G. 1997. Understanding and Managing Public Organizations, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Ramirez, Carlos D. 2014. “Is Corruption in China ‘out of Control’? A Comparison with the US in Historical Perspective.” Journal of Comparative Economics 42(1): 76–91.Google Scholar

Rasul, Imran, and Rogger, Daniel. 2018. “Management of Bureaucrats and Public Service Delivery: Evidence from the Nigerian Civil Service.” The Economic Journal 128(608): 413–46.Google Scholar

Rasul, Imran, Rogger, Daniel, and Williams, Martin. 2017. “Management and Bureaucratic Effectiveness: A Scientific Replication in Ghana and Nigeria.” International Growth Centre Policy Brief 33301.Google Scholar

Rawski, Tom. 2017. “Growth, Upgrading and Excess Cost in China’s Electric Power Industry.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Razafindrakoto, Mireille, and Roubaud, François. 2010. “Are International Databases on Corruption Reliable? A Comparison of Expert Opinion Surveys and Household Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Development 38(8): 1057–69.Google Scholar

Reed, Bradly Ward. 2000. Talons and Teeth: County Clerks and Runners in the Qing Dynasty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Reinikka, Ritva, and Svensson, Jakob. 2004. “Local Capture: Evidence from a Central Government Transfer Program in Uganda.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(2): 679–705.Google Scholar

Richard, Walker. 2013. “Strategic Management and Performance in Public Organizations: Findings from the Miles and Snow Framework.” Public Administration Review 73(5): 675–85.Google Scholar

Riggs, Fred Warren. 1964. Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic Society. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Rock, Michael T., and Bonnett, Heidi. 2004. “The Comparative Politics of Corruption: Accounting for the East Asian Paradox in Empirical Studies of Corruption, Growth and Investment.” World Development 32(6): 999–1017.Google Scholar

Rodrik, Dani. 2007. One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1978. Corruption: A Study in Political Economy. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Rose-Ackerman, Susan.1997. “The Role of the World Bank in Controlling Corruption.” Law and Policy in International Business 29: 93–114.Google Scholar

Rose-Ackerman, Susan.1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rose-Ackerman, Susan.2002. “When Is Corruption Harmful?,” in Heidenheimer, Arnold J. and Johnston, Michael (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts & Contexts, 3rd edn. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Saich, Anthony. 2002. “The Blind Man and the Elephant: Analysing the Local State in China,” in Tomba, Luigi (ed.), East Asian Capitalism: Conflicts and the Roots of Growth and Crisis. Milan: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, pp. 75–99.Google Scholar

Scott, James. 1972. Comparative Political Corruption. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Seligson, Mitchell A. 2006. “The Measurement and Impact of Corruption Victimization: Survey Evidence from Latin America.” World Development 34(2): 381–404.Google Scholar

Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sen, Kunal, Bukenya, Badru, and Hickey, Sam. 2014. The Politics of Inclusive Development: Interrogating the Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Shih, Victor. 2008. Factions and Finance in China: Elite Conflict and Inflation. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shih, Victor, Adolph, Christopher, and Liu, Mingxing. 2012. “Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China.” The American Political Science Review 106(1): 166–87.Google Scholar

Shirk, Susan L. 1993. The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Shleifer, Andrei, and Treisman, Daniel. 2000. Without a Map: Political Tactics and Economic Reform in Russia. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1993. “Corruption.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 599–617.Google Scholar

Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W..1998. The Grabbing Hand: Government Pathologies and Their Cures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Prena. 2013. “Subnationalism and Social Development: A Comparative Analysis of Indian States.” Paper presented at the Princeton–Oxford Conference on State Capacity in the Developing World.Google Scholar

Solinger, Dorothy J. 2018. “A Challenge to the Dominant Portrait of Xi Jinping.” China Perspectives no. 1/2: 3–6.Google Scholar

Solnick, Steven Lee. 1996. “The Breakdown of Hierarchies in the Soviet Union and China: A Neoinstitutional Perspective.” World Politics 48(2): 209–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stephenson, Matthew C. 2015. “Corruption and Democratic Institutions: A Review and Synthesis,” in Rose-Ackerman, Susan and Lagunes, Paul (eds.), Greed, Corruption and the Modern State. London: Edward Elgar, pp. 92–133.Google Scholar

Stockman, David. 2013. The Great Deformation: The Corruption of Capitalism in America. New York, NY: Public Affairs.Google Scholar

Stromseth, Jonathan, Malesky, Edmund, Gueorguiev, Dimitar D., Lai, Hairong, Wang, Xixin, and Brinton, Carl. 2017. China’s Governance Puzzle: Enabling Transparency and Participation in a Single-Party State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sun, Yan. 1999. “Is Corruption Less Destructive in China Than in Russia?” Comparative Politics 32(1): 1–20.Google Scholar

Sun, Yan.2004. Corruption and Market in Contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Sun, Yan, and Johnston, Michael. 2010. “Does Democracy Check Corruption? Insights from China and India.” Comparative Politics 42(2): 1–19.Google Scholar

Svensson, Jakob. 2003. “Who Must Pay Bribes and How Much? Evidence from a Cross Section of Firms.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(1): 207–30.Google Scholar

Svensson, Jakob.2005. “Eight Questions about Corruption.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(3): 19–42.Google Scholar

Teachout, Zephyr. 2014. Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin’s Snuff Box to Citizens United. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Theobald, Robin. 1990. Corruption, Development, and Underdevelopment. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Transparency International. 2016. “What Is Corruption?,” www.transparency.org/what-is-corruption/ (accessed 28 August 2019).Google Scholar

Treisman, Daniel. 2000. “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-national Study.” Journal of Public Economics 76(3): 399–457.Google Scholar

Treisman, Daniel.2007. “What Have We Learned about the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-national Empirical Research?” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 211–44.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee. 2004. “Off Balance: The Unintended Consequences of Fiscal Federalism in China.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 9(2): 1–27.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee.2007a. Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Tsai, Lily. 2007b. Accountability without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tsui, Kai-yuen, and Wang, Youqiang. 2004. “Between Separate Stoves and a Single Menu: Fiscal Decentralization in China.” The China Quarterly 177: 71–90.Google Scholar

Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Weder di Mauro, Beatrice. 2001. “Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption, and by How Much?” Journal of Development Economics 65(2): 307–31.Google Scholar

Vogel, Ezra. 2011. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar

Wade, Robert. 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 1995a. “China’s Transitional Economy: Interpreting Its Significance.” The China Quarterly 144: 963–79.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 1995b. “Local Governments as Industrial Firms: An Organizational Analysis of China’s Transitional Economy.” American Journal of Sociology 101(2): 263–301.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 1996a. China’s Transitional Economy. Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 1996b. “Markets and Inequality in Transitional Economies: Toward Testable Theories.” American Journal of Sociology 101(4): 1060–73.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2002. “Markets and Income Inequality in Rural China: Political Advantage in an Expanding Economy.” American Sociological Review 67(2): 231–53.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2003. “Elite Opportunity in Transitional Economies.” American Sociological Review 68(6): 899–916.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2004. “The Party Elite and China’s Trajectory of Change.” China: An International Journal 2(2): 189–209.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2018. “Back to the Future? Xi Jinping as an Anti-bureaucratic Crusader.” China: An International Journal 16(3): 18–34.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G., and Songhua, Hu. 2009. “Revolution, Reform, and Status Inheritance: Urban China, 1949–1996.” American Journal of Sociology 114(5): 1395–427.Google Scholar

Wallis, John Joseph. 2001. “What Caused the Crisis of 1839?” NBER Historical Working Paper 133.Google Scholar

Wallis, John Joseph.2005. “Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change, 1842 to 1852.” The Journal of Economic History 65(1): 211–56.Google Scholar

Walton, Michael. (Forthcoming). “An Indian Gilded Age? Continuity and Change in the Political Economy of India’s Development,” in Chatterjee, Liz and McCartney, Matthew (eds.), The Political Economy of Development in India Revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua. 2013. “Connected Autocracy.” Working Paper, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua.2015. Tying the Autocrat’s Hands: The Rise of the Rule of Law in China. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. New York, NY: Bedminster Press.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew. 1997. “Looters, Rent-Scrapers, and Dividend-Collectors: Corruption and Growth in Zaire, South Korea, and the Philippines.” The Journal of Developing Areas 31(4): 457–78.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew 2000. “Budgets, Extra-Budgets, and Small Treasuries: Illegal Monies and Local Autonomy in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 9(25): 489–511.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew 2004. “The Intensification of Corruption in China.” The China Quarterly 180: 895–921.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew 2005a. “Anticorruption Campaigns and the Intensification of Corruption in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 14(42): 93–116.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew 2005b. “Review of Corruption and Market in Contemporary China.” The China Quarterly 181: 177–79.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew 2012. Double Paradox: Rapid Growth and Rising Corruption in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Wei, Shang-Jin. 2000. “How Taxing Is Corruption on International Investors?” Review of Economics and Statistics 82(1): 1–11.Google Scholar

Wei, Yifan, Jia, Nan, and Wang, Milo. 2019. “Beware of Strange Bed-Fellows: An Analysis of Public–Private Partnerships in Managing Government Guiding Funds in China.” Working Paper.Google Scholar

White, Richard. 2011. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Whiting, Susan. 2001. Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Whiting, Susan.2004. “The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grass Roots: The Paradox of Party Rule,” in Naughton, Barry and Yang, Dali L. (eds.), Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Whyte, David. 2015. How Corrupt Is Britain? London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, James. 1989. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Wong, Roy Bin. 1997. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Woolcock, Michael, and Deepa, Narayan. 2000. “Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy.” The World Bank Research Observer 15: 225–49.Google Scholar

World Bank. 1997a. World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank 1997b. Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The Role of the World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank 2004. “Human Resource Management,” in Zambia: Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank and DRC of State Council. 2013. China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative Society. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank and DRC of State Council 2014. Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.Google Scholar

Xu, Songtao. 2007. Huimou zhongguo renshi zhidu gaige 28 nian [Looking Back at 28 Years of Personnel Reform]. Beijing: Zhongguo Renshi Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Dali. 2004. Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Jisheng. 2012. Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962, 1st American edn. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar

Yang, Rui. 2015. “Corruption in China’s Higher Education System: A Malignant Tumor.” International Higher Education 39(Spring): 18–20.Google Scholar

Zeng, Qingjie, and Yang, Yujeong. 2017. “Informal Networks as Safety Nets: The Role of Personal Ties in China’s Anti-corruption Campaign.” China: An International Journal 15(3): 26–57.Google Scholar

Zhang, Xuehua. 2017. “Implementation of Pollution Control Targets: Has a Centralized Enforcement Approach Worked?” The China Quarterly 231: 749–74.Google Scholar

Zhao, Shukai. 2013. “Rural China: Poor Governance in Strong Development.” Conference paper presented at Stanford University’s Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law.Google Scholar

Zhao, Tan. 2018. “Vote Buying and Land Takings in China’s Village Elections.” Journal of Contemporary China 27(110): 277–94.Google Scholar

Zhu, Jiangnan. 2008. “Why Are Offices for Sale in China? A Case Study of the Office-Selling Chain in Heilongjiang Province.” Asian Survey 48(4): 558–79.Google Scholar

Zhu, Jiangnan.2018. “Corruption in Reform Era: A Multidisciplinary Review,” in Weiping, Wu and Frazier, Mark W. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Zhu, Lin. 2015. “Punishing Corrupt Officials in China.” The China Quarterly 223: 595–617.Google Scholar

Zuo, Cai. 2015. “Promoting City Leaders: The Structure of Political Incentives in China.” The China Quarterly 224: 955–84.Google Scholar