Introduction

A common concern with regard to child participation in family law proceedings is that children may be unduly influenced. In disputes following the separation or divorce of parents the worry exists that children, when asked to express their views, may get caught in the middle and be pressured by their parents to pick a side. In that regard, reference is made to a conflict of loyalties or even parental alienation syndrome. The existence of parental alienation syndrome is a contested topic in the field, but ‘parental alienation’ is a term used to refer broadly to ‘a child who has been influenced to reject one parent’. More nuanced, in the literature parental alienation is mentioned as a phenomenon by which ‘the child becomes hostile to one parent while strongly allying with the other parent, with alienation implying that the aligned parent intentionally created a wedge between the child and her or his other parent’. Parental alienation, in that sense, may be seen as an extreme form of influence.

The question of ‘influenced’ views is one that appears in the case law. The quote above shows one example in which a parent who did not benefit from the child’s participation in the proceedings claimed that the child’s views were influenced or ‘manipulated’ by the other parent. This applicant does not stand alone, as we will see in this chapter, and governments and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) also discuss influence. In that regard, the topics of loyalty conflicts and parental alienation are also raised – by parents, governments and the ECtHR. It is important to note the relationship between the topic of influence and the topics that were at the centre of the previous chapters.